- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review E

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Flow and clogging of a sheep herd passing through a bottleneck

A. Garcimartín1,*, J. M. Pastor1, L. M. Ferrer2, J. J. Ramos2, C. Martín-Gómez3, and I. Zuriguel1

  • 1Depto. de Física y Mat. Apl., Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
  • 2Dpto. de Patología Animal, Fac. Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
  • 3Sección de Instalaciones y Energía, Escuela de Arquitectura, Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain

  • *angel@unav.es
PDF

Phys. Rev. E 91, 022808 – Published 17 February, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.022808

Abstract

We present an experimental study of a flock passing through a narrow door. Video monitoring of daily routines in a farm has enabled us to collect a sizable amount of data. By measuring the time lapse between the passage of consecutive animals, some features of the flow regime can be assessed. A quantitative definition of clogging is demonstrated based on the passage time statistics. These display broad tails, which can be fitted by power laws with a relatively large exponent. On the other hand, the distribution of burst sizes robustly evidences exponential behavior. Finally, borrowing concepts from granular physics and statistical mechanics, we evaluate the effect of increasing the door size and the performance of an obstacle placed in front of it. The success of these techniques opens new possibilities regarding their eventual extension to the management of human crowds.

View figure in article

Article Text

References (34)

  1. D. Helbing and P. Molnár, Social force model for pedestrian dynamics, Phys. Rev. E 51, 4282 (1995).
  2. A. Schadschneider, W. Klingsch, H. Klüpfel, T. Kretz, C. Rogsch, and A. Seyfried, Evacuation dynamics: Empirical results, modeling and applications, in Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science, edited by B. Meyer (Springer, Berlin, 2008), pp. 3142–3176.
  3. D. Helbing, A. Johansson, and H. Z. Al-Abideen, Dynamics of crowd disasters: An empirical study, Phys. Rev. E 75, 046109 (2007).
  4. M. Boltes and A. Seyfried, Collecting pedestrian trajectories, Neurocomputing 100, 127 (2013).
  5. D. Yanagisawa, A. Kimura, A. Tomoeda, R. Nishi, Y. Suma, K. Ohtsuka, and K. Nishinari, Introduction of frictional and turning function for pedestrian outflow with an obstacle, Phys. Rev. E 80, 036110 (2009).
  6. M. Moussaïd, D. Helbing, and G. Theraulaz, How simple rules determine pedestrian behavior and crowd disasters, Pub. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 6884 (2011).
  7. F. Alonso-Marroquín, J. Busch, C. Chiew, C. Lozano, and A. Ramírez-Gómez, Simulation of counterflow pedestrian dynamics using spheropolygons, Phys. Rev. E 90, 063305 (2014).
  8. T. Ezaki, D. Yanagisawa, and K. Nishinari, Pedestrian flow through multiple bottlenecks, Phys. Rev. E 86, 026118 (2012).
  9. S. Bouzat and M. N. Kuperman, Game theory in models of pedestrian room evacuation, Phys. Rev. E 89, 032806 (2014).
  10. T. Vicsek and A. Zafeiris, Collective motion, Phys. Rep. 517, 71 (2012).
  11. J. Gachelin, G. Miño, H. Berthet, A. Lindner, A. Rousselet, and E. Clément, Non-newtonian viscosity of Escherichia coli suspensions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 268103 (2013).
  12. M. K. Gdoura, R. Löhner, E. Haug, and B. Gawenat, On the influence of columns in densely populated corridors, in Transportation Research Procedia, Vol. 2, edited by W. Daamen, D. C. Duives, and S. P. Hoogendoorn, Proceedings of the Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, 22–24 October 2014, Delft, the Netherlands (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2014), pp. 2–9.
  13. C. Saloma, G. J. Perez, G. Tapang, M. Lim, and C. Palmes-Saloma, Self-organized queuing and scale-free behavior in real escape panic, Pub. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 11947 (2003).
  14. E. Altshuler, O. Ramos, Y. Núñez, J. Fernández, A. J. Batista-Leyva, and C. Noda, Symmetry breaking in escaping ants, Am. Nat. 166, 643 (2005).
  15. S. Boari, R. Josens, and D. R. Parisi, Efficient egress of escaping ants stressed with temperature, Plos ONE 8, e81082 (2013).
  16. A. Sobhani, M. Sarvi, D. Duives, O. Ejtemani, K. Aghabayk, and S. Hoogendoorn, Exploring the relationship of exit flow and jam density in panic scenarios using animal dynamics, in Transportation Research Procedia, Vol. 2, edited by W. Daamen, D. C. Duives, and S. P. Hoogendoorn, Proceedings of the Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, 22–24 October 2014, Delft, the Netherlands (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2014), pp. 745–751.
  17. A. John, A. Schadschneider, D. Chowdhury, and K. Nishinari, Trafficlike collective movement of ants on trails: Absence of a jammed phase, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 108001 (2009).
  18. N. Shiwakoti, M. Sarvi, G. Rose, and M. Burd, Enhancing the safety of pedestrians during emergency egress, Transport. Res. Rec. 2137, 31 (2009).
  19. J. S. Tubbs and B. J. Meacham, Egress Design Solutions (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2007).
  20. K. To, P.-Y. Lai, and H. K. Pak, Jamming of granular flow in a two-dimensional hopper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 71 (2001).
  21. I. Zuriguel, A. Garcimartín, D. Maza, L. A. Pugnaloni, and J. M. Pastor, Jamming during the discharge of granular matter from a silo, Phys. Rev. E 71, 051303 (2005).
  22. S. Tewari, M. Dichter, and B. Chakraborty, Signatures of incipient jamming in collisional hopper flows, Soft Matter 9, 5016 (2013).
  23. J. Tang and R. P. Behringer, How granular materials jam in a hopper, Chaos 21, 041107 (2011).
  24. I. Zuriguel, L. A. Pugnaloni, A. Garcimartín, and D. Maza, Jamming during the discharge of grains from a silo described as a percolating transition, Phys. Rev. E 68, 030301(R) (2003).
  25. I. Zuriguel, D. R. Parisi, R. C. Hidalgo, C. Lozano, A. Janda, P. A. Gago, J. P. Peralta, L. M. Ferrer, L. A. Pugnaloni, E. Clément, D. Maza, I. Pagonabarraga, and A. Garcimartín, Clogging transition of many-particle systems flowing through bottlenecks, Sci. Rep. 4, 7324 (2014).
  26. A. Seyfried, O. Passon, B. Steffen, M. Boltes, T. Rupprecht, and W. Klingsch, New Insights into Pedestrian Flow Through Bottlenecks, Transport. Sci. 43, 395 (2009).
  27. D. Sornette, Critical Phenomena in Natural Sciences (Springer, Heidelberg, 2000).
  28. A. Clauset, C. R. Shalizi, and M. E. J. Newman, Power-law distributions in empirical data, SIAM Rev. 51, 661 (2009).
  29. For the computation of bursts, we linked the last animal of each day with the first one of the following day.
  30. D. Helbing, L. Buzna, A. Johansson, and T. Werner, Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics: Experiments, Simulations, and Design Solutions, Transport. Sci. 39, 1 (2005).
  31. I. Zuriguel, A. Janda, A. Garcimartín, C. Lozano, R. Arévalo, and D. Maza, Silo clogging reduction by the presence of an obstacle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 278001 (2011).
  32. C. Lozano, A. Janda, A. Garcimartín, D. Maza, and I. Zuriguel, Flow and clogging in a silo with an obstacle above the orifice, Phys. Rev. E 86, 031306 (2012).
  33. A. Kirchner, K. Nishinari, and A. Schadschneider, Friction effects and clogging in a cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics, Phys. Rev. E 67, 056122 (2003).
  34. T. Matsuoka, A. Tomoeda, M. Iwamoto, K. Suzuno, and D. Ueyama, Effects of an obstacle position for pedestrian evacuation: SF model approach, in Traffic and Granular Flow '13, edited by M. Chraibi, M. Boltes, A. Schadschneider, and A. Seyfried (Springer, Heidelberg, 2015), pp. 163–170.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. E 91, 022808– Published 17 February, 2015
  • Received 24 December 2014

©2015 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation