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Negative thermodynamic pressure: No-go theorem and yes-go examples

Varazdat Stepanyan*

  • *Contact author: varostep@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. E 111, L042105 – Published 22 April, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.111.L042105

Abstract

Theory and experiment have long discussed negative thermodynamic pressure states, but their microscopic origins are unclear. I address this problem within the framework of quantum thermodynamics. I show that the pressure exerted on the boundary is positive when there is no interaction with the boundary. This is formalized by a no-go theorem that holds for any quantum state with finite motion. As a consequence of this analysis, I deduce a general formula for quantum nonequilibrium pressure. It is believed that stable negative pressure states cannot exist in gases. I provide solvable examples of quantum and classical gases, where negative pressure is achieved due to a suitable coupling with the boundary walls.

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Phys. Rev. E 111, L042105– Published 22 April, 2025
  • Received 3 October 2024
  • Revised 2 April 2025
  • Accepted 9 April 2025
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