• Accepted Paper

Towards critical branching mechanism in recurrent neural networks

Feixiang Ren and Ling Feng

Phys. Rev. E - Accepted 11 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bg2r-m6g5

Abstract

Criticality has been proposed as a key organizing principle in biological neural systems, yet its origin and relevance in artificial neural networks remain unclear. We analyze hidden-state dynamics in trained long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and show that small networks near their optimal training epochs (steps) exhibit scale-free avalanche statistics and branching parameters close to unity, indicative of near-critical dynamics, while larger models remain subcritical. To explain the coexistence of subcritical branching with robust 1/fβ noise, we introduce a mixture branching process framework that links heterogeneous branching dynamics to long-range temporal correlations. These results identify critical-like behavior in LSTMs as an emergent, capacity-dependent dynamical regime.

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