Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Letter
  • Open Access
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Demonstration of ignition-driven radiation transport through a THOR hohlraum

Phys. Rev. E 114, L023201 – Published 17 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/k8dz-pjdx

Abstract

The achievement of fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility opens new opportunities for foundational studies in opacity, radiation transport, and high-flux astrophysics in regimes previously unattainable. We have succeeded in the critical enabling step of demonstrating ignition in a hohlraum modified with diagnostic windows that burn through prior to ignition, granting experimental access to the brightest radiation source in the laboratory. This Letter reports the results of a deuterium-tritium-layered capsule implosion that achieved 2.4±0.09 MJ neutron yield in a hohlraum with windows designed to allow the escape of radiation energy from the capsule without significant loss of implosion symmetry, thus establishing a validated platform for next-generation radiation-driven experiments.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (40)

  1. J. D. Lindl, P. Amendt, R. L. Berger, S. G. Glendinning, S. H. Glenzer, S. W. Haan, R. L. Kauffman, O. L. Landen, and L. J. Suter, The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Plasmas 11, 339 (2004).
  2. M. D. Rosen, Fundamentals of ICF hohlraums, in Lectures in the Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics, 2005, on High Energy Laser Matter Interactions, edited by D. A. Jaroszynski, R. Bingham, and R. A. Cairns (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009), pp. 325–353.
  3. A. B. Zylstra, A. L. Kritcher, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, J. E. Ralph, D. T. Casey, A. Pak, O. L. Landen, B. Bachmann, K. L. Baker, et al., Experimental achievement and signatures of ignition at the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Rev. E 106, 025202 (2022).
  4. H. Abu-Shawareb et al. (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration), Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022).
  5. H. Abu-Shawareb et al. (The Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration), Achievement of target gain larger than unity in an inertial fusion experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 065102 (2024).
  6. M. S. Rubery, M. D. Rosen, N. Aybar, O. L. Landen, L. Divol, C. V. Young, C. Weber, J. Hammer, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, et al., Hohlraum reheating from burning NIF implosions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 065104 (2024).
  7. A. L. Kritcher, R. Town, D. Bradley, D. Clark, B. Spears, O. Jones, S. Haan, P. T. Springer, J. Lindl, R. H. H. Scott, D. Callahan, M. J. Edwards, and O. L. Landen, Metrics for long wavelength asymmetries in inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Plasmas 21, 042708 (2014).
  8. J. E. Ralph, J. S. Ross, A. B. Zylstra, A. L. Kritcher, H. F. Robey, C. V. Young, O. A. Hurricane, A. Pak, D. A. Callahan, K. L. Baker, et al., The impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state, Nat. Commun. 15, 2975 (2024).
  9. O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, D. T. Casey, A. R. Christopherson, A. L. Kritcher, O. L. Landen, S. A. MacLaren, R. Nora, P. K. Patel, J. Ralph, D. Schlossberg, P. T. Springer, C. V. Young, and A. B. Zylstra, Energy principles of scientific breakeven in an inertial fusion experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 065103 (2024).
  10. O. A. Hurricane, D. T. Casey, R. Bionta, D. A. Callahan, S. Haan, A. L. Kritcher, O. Landen, R. Nora, P. K. Patel, P. T. Springer, and A. B. Zylstra, Extensions of a classical mechanics “piston-model” for understanding the impact of asymmetry on icf implosions: the cases of mode-2, mode 2/1 coupling, time-dependent asymmetry, and the relationship to coast-time, Phys. Plasmas 29, 012703 (2022).
  11. D. T. Casey, B. J. MacGowan, J. D. Sater, A. B. Zylstra, O. L. Landen, J. Milovich, O. A. Hurricane, A. L. Kritcher, M. Hohenberger, K. Baker, et al., Evidence of three-dimensional asymmetries seeded by high-density carbon-ablator nonuniformity in experiments at the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 025002 (2021).
  12. O. A. Hurricane, D. T. Casey, O. Landen, A. L. Kritcher, R. Nora, P. K. Patel, J. A. Gaffney, K. D. Humbird, J. E. Field, M. K. G. Kruse, J. L. Peterson, and B. K. Spears, An analytic asymmetric-piston model for the impact of mode-1 shell asymmetry on ICF implosions, Phys. Plasmas 27, 062704 (2020).
  13. O. A. Hurricane, P. K. Patel, R. Betti, D. H. Froula, S. P. Regan, S. A. Slutz, M. R. Gomez, and M. A. Sweeney, Physics principles of inertial confinement fusion and U.S. program overview, Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 025005 (2023).
  14. P. T. Springer, O. A. Hurricane, J. H. Hammer, R. Betti, D. A. Callahan, E. M. Campbell, D. T. Casey, C. J. Cerjan, D. Cao, E. Dewald, et al., A 3D dynamic model to assess the impacts of low-mode asymmetry, aneurysms and mix-induced radiative loss on capsule performance across inertial confinement fusion platforms, Nucl. Fusion 59, 032009 (2019).
  15. J. E. Bailey, T. Nagayama, G. P. Loisel, G. A. Rochau, C. Blancard, J. Colgan, P. Cossé, G. Faussurier, C. J. Fontes, F. Gilleron, et al., A higher-than-predicted measurement of iron opacity at solar interior temperatures, Nature (London) 517, 56 (2015).
  16. T. S. Perry, R. F. Heeter, Y. P. Opachich, H. M. Johns, J. A. King, E. S. Dodd, B. G. DeVolder, M. E. Sherrill, B. G. Wilson, C. A. Iglesias, et al., Progress toward NIF opacity measurements, High Energy Density Phys. 35, 100728 (2020).
  17. A. L. Kritcher, A. B. Zylstra, D. A. Callahan, O. A. Hurricane, C. R. Weber, D. S. Clark, C. V. Young, J. E. Ralph, D. T. Casey, A. Pak, et al., Design of an inertial fusion experiment exceeding the Lawson criterion for ignition, Phys. Rev. E 106, 025201 (2022).
  18. B. M. Haines, J. P. Sauppe, B. J. Albright, W. S. Daughton, S. M. Finnegan, J. L. Kline, and J. M. Smidt, A mechanism for reduced compression in indirectly driven layered capsule implosions, Phys. Plasmas 29, 042704 (2022).
  19. J. J. Kuczek and B. M. Haines, Simulated impact of fill tube geometry on recent high-yield implosions at the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Plasmas 30, 092706 (2023).
  20. M. Gittings, R. Weaver, M. Clover, T. Betlach, N. Byrne, R. Coker, E. Dendy, R. Hueckstaedt, K. New, W. R. Oakes, et al., The RAGE radiation-hydrodynamic code, Comput. Sci. Discov. 1, 015005 (2008).
  21. B. M. Haines, C. H. Aldrich, J. M. Campbell, R. M. Rauenzahn, and C. A. Wingate, High-resolution modeling of indirectly driven high-convergence layered inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions, Phys. Plasmas 24, 052701 (2017).
  22. B. M. Haines, D. E. Keller, J. A. Marozas, P. W. McKenty, K. S. Anderson, T. J. B. Collins, W. W. Dai, M. L. Hall, S. Jones, M. D. McKay, Jr., et al., Coupling laser physics to radiation-hydrodynamics, Comput. Fluids 201, 104478 (2020).
  23. B. M. Haines, D. E. Keller, K. P. Long, M. D. McKay, Jr., Z. J. Medin, H. Park, R. M. Rauenzahn, H. A. Scott, K. S. Anderson, T. J. B. Collins, et al., The development of a high-resolution Eulerian radiation-hydrodynamic simulation capability for laser-driven hohlraums, Phys. Plasmas 29, 083901 (2022).
  24. B. M. Haines, K. D. Meaney, J. J. Kuczek, B. J. Albright, W. S. Daughton, N. M. Hoffman, R. S. Lester, and J. P. Sauppe, Simulated signatures of ignition, Phys. Plasmas 31, 042705 (2024).
  25. B. K. Spears, M. J. Edwards, S. Hatchett, J. Kilkenny, J. Knauer, A. L. Kritcher, J. Lindl, D. Munro, P. Patel, H. F. Robey, and R. P. J. Town, Mode 1 drive asymmetry in inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Plasmas 21, 042702 (2014).
  26. J. S. Jaquez, M. O. Havre, A. Nikroo, S. D. Bhandarkar, M. Wang, B. Stahl, K. Kangas, and M. P. Farrell, Process developments in the fabrication of depleted uranium hohlraums, Fusion Sci. Technol. 73, 370 (2018).
  27. T. Döppner, D. A. Callahan, O. A. Hurricane, D. E. Hinkel, T. Ma, H.-S. Park, L. F. B. Hopkins, D. T. Casey, P. Celliers, E. L. Dewald, et al., Demonstration of high performance in layered deuterium-tritium capsule implosions in uranium hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 055001 (2015).
  28. S. Chandrasekhar, Radiative Transfer (Dover, New York, 1960), p. 393.
  29. D. Mihalas, Stellar Atmospheres, 2nd ed. (Freeman, San Francisco, 1978).
  30. M. D. Rosen, The science applications of the high‐energy density plasmas created on the Nova laser, Phys. Plasmas 3, 1803 (1996).
  31. A. Brandenburg, Eddington approximation lecture notes, University of Colorado Boulder, ASTR_3760 Lecture Notes (2016), derivation of the gray atmosphere solution with the τ+2/3 constant and Eddington closure K=J/3.
  32. R. E. Marshak, Effect of radiation on shock wave behavior, Phys. Fluids 1, 24 (1958).
  33. R. C. Haskell, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, T. C. Feng, M. S. McAdams, and B. Chance, Boundary conditions for the diffusion equation in radiative transfer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 2727 (1994).
  34. M. F. Modest, Radiative Heat Transfer, 3rd ed. (Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2013) [Chaps. 2 and 16 discuss the P1 (Eddington) approximation and Marshak boundary conditions].
  35. B. J. MacGowan, O. L. Landen, D. T. Casey, C. V. Young, D. A. Callahan, E. P. Hartouni, R. Hatarik, M. Hohenberger, T. Ma, D. Mariscal, et al., Trending low-mode asymmetries in NIF capsule drive using a simple static viewfactor metric, High Energy Density Phys. 40, 100944 (2021).
  36. J. L. Milovich, D. C. Casey, B. MacGowan, D. Clark, D. Mariscal, T. Ma, K. Baker, R. Bionta, K. Hahn, A. Moore, et al., Understanding asymmetries using integrated simulations of capsule implosions in low gas-fill hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 63, 025012 (2021).
  37. N. B. Meezan, A. J. MacKinnon, D. G. Hicks, E. L. Dewald, R. Tommasini, S. Le Pape, T. Döppner, T. Ma, D. R. Farley, D. H. Kalantar, et al., X-ray driven implosions at ignition relevant velocities on the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Plasmas 20, 056311 (2013).
  38. Z. L. Mohamed, E. N. Loomis, H. F. Robey, S. Goodarzi, S. Palaniyappan, R. Sacks, J. P. Sauppe, I. Sagert, P. A. Keiter, D. W. Schmidt, P. Donovan, N. Christiansen, D. J. Stark, D. D. Meyerhofer, E. C. Merritt, D. S. Montgomery, and H. Xu, Demonstration of low-mode shape control in indirect-drive double shell implosions at the NIF, Phys. Plasmas 31, 052701 (2024).
  39. M. J. Edwards, P. K. Patel, J. D. Lindl, L. J. Atherton, S. H. Glenzer, S. W. Haan, J. D. Kilkenny, O. L. Landen, E. I. Moses, A. Nikroo, et al., Progress towards ignition on the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Plasmas 20, 070501 (2013).
  40. E. L. Dewald, K. M. Campbell, R. E. Turner, J. P. Holder, O. L. Landen, S. H. Glenzer, R. L. Kauffman, L. J. Suter, M. Landon, M. Rhodes, and D. Lee, Dante soft x-ray power diagnostic for National Ignition Facility, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3759 (2004).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation