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Source multipoles and energy-momentum tensors for spinning black holes and other compact objects in arbitrary dimensions
Phys. Rev. D 111, 084013 – Published 7 April, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.111.084013
Abstract
Working in momentum space and at linear order in the gravitational coupling, we derive the most general class of energy-momentum tensors associated with a given multipolar structure of the spacetime in arbitrary dimensions, and built out of a mass and an angular momentum, at any order in the spin expansion. In this formalism, we are able to derive directly the full multipolar structure of any solution from the multipole expansion of the energy-momentum tensor, in complete analogy to Newtonian gravity. In particular, we identify the recurrence relations that allow obtaining the multipolar structure of the Kerr and the Myers-Perry black hole solutions, defining source multipoles in a general relativity context for the first time. For these solutions, we are able to resum the energy-momentum tensor in momentum space at all orders in the angular momentum, and compute its real-space version. In the Kerr case, we exactly obtain the matter source found by Israel, namely an equatorial, pressureless thin disk rotating at superluminal speed. For Myers-Perry in five dimensions, the matter distribution is a three-ellipsoid in four spatial dimensions with nontrivial stresses. Remarkably, for any dimensions, the matter configuration is a lower-dimensional distribution, which has the same singularity structure as the fully nonlinear black-hole solution. Our formalism underscores the advantage of working in momentum space to generate nontrivial matter sources for nonlinear spacetimes, and could be used to construct regular nonexotic matter configurations that source spinning black hole solutions or horizonless compact objects with the same multipolar structure as black holes.
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