A simple prescription is suggested for preserving universality of the isovector current in the presence of many $1^{-}$ poles ${\rho }_i$. By identifying $g_{{\rho }_{p-\gamma }}$ as proportional to $g_{{\rho }_i\pi \pi }$, predictions are made regarding (a) the modification of the Kawarabayashi-Suzuki-Riazuddin-Fayyazuddin relation, (b) charge radii, (c) $\pi \pi$ resonance production in colliding beam experiments, (d) high-energy $\rho$ meson photoproduction and photoabsorption, (e) photoproduction of ${\rho }^{\prime }$ and ${\rho }^{\prime \prime }$, and (f) asymptotic behavior of form factors.

Strong interactions of spin-zero and spin-one mesons are studied in a model in which the Lagrangian is approximately invariant under coordinate-dependent $\mathrm{SU}\left(3\right)\mathrm{}\otimes \mathrm{SU}\left(3\right)\mathrm{}$ gauge transformations. The scalar and pseudoscalar nonets are assigned to the (3,3*) ⊕ (3*,3) representation, whereas the vector and axial-vector octets are introduced as gauge fields belonging to the (1,8) ⊕ (8,1) representation. Spontaneous symmetry breaking to the isospin-hypercharge level is introduced by giving nonzero vacuum expectation values to some scalar fields. The effective Lagrangian obtained after considering field mixings and renormalizations is used in a phenomenological manner to study the masses and couplings of various particles. With some of the experimental meson masses as input, the predicted masses of remaining observed mesons are in reasonable agreement with experiment. Some scalar-meson masses are also predicted (${\mu }_{S_K}=527\mathrm{}$ MeV and ${\mu }_{S_{\pi }}=771\mathrm{}$ MeV). The widths for $V\to \mathrm{PP}$ and $A\to \mathrm{VP}$ decays are calculated and compare well with experiment. The axial-vector currents and the strangeness-changing vector currents satisfy partial conservation equations. Decay constants for spin-zero mesons are calculated. We get $\frac{F_K}{F_{\pi }}=1.17\mathrm{}$ and $\frac{F_{S_K}}{F_{\pi }}=-0.59\mathrm{}$. The $K_{l3\mathrm{}}$ form factors are calculated, the effect of the scalar kaon being included; we get $f_{+}\mathrm{}\left(0\right)=0.86\mathrm{}$, $\xi =-0.197\mathrm{}$, ${\lambda }_{+}=0.023\mathrm{}$, and ${\lambda }_{-}=0.013\mathrm{}$.

An $\mathrm{SU}\left(3\right)\mathrm{}$-symmetric multichannel calculation of the electromagnetic mass differences in the pseudoscalar-meson and baryon octets is carried out with an attempt to include some of the physics of the crossed (pair-annihilation) channel along the lines of the recent work by Ball and Zachariasen. The importance of the tensor-meson Regge trajectories is emphasized. The agreement with experiment is poor for the isospin-1 mass differences, but excellent for those with isospin 2.

The conditions for nondegeneracy of the leading trajectory in scalar-vector scattering are derived. They are applied to the Veneziano model for the pion contribution to the $\pi -\rho$ scattering amplitude. A general class of models for the double-charge-exchange process is found, and a "minimal" model is discussed in detail. The Adler self-consistency condition and its relation to the quantization rules of Ademollo et al. is discussed. The possible existence of exotic resonances or an $I=0\mathrm{}$ trajectory degenerate with the $\pi$ trajectory is also discussed.

A parametrization for Regge vertices is presented. These vertices have the most general $t$ dependence consistent with constraints at $t=0\mathrm{}$ and pseudothresholds, and are valid for general spins and general masses and for nonparallel trajectories. The assumptions upon which this work is based are analyticity, crossing symmetry, factorization (unitarity), and Regge asymptotic behavior. In the unequal-mass case, we find that the general Regge vertex has a particularly simple expansion around $t=0\mathrm{}$.

A $\rho$ bootstrap calculation, using the Balázs method, with the input crossed-channel amplitude given by the Veneziano representation, was performed. Results for the self-consistent mass and width are in good agreement with experiment. The results are consistent with the amplitude being given by only a single Veneziano term, although they do not exclude the presence of additional terms with lower-order asymptotic behavior.

A field-theoretic formulation of $\pi N$ scattering, combining soft virtual neutral vector-meson exchange with simple nucleon, 3-3 resonance, and $\rho$ poles, is shown to produce damped amplitudes containing both fixed and Regge poles, yielding polarizations and differential cross sections with a qualitative resemblance to recent experiments.

The addition of a meson to the $2V$ sector of the Lee model provides an opportunity to study collision problems involving two composite particles formed by the exchange of one and two such mesons. Following Amado, we give a dispersion treatment which avoids five-particle intermediate states, but previously excluded four-particle states now make their appearance. It is found, as in the recent three-meson example of Bronzan, that the dynamics reduces to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation in one variable brought about by a factorization property of the connected $S$ matrix in the $2V$ sector. Similarities and differences between the two cases are pointed out. Dispersion-theoretic investigations of the one- and two-meson exchange interactions of two nucleons in crossing-symmetric static models, and the scattering of a meson by these nucleons are indicated for future consideration.

The quantum theory of the infinite-component Majorana field is formulated. The present paper discusses the three classes (slower than light, lightlike, and faster than light) of solutions to this equation and their Wigner classification. Particular attention is paid to the question of the normalization of the faster-than-light solutions. The current operator is shown to be timelike even for the spacelike solutions, and it is shown to lead to a finite process of emission of light by charged Majorana particles. The quantum theory of the Majorana field is formulated in accordance with the substitution law, and the usual connection between spin and statistics is recovered.

Ideal measurements in quantum mechanics can be described formally as instantaneous changes of the state vector or, more generally, of the density matrix $W$. By its lack of covariance, this formalism is not very adequate for relativistic quantum theories such as local field theory. For the latter, we propose a modified formalism, according to which a field measurement in a space-time region $C$ changes the field state $W$ in the future and side cone of $C$. This proposal is justified by physical considerations.

An investigation is made of the effects of an indefinite number of coupled channels on two-particle amplitudes. Central coupling, chain coupling, and combinations of them are considered. Some results are general, while others depend on a generalized potential model. The existence of strong resonance-producing effects is related to zeros of the $S$ matrix. Forms of Levinson's theorem are found for both the amplitude and $S$-matrix phases. It is shown that if the effective number of coupled channels increases linearly with the energy that (1) the partial-wave $S$ matrix can vanish asymptotically (the usual result is that $S_L\to 1$); and (2) Regge trajectories rise asymptotically as the square root of the energy. Special results of the MacDowell symmetry are noted for a finite number of coupled channels. With respect to a special (boundary condition) model it is found that Regge trajectories which cross the origin near $L=\frac{1}{2}$ should have much larger slopes than those crossing the origin near $L=1\mathrm{}$, in agreement with observation. Regge cuts result from the coupling of effective three-body channels.

The concept of scalar hyperplane-dependent fields is defined on the basis of the author's earlier treatments of the position operators for relativistic particles. Such fields are a special case of fields over homogeneous spaces of the Ponincaré group and are related to infinite families of integer spin particles with spin-dependent mass spectra. The intrinsic parity of the particles and degeneracy in the mass spectrum is examined. The Lagrangian formalism, including Noether's theorem, is developed and explored. It is shown that the existence of a Lagrangian formalism yields a normalization condition that is incompatible with the existence of space-like solutions. All is in preparation for the sequel to this paper which considers a specific model with Bose statistics and nondegenerate mass spectrum.

The formulation of the Dirac theory based on the group $O(4, 2)$, in which an internal additive quantum number $n$ appears, distinguishing particles and antiparticles, is discussed in detail. The substitution law then becomes an analytic continuation in $n$.

A general $n$-point amplitude based on tree diagrams which has Regge asymptotic behavior and poles in all channels, but which is not dual, is explicitly factorized, and the coupling of three or more Reggeons is computed. The degeneracy of levels of the factorization of the $n$-point function is $n^2$, the same as in the four-point function. Group-theoretical implications are briefly discussed.

A simplified version of the Bali-Chew-Pignotti amplitude for multi-Regge-pole particle production is given using the recently developed projection-operator technique to construct many-particle states. This amplitude is generalized to a multi-Toller-pole expansion to avoid singularities which otherwise occur when any momentum-transfer variable goes to zero. It is shown how to determine the $M$ value of a Toller pole by measuring the distribution as a function of a Treiman-Yang angle.

Interactions of composite (Reggeized) hadrons are investigated. We give a scheme of writing down trilinear vertices between hadrons that is consistent with Lorentz invariance. The vertices become local when the hadrons involved are put on their mass shells (physical points of the trajectories). A graphical method, similar to Feynman diagrams, is developed for writing down scattering amplitudes involving composite hadrons. The procedure for constructing scattering amplitudes is stated in terms of a few rules. The example of elastic scattering of spinless particles with the exchange of a single Lorentz pole is briefly discussed; it is shown that the diagram rules lead to the well-known expression for a scattering amplitude with rapidly decreasing residues.

We investigate the possibility of describing the interactions of composite ("Reggeized") hadrons in space-time. We construct a formalism giving a unified description of the spin states of composite hadrons. A Lorentz family of hadron Regge trajectories allows the introduction of local hadron amplitudes. Investigation of the covariance properties of the local hadron amplitudes with respect to proper complex Lorentz transformations, space and time inversion, charge conjugation, and gauge transformations establishes the principles according to which observed families of hadron states are described in terms of representations of the complex Lorentz group. We find that covariance under these transformations necessarily demands parity doubling ("MacDowell symmetry") for meson as well as fermion trajectories. In a world of parallel Regge trajectories (unbroken Lorentz symmetry), chirality is exactly conserved. We give a manifestly Lorentz-covariant description of the propagation of composite hadrons. Explicit expressions for the composite hadron propagators are given for chiral singlet mesons and chiral doublet fermions. Examples of physical assignments are briefly discussed. It is found in particular that particles of unit baryon number transform according to representations of the complex Lorentz group with Toller quantum number $M=\frac{1}{2}$.

An attempt to construct a theory that links the macroscopic and microscopic properties of matter is presented. This is done using a space of more than four dimensions. Equations for microscopic-particle fields are investigated in a fixed six-dimensional metric space. The topology of the space is solely responsible for the quantization of mass and charge. The metric contains terms which transform like the Yang-Mills $B$ field. These terms appear appropriately in all particle equations. Without the $B$ field, the symmetry group of the theory is P×SU(2)/Z(2). The presence of the B field lowers this symmetry. Particle mass spectra are presented for six-dimensional scalar, spinor, and vector fields, and a coupling-constant ratio is predicted. The later part of the paper deals with the cosmological implications of the microscopic model presented in the first part of the paper. It is shown that Einstein's equations for the metric are consistent if a massless cosmological vector field is introduced. A critique of previous higher-dimensional field theories along with a summary of the results of an eight-dimensional theory is given. Since all symmetries dealt with result as approximations to the equations of the model, the no-go theorems are not applicable. Nevertheless, the six- and eight-dimensional models contain the shadows of the $P\times \frac{\mathrm{SU}\left(2\right)\mathrm{}}{Z\left(2\right)\mathrm{}}$ and $P\times \frac{\mathrm{SU}\left(3\right)\mathrm{}}{Z\left(3\right)\mathrm{}}$ symmetries in all particle-field representations.

It has long been held that the divergences of field theory could be removed if the theory was formulated on a Hilbert space with an indefinite metric. The difficulty of this approach was that the theory then possessed channels with negative probability and therefore violated unitarity. In a recent paper, Lee and Wick have observed that this difficulty could be eliminated if negative-metric states had complex energy. In this paper, we produce a model which shows several of the difficulties associated with the Lee-Wick proposal. The existence of complex energies leads to interpretation difficulties and, in higher sectors, does not completely solve the unitarity problem. We use the model to show how the Lee-Wick conjecture can be extended to overcome the difficulties that are produced. We describe the physical meaning of "good" theories with an indefinite metric.

In this paper we study all elastic scattering amplitudes in scalar electrodynamics at high energies. The impact factors for the scalar meson and for the vector meson in this theory are explicitly calculated in the lowest order. We also show that the elastic amplitudes still satisfy an impact-factor representation after all vector-meson exchanges are summed, and an exponentiation, similar to that in quantum electrodynamics, is obtained.