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Entropy dynamics in gravitational collapse: From local Minkowski breakdown to de Sitter thermodynamics

Francisco S. N. Lobo1,2,* and Manuel E. Rodrigues3,4,†

  • 1Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, P-1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
  • 2Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, P-1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
  • 3Faculdade de Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
  • 4Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Abaetetuba, 68440-000, Abaetetuba, Pará, Brazil

  • *Contact author: fslobo@ciencias.ulisboa.pt
  • †Contact author: esialg@gmail.com

Phys. Rev. D 114, 104034 – Published 9 November, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ymsg-hcgp

Abstract

The origin of black hole entropy remains one of the deepest mysteries in modern physics. Two recent developments offer complementary perspectives on this puzzle: the entropy release from regular Schwarzschild black holes with a de Sitter core (the Ovalle, Casadio, and Kamenshchik [OCK] construction), and the local thermodynamics of the de Sitter vacuum (Volovik). In the OCK framework, the inner horizon carries positive Bekenstein-Hawking entropy Sinner=πhc2, whose formal contribution decreases as the core shrinks; the n=0 Minkowski breaking obstructs a regular continuation within the ansatz. In Volovik’s framework, the signed entropy assignment for a homogeneous de Sitter Hubble volume is SdS=sgn(H)π/H2=sgn(H)A/4: expanding de Sitter (H>0) carries positive entropy, while contracting de Sitter (H<0) carries negative entropy. We show that the sign of the Hubble parameter is the unifying element linking the two pictures. The OCK core is de Sitter only for n>2; the Minkowski breaking is a classical kinematic obstruction, not a dynamical transition to a contracting de Sitter phase. Any connection between the expanding and contracting regimes might involve a quantum mechanism that remains speculative. Nevertheless, both frameworks embody the same thermodynamic principle: interior shrinkage changes the assigned entropy, with total entropy increase requiring an appropriate physical balance, and together they provide a consistent picture of entropy flow during gravitational collapse. The integer nature of the OCK parameter suggests a quantized entropy spectrum and a statistical interpretation of black hole entropy, while compatibility with the generalized second law is conditional on the entropy prescription and a justified environmental contribution.

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