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Boltzmann sampling by diabatic quantum annealing

Ju-Yeon Gyhm1,*, Gilhan Kim1,*, Hyukjoon Kwon2, and Yongjoo Baek1,†

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: y.baek@snu.ac.kr
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Phys. Rev. E 113, 065302 – Published 1 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9bc4-ddkc

Abstract

Boltzmann sampling is a central component of many computational frameworks, including numerous algorithms in machine learning. Although quantum annealers have been investigated as potential fast Boltzmann samplers, their dependence on environmental noise makes precise control of the effective temperature difficult, introducing uncertainty into the sampling process. As an alternative, we propose diabatic quantum annealing—a faster, purely unitary process—as a controllable Boltzmann sampler in which the effective temperature is determined by the annealing rate. Using the ferromagnetic Ising model and the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model as test cases, we demonstrate that this method achieves rapid and accurate sampling in the high-temperature regime.

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Phys. Rev. E 113, 065302– Published 1 June, 2026
  • Received 6 June 2025
  • Accepted 17 April 2026
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