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Thermodynamics of bouncing grains
Phys. Rev. E 114, 025420 – Published 24 August, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zlsc-w7m4
Abstract
When a horizontal plate vibrates strongly enough, it causes small particles such as sand grains to continually bounce on it and, over time, to diffuse across its surface. This phenomenon is the cause of the well-known Chladni figure, which is drawn by a higher density of grains gathering along the nodal lines of a resonating elastic plate. Using a heterogeneous, nonresonating plate, we investigate experimentally this type of diffusion. We find that, for the most part, it is comparable to classical molecular diffusion. We can define a temperature for the bouncing grains, and the system then obeys the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. We also recover Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics at equilibrium, when temperature is uniform. However, when temperature varies across the vibrating plate, the microscopic details of the grains' dynamics affect their macroscopic behavior: Fick's law, for instance, no longer applies. Instead, our experiments support a new transport relation that was recently proposed to represent diffusion in Chladni's experiment. Finally, we propose an expression for the heat flux associated to the nonequilibrium steady state predicted by this new relation and test it against observations.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
See Also
Granular Büttiker-Landauer Motor
Article Text
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