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Collective effects in breath figures

Ambre Bouillant1,2, Jacco H. Snoeijer1, and Bruno Andreotti3

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Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 053605 – Published 9 May, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.10.053605

Abstract

Breath figures are the complex patterns that form when water vapor condenses into liquid droplets on a surface. The primary question concerning breath figures is how the condensing vapor is allocated between the growth of existing droplets and the nucleation of new ones. Although numerous theoretical studies have concentrated on scenarios resulting in highly polydisperse droplet ensembles, a companion paper [Bouillant et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 188204 (2025)] demonstrates that nearly monodisperse patterns can be achieved on defect-free substrates in a diffusion-controlled regime. The objective of this work is to present a theoretical framework that elucidates the formation and evolution of nearly monodisperse patterns in breath figures. We discover that, following a short nucleation phase, the number of droplets remains constant over an extensive range of timescales due to collective effects mediated by the diffusion of vapor. The spatial extent of these diffusive interactions is identified through asymptotic matching, based on which we provide an accurate description of breath figures through a mean-field model. The model accounts for the subdiffusive growth of droplets as well as for the arrest of nucleating new droplets, and reveals the scaling laws for the droplet density observed in experiments. Finally, droplets expand and ultimately coalesce, which is shown to trigger a scale-free coarsening of the breath figures.

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Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

See Also

Soft Condensation

Ambre Bouillant, Christopher Henkel, Uwe Thiele, Bruno Andreotti, and Jacco H. Snoeijer
Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 188204 (2025)

Article Text

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Information

Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 053605– Published 9 May, 2025
  • Received 9 July 2024
  • Accepted 16 December 2024
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