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Colloidal hard spheres: Triumphs, challenges, and mysteries

C. Patrick Royall*, Patrick Charbonneau, Marjolein Dijkstra, John Russo, Frank Smallenburg, Thomas Speck, and Chantal Valeriani

C. Patrick Royall*

  • Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France, School of Physics, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom

Patrick Charbonneau

  • Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA and Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA

Marjolein Dijkstra

  • Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands

John Russo

Frank Smallenburg

Thomas Speck

Chantal Valeriani

  • *Contact author: paddy.royall@espci.psl.eu
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Rev. Mod. Phys. 96, 045003 – Published 12 November, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.045003

Abstract

The simplicity of hard spheres as a model system is deceptive. Although the particles interact solely through volume exclusion, that nevertheless suffices for a wealth of static and dynamical phenomena to emerge, making the model an important target for achieving a comprehensive understanding of matter. In addition, while real colloidal suspensions are typically governed by complex interactions, Pusey and Van Megen [Nature 320, 340 (1986)] demonstrated that suitably tuned suspensions result in hard-sphere-like behavior, thus bringing a valuable experimental complement to the renowned theoretical model. Colloidal hard spheres are thus both a material in their own right and a platform upon which phenomena exhibited by simple materials can be explored in great detail. The various purposes enable a particular synergy between experiment, theory, and computer simulation. The extensive body of work on colloidal hard spheres, which ranges from their equilibrium properties, such as phase behavior, interfaces, and confinement, to some of the nonequilibrium phenomena they exhibit, such as sedimentation, glass formation, and nucleation, is reviewed here.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 96, 045003– Published 12 November, 2024
  • Received 19 May 2023
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