Spins and oscillators are foundational to much of physics and applied sciences. For quantum information, a spin $1/2$ exemplifies the most basic unit, a qubit. High angular momentum spins (HAMSs) and harmonic oscillators provide multilevel manifolds which have the potential for hardware-efficient protected encodings of quantum information and simulation of many-body quantum systems. In this work, we demonstrate a new quantum control protocol that conceptually merges these disparate hardware platforms. Namely, we show how to modify a harmonic oscillator on demand to implement a continuous range of generators to accomplish linear and nonlinear HAMS dynamics. The spinlike dynamics are verified by demonstration of linear spin coherent [SU(2)] rotations, nonlinear spin rotations, and comparison to other manifolds like simply truncated oscillators. Our scheme allows universal control of a spin cat logical qubit encoding with interpretable drive pulses: We use linear operations to accomplish four logical gates and further show that nonlinear spin rotations can complete the logical gate set. Our results show how motion on a closed Hilbert space can be useful for quantum information processing and opens the door to superconducting circuit simulations of higher angular momentum quantum magnetism.

The discovery of superconductivity in pressurized bilayer and trilayer nickelates has generated significant interest. However, their superconducting properties are often dependent on sample quality and pressure conditions, complicating the interpretation of the underlying physics. Finding new systems with optimized bulk superconducting properties is therefore important for advancing our understanding of these materials. Unlike cuprates, where trilayer compounds typically exhibit the highest transition temperature ($T_c$), the bilayer nickelate ${\mathrm{La}}_3{\mathrm{Ni}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_7$ has thus far outperformed the trilayer ${\mathrm{La}}_4{\mathrm{Ni}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ in reported $T_c$. Whether the trilayer nickelates have achieved the optimal $T_c$ remains unclear, with various scenarios suggesting different possibilities. Here, we report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in pressurized ${\mathrm{Pr}}_4{\mathrm{Ni}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ single crystals, achieving a maximum onset $T_c$ of 40.5 K at 80.1 GPa, significantly exceeding the 30 K observed in ${\mathrm{La}}_4{\mathrm{Ni}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$. The bulk nature of superconductivity is confirmed by zero resistance and a strong diamagnetic response below $T_c$, with a superconducting volume fraction exceeding 80%. These findings establish trilayer nickelates as genuine bulk high-temperature superconductors, provide new insights into the mechanisms driving superconductivity, and point to a promising route toward further enhancing superconducting properties in nickelates.

Couplings between biochemical and mechanical processes have a profound impact on embryonic development. However, in vitro studies capable of quantifying these interactions have remained elusive. Here, we investigate a synthetic system where a DNA reaction-diffusion (RD) front is advected by a turbulent flow generated by active matter (AM) flows in a quasi-one-dimensional geometry. Whereas the dynamics of simple RD fronts solely depend on the reaction and diffusion rates, we show that RD-AM front propagation is also influenced by the confinement geometry. We first experimentally dissected the different components of the reaction-diffusion-advection process by knocking out reaction or advection and observe how RD-AM allows for faster transport over large distances, avoiding dilution. We then show how confinement impacts active matter flow: While changes in instantaneous flow velocities are small, correlation times are dramatically increased with decreasing confinement. As a result, RD-AM front speed increases up to eightfold compared to an RD one, in quantitative agreement with a conveyor-belt reaction-diffusion-advection theoretical model. The RD-AM experimental system described here provides a framework for the rational engineering of complex spatiotemporal processes observed in living systems. It will reinforce our understanding of how macro-scale patterns and structures emerge from microscopic components in nonequilibrium systems.

The adhesion between dry solid surfaces is typically governed by contact forces, involving surface forces and elasticity. For surfaces immersed in a fluid, out-of-contact adhesion arises due to the viscous resistance to the opening of the liquid gap. While the adhesion between dry solids is described by the classical Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory, there is no equivalent framework for the wet adhesion of soft solids. Here, we investigate theoretically the viscous adhesion emerging during the separation of a sphere from an elastic substrate. The suction pressure within the thin viscous film between the solids induces significant elastic displacements. Unexpectedly, the elastic substrate closely follows the motion of the sphere, leading to a sticking without contact. The initial dynamics is described using similarity solutions, resulting in a nonlinear adhesion force that grows in time as $F\propto t^{2/3}$. When elastic displacements become large enough, another similarity solution emerges that leads to a violent snap-off of the adhesive contact through a finite-time singularity. The observed phenomenology bears a strong resemblance with JKR theory and is relevant for a wide range of applications involving viscous adhesion.

Nickelate superconductors have attracted a great deal of attention over the past few decades due to their similar crystal and electronic structures with high-temperature cuprate superconductors. Here, we report superconductivity in a pressurized Ruddlesden-Popper phase single crystal ${\mathrm{La}}_4{\mathrm{Ni}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_{10}(n=3)$ and its interplay with the density wave order in the phase diagram. With increasing pressure, the density wave order, as indicated by the anomaly in the resistivity, is progressively suppressed, followed by the emergence of superconductivity around 25 K under the $I4/mmm$ space group. The susceptibility measurements confirm bulk superconductivity with a volume fraction exceeding 80%. Moreover, theoretical analysis unveils that antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions can serve as the effective pairing interaction for the emergence of superconductivity in pressurized ${\mathrm{La}}_4{\mathrm{Ni}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$. Our research provides a new platform for the investigation of the unconventional superconductivity mechanism in Ruddlesden-Popper trilayer perovskite nickelates.

A central spin qubit interacting coherently with an ensemble of proximal spins can be used to engineer entangled collective states or a multiqubit register. Making full use of this many-body platform requires tuning the interaction between the central spin and its spin register. GaAs quantum dots offer a model realization of the central spin system where an electron qubit interacts with multiple ensembles of $\sim {10}^4$ nuclear spins. In this work, we demonstrate tuning of the interaction between the electron qubit and the nuclear many-body system in a GaAs quantum dot. The homogeneity of the GaAs system allows us to perform high-precision and isotopically selective nuclear sideband spectroscopy, which reveals the single-nucleus electronic Knight field. Together with time-resolved spectroscopy of the nuclear field, this fully characterizes the electron-nuclear interaction for a priori control. An algorithmic feedback sequence selects the nuclear polarization precisely, which adjusts the electron-nuclear exchange interaction in situ via the electronic $g$-factor anisotropy. This allows us to tune directly the activation rate of a collective nuclear excitation (magnon) and the coherence time of the electron qubit. Our method is applicable to similar central-spin systems and enables the programmable tuning of coherent interactions in the many-body regime.

Bosonic pure-loss channel, which represents the process of photons decaying into a vacuum environment, has zero quantum capacity when the channel’s transmissivity is less than 50%. Modeled as a beam splitter interaction between the system and its environment, the performance of bosonic pure-loss channel can be enhanced by controlling the environment state. We show that by choosing the ideal Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states for the system and its environment, perfect transmission of quantum information through a beam splitter is achievable at arbitrarily low transmissivities. Our explicit constructions allow for experimental demonstration of the improved performance of a quantum channel through passive environment assistance, which is potentially useful for quantum transduction where the environment state can be naturally controlled. In practice, it is crucial to consider finite-energy constraints, and high-fidelity quantum communication through a beam splitter remains achievable with GKP states at the few-photon level.

We use nonlinear pump-probe spectroscopy to study optical excitations in a charge-tunable ${\mathrm{MoSe}}_2/{\mathrm{WS}}_2$ moiré heterostructure. An intense red-detuned laser pulse creates a photonic dressing of the material by introducing a large virtual population of excitons or exciton polarons in a deep moiré potential. By measuring the resulting ac Stark effect with a weak resonant laser pulse, we gain access to the nature and mutual interactions of the elementary optical excitations. At charge neutrality, our measurements reveal that different exciton resonances, associated with confinement of their center-of-mass motion in the moiré potential, have a significant spatial overlap. The resulting short-range interactions manifest themselves as a density-dependent blueshift for same-valley excitons and bound biexciton states for opposite-valley excitons. The attractive polaron resonance that appears upon injection of electrons into the heterostructure shows a contrasting behavior: Here, we observe an electron-density-independent light shift and a clear pump-power-dependent saturation. These features are equivalent to that of an ensemble of independent two-level emitters and indicate a breakdown of the Fermi-polaron picture for optical excitations of electrons subject to a strong moiré potential. Our work establishes an experimental approach to elucidate the elementary optical excitations of semiconductor moiré heterostructures, providing a solid ground for the spectroscopy of correlated electronic and excitonic states in such materials.

Electron-boson coupling in unconventional superconductors is one of the key parameters in understanding the superconducting pairing symmetry. Here, we report definitive photoemission evidence of electron-spin fluctuation coupling in the iron-based superconductor ${\mathrm{CaKFe}}_4{\mathrm{As}}_4$, obtained via high-resolution ARPES. Our study identifies a distinct kink structure on the $\alpha$ band, observable only in the superconducting phase and closely linked with the superconductivity, indicative of strong electron-boson interactions. Notably, this kink structure corresponds to two distinct bosonic modes at 11 meV and 13 meV, aligning with spin resonance modes previously observed in inelastic neutron-scattering experiments. This alignment underscores the significant role of antiferromagnetic fluctuations in the pairing mechanism of this superconductor. Furthermore, the unique momentum-dependent and orbital-selective properties of the coupling revealed by ARPES provide profound insights into the pairing symmetry, suggesting predominantly $s_{\pm }$-wave pairing facilitated by spin fluctuations. Our findings not only highlight the pivotal role of spin resonance in the superconductivity of ${\mathrm{CaKFe}}_4{\mathrm{As}}_4$ but also enhance our understanding of the electron-spin fluctuation interactions in unconventional superconductors.

Most approaches for designing self-assembled materials focus on the thermodynamic stability of a target structure or crystal polymorph. Yet in practice, the outcome of a self-assembly process is often controlled by kinetic pathways. Here we present an efficient machine-learning-guided design algorithm to identify globally optimal interaction potentials that maximize both the thermodynamic yield and kinetic accessibility of a target polymorph. We show that optimal potentials exist along a Pareto front, indicating the possibility of a trade-off between the thermodynamic and kinetic objectives. Although the extent of this trade-off depends on the target polymorph and the assembly conditions, we generically find that the trade-off arises from a competition among alternative polymorphs: The most kinetically optimal potentials, which favor the target polymorph on short timescales, tend to stabilize a competing polymorph at longer times. Our work establishes a general-purpose approach for multiobjective self-assembly optimization, reveals fundamental trade-offs between crystallization speed and defect formation in the presence of competing polymorphs, and suggests guiding principles for materials design algorithms that optimize for kinetic accessibility.

Landau’s Fermi-liquid (FL) theory has been successful at the phenomenological description of the normal phase of many different Fermi systems. Using a dilute atomic Fermi fluid with tunable interactions, we investigate the microscopic basis of Landau’s theory with a system describable from first principles. We study transport properties of an interacting Fermi gas by measuring its density response to a periodic external perturbation. In an ideal Fermi gas, we measure for the first time the celebrated Lindhard function. As the system is brought from the collisionless to the hydrodynamic regime, we observe the emergence of sound and find that the experimental observations are quantitatively understood with a first-principle transport equation for the FL. When the system is more strongly interacting, we find deviations from such predictions. Finally, we measure the momentum-space shape of the quasiparticle excitations and see how it evolves from the collisionless to the collisional regime. Our study establishes this system as a clean platform for studying Landau’s theory of the FL and paves the way for extending the theory to more exotic conditions, such as nonlinear dynamics and FLs with strong correlations in versatile settings.

The novel concept of entanglement renormalization and its corresponding tensor network renormalization technique have been highly successful in developing a controlled real-space renormalization group (RG) scheme. Numerically approximate fixed-point (FP) tensors are widely used to extract the conformal data of the underlying conformal field theory (CFT) describing critical phenomena. In this paper, we present an explicit analytical construction of the FP tensor for 2D rational CFT. We define it as a correlation function between the “boundary-changing operators” (BCO) on triangles. Our construction fully captures all the real-space RG conditions. We also provide concrete examples, such as Ising, Yang-Lee, and tricritical Ising models, to compute the scaling dimensions explicitly based on the corresponding FP tensor. The BCO descendants turn out to be an optimal basis such that truncation in bond dimensions naturally produces comparable accuracies with the leading existing FP algorithms. Interestingly, our construction of FP tensors is closely related to a strange correlator, where the holographic picture naturally emerges. Our results also open a new door toward understanding CFT in higher dimensions.

Following a consistent geometrical description previously introduced [Quantum 8, 1466 (2024)], we present an exact method for obtaining canonically quantizable Hamiltonian descriptions of nonlinear, nonreciprocal quasilumped electrical networks. We identify and classify singularities arising in the quest for Hamiltonian descriptions of general quasilumped element networks via the Faddeev-Jackiw technique. We offer systematic solutions to cases previously considered singular—a major challenge in the context of canonical circuit quantization. The solution relies on the correct identification of the reduced classical circuit-state manifold, i.e., a mix of flux and charge fields and functions. Starting from the geometrical description of the transmission line, we provide a complete program including lines coupled to one-port lumped-element networks, as well as multiple lines connected to multiport nonreciprocal lumped-element networks, with intrinsic ultraviolet cutoff. On the way, we naturally extend the canonical quantization of transmission lines coupled through frequency-dependent, nonreciprocal linear systems, such as practical circulators. Additionally, we demonstrate how our method seamlessly facilitates the characterization of general nonreciprocal, dissipative linear environments. This is achieved by extending the Caldeira-Leggett formalism, using continuous limits of series of immittance matrices. We provide a tool in the analysis and design of electrical circuits and of special interest in the context of canonical quantization of superconducting networks. For instance, this work provides a solid ground for a precise nondivergent input-output theory in the presence of nonreciprocal devices, e.g., within (chiral) waveguide QED platforms.

Entanglement between photons and a quantum memory is a key component of quantum repeaters, which allow long-distance quantum entanglement distribution in the presence of fiber losses. Spin-photon entanglement has been implemented with a number of different atomic and solid-state qubits with long spin coherence times, but none directly emit photons into the $1.5\text{−}\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$ telecom band where losses in optical fibers are minimized. Here, we demonstrate spin-photon entanglement using a single rare earth ion in the solid-state ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ coupled to a silicon nanophotonic cavity, which directly emits photons at 1532.6 nm. We infer an entanglement fidelity of 73(3)% after propagating through 15.6 km of optical fiber. This work opens the door to large-scale quantum networks based ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ions, leveraging scalable silicon device fabrication and spectral multiplexing.

Cat qubits, a type of bosonic qubit encoded in a harmonic oscillator, can exhibit an exponential noise bias against bit-flip errors with increasing mean photon number. Here, we focus on cat qubits stabilized by two-photon dissipation, where pairs of photons are added and removed from a harmonic oscillator by an auxiliary, lossy buffer mode. This process requires a large loss rate and strong nonlinearities of the buffer mode that must not degrade the coherence and linearity of the oscillator. In this work, we show how to overcome this challenge by coloring the loss environment of the buffer mode with a multipole filter and optimizing the circuit to take into account additional inductances in the buffer mode. Using these techniques, we achieve near-ideal enhancement of cat-qubit bit-flip times with increasing photon number, reaching over 0.1 s with a mean photon number of only 4. Concurrently, our cat qubit remains highly phase coherent, with phase-flip times corresponding to an effective lifetime of $T_{1,\mathrm{eff}}\simeq 70\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{s}$, comparable with the bare oscillator lifetime. We achieve this performance even in the presence of an ancilla transmon, used for reading out the cat-qubit states, by engineering a tunable oscillator-ancilla dispersive coupling. Furthermore, the low nonlinearity of the harmonic oscillator mode allows us to perform pulsed cat-qubit stabilization, an important control primitive, where the stabilization can remain off for a significant fraction (e.g., two-thirds) of a $3\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{s}$ cycle without degrading bit-flip times. These advances are important for the realization of scalable error correction with cat qubits, where large noise bias and low phase-flip error rate enable the use of hardware-efficient outer error-correcting codes.

Quantum entanglement measures of many-body states have been increasingly useful to characterize phases of matter. Here, we explore a surprising connection between mixed-state entanglement and ’t Hooft anomaly. More specifically, we consider lattice systems in $d$ space dimensions with anomalous symmetry $G$ where the anomaly is characterized by an invariant in the group cohomology $H^{d+2}[G,U(1)]$. We show that any mixed state $\rho$ that is strongly symmetric under $G$, in the sense that $G\rho \propto \rho$ is necessarily ($d+2$)-nonseparable, i.e., is not the mixture of tensor products of $d+2$ states in the Hilbert space. Furthermore, such states cannot be prepared from any ($d+2$)-separable states using finite-depth local quantum channels, so the nonseparability is long-ranged in nature. We provide proof of these results in $d\le 1$ and plausibility arguments in $d>1$. The anomaly-nonseparability connection, thus, allows us to generate simple examples of mixed states with nontrivial long-ranged multipartite entanglement. In particular, in $d=1$ we find an example of intrinsically mixed quantum phase, in the sense that states in this phase cannot be two-way connected to any pure state through finite-depth local quantum channels. We also analyze a mixed anomaly involving both strong and weak symmetries, including systems constrained by the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis type of anomaly. We find that, while strong-weak mixed anomaly, in general, does not constrain quantum entanglement, it does constrain long-range correlations of mixed states in nontrivial ways. Namely, such states are not symmetrically invertible and not gapped Markovian, generalizing familiar properties of anomalous pure states.

We find that the presence of strong non-Abelian symmetries can lead to highly entangled stationary states even for unital quantum channels. We derive exact expressions for the bipartite logarithmic negativity, Rényi negativities, and operator space entanglement for stationary states restricted to one symmetric subspace, with focus on the trivial subspace. We prove that these apply to open quantum evolutions whose commutants, characterizing all strongly conserved quantities, correspond to either the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra or the Read-Saleur commutants. The latter provides an example of quantum fragmentation, whose dimension is exponentially large in system size. We find a general upper bound for all these quantities given by the logarithm of the dimension of the commutant on the smaller bipartition of the chain. As Abelian examples, we show that strong U(1) symmetries and classical fragmentation lead to separable stationary states in any symmetric subspace. In contrast, for non-Abelian $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ symmetries, both logarithmic and Rényi negativities scale logarithmically with system size. Finally, we prove that, while Rényi negativities with $n>2$ scale logarithmically with system size, the logarithmic negativity (as well as generalized Rényi negativities with $n<2$) exhibits a volume-law scaling for the Read-Saleur commutants. Our derivations rely on the commutant possessing a Hopf algebra structure in the limit of infinitely large systems and, hence, also apply to finite groups and quantum groups.

Within multicellular living systems, cells coordinate their positions with spatiotemporal accuracy to form various tissue structures and control development. These arrangements can be regulated by tissue geometry, biochemical cues, as well as mechanical perturbations. However, how cells pack during dynamic three-dimensional multicellular architectures formation remains unclear. Here, examining a growing spherical multicellular system, human lung alveolospheres, we observe an emergence of hexagonal packing order and a structural transition of cells that comprise the spherical epithelium. Surprisingly, the cell packing behavior on the spherical surface of lung alveolospheres resembles hard-disks packing on spheres, where the less deformable cell nuclei act as effective “hard disks” and prevent cells from getting too close. Nucleus-to-cell size ratio increases during lung spheroids growth; as a result, we find more hexagon-concentrated cellular packing with increasing bond orientational order. Furthermore, by osmotically changing the compactness of cells on alveolospheres, we observe a more ordered packing when nucleus-to-cell size ratio increases, and vice versa. These more ordered cell packing characteristics are consistent with reduced cell dynamics, together suggesting that better cellular packing stabilizes local cell neighborhoods and may regulate more complex biological functions such as cellular maturation and tissue morphogenesis.

In this work, we investigated glassy lattice thermal conductivity in high-symmetry $\mathrm{BaTi}{\mathrm{S}}_3$ crystals, with a particular focus on the critical interplay between orbital electrons and lattice dynamics. Strong orbital-lattice coupling was found to induce spontaneous symmetry breaking through the Ti-S octahedral distortions, leading to the formation of a unique 1D order–2D disorder lattice structure. With neuroevolution potentials, molecular dynamics simulation of this structure successfully reproduced the glasslike in-plane lattice thermal conductivity observed in experiments. The predicted out-of-plane thermal conductivity decreases with temperature, exhibiting a crystalline trend that is consistent with our measurements. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the mechanism of anomalous amorphous thermal conductivity in single crystals, which arises from the coexistence of overall high symmetry and local structural disorder in specific regions.

A fundamental problem associated with the task of network reconstruction from dynamical or behavioral data consists in determining the most appropriate model complexity in a manner that prevents overfitting and produces an inferred network with a statistically justifiable number of edges and their weight distribution. The status quo in this context is based on $L_1$ regularization combined with cross-validation. However, besides its high computational cost, this commonplace approach unnecessarily ties the promotion of sparsity, i.e., abundance of zero weights, with weight “shrinkage.” This combination forces a trade-off between the bias introduced by shrinkage and the network sparsity, which often results in substantial overfitting even after cross-validation. In this work, we propose an alternative nonparametric regularization scheme based on hierarchical Bayesian inference and weight quantization, which does not rely on weight shrinkage to promote sparsity. Our approach follows the minimum description length principle, and uncovers the weight distribution that allows for the most compression of the data, thus avoiding overfitting without requiring cross-validation. The latter property renders our approach substantially faster and simpler to employ, as it requires a single fit to the complete data, instead of many fits for multiple data splits and choice of regularization parameter. As a result, we have a principled and efficient inference scheme that can be used with a large variety of generative models, without requiring the number of reconstructed edges and their weight distribution to be known in advance. In a series of examples, we also demonstrate that our scheme yields systematically increased accuracy in the reconstruction of both artificial and empirical networks. We highlight the use of our method with the reconstruction of interaction networks between microbial communities from large-scale abundance samples involving on the order of ${10}^4–{10}^5$ species and demonstrate how the inferred model can be used to predict the outcome of potential interventions and tipping points in the system.