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Phase Control of Bipolar Thermoelectricity in Josephson Tunnel Junctions

Gaia Germanese1,2,*, Federico Paolucci1, Giampiero Marchegiani3, Alessandro Braggio1, and Francesco Giazotto1,†

  • 1NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa I-56127, Italy
  • 2Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Universitá di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, Pisa I-56127, Italy
  • 3Quantum Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi 9639, United Arab Emirates

  • *gaia.germanese@phd.unipi.it
  • †francesco.giazotto@sns.it
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Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 014074 – Published 31 January, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.014074

Abstract

Not so long ago, thermoelectricity in superconductors was believed to be possible only by breaking explicitly the particle-hole (PH) symmetry. Recently, it has been theoretically predicted that a superconducting tunnel junction can develop bipolar thermoelectric phenomena in the presence of a large thermal gradient owing to nonequilibrium spontaneous PH symmetry breaking. The experimental realization of the thermoelectric Josephson engine then followed. Here, we give a more extended discussion and focus on the impact of the Josephson contribution on thermoelectricity modulating the Cooper pairs’ transport in a double-loop superconducting quantum interference device. When the Cooper pairs’ current prevails on the quasiparticle one, the Josephson contribution short circuits the junction thereby screening the thermoelectric effect. We demonstrate that the thermoelectric generation due to the pure quasiparticle transport is phase independent, once Josephson contribution is appropriately removed from the net current measured. At the same time, we investigate an additional metastable state at V≈0 determined by the presence of the Josephson coupling, which peculiarly modifies the hysteretic behavior of our thermoelectric engine realized. At the end, we also discuss how the current-voltage characteristics are affected by the presence of multiple thermoelectric elements, which improve the generated output power.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 014074– Published 31 January, 2023
  • Received 26 July 2022
  • Revised 10 November 2022
  • Accepted 5 January 2023
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