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Cosmic ray spectrum and composition from PeV to EeV using 3 years of data from IceTop and IceCube

M. G. Aartsen¹⁶, M. Ackermann⁵², J. Adams¹⁶, J. A. Aguilar¹², M. Ahlers²⁰, M. Ahrens⁴⁴, C. Alispach²⁶, K. Andeen³⁵, T. Anderson⁴⁹ et al. (IceCube Collaboration^*)

T. Anderson⁴⁹, I. Ansseau¹², G. Anton²⁴, C. Argüelles¹⁴, J. Auffenberg¹, S. Axani¹⁴, P. Backes¹, H. Bagherpour¹⁶, X. Bai⁴¹, A. Barbano²⁶, S. W. Barwick²⁸, V. Baum³⁴, S. Baur¹², R. Bay⁸, J. J. Beatty^19,18, K.-H. Becker⁵¹, J. Becker Tjus¹¹, S. BenZvi⁴³, D. Berley¹⁷, E. Bernardini⁵², D. Z. Besson²⁹, G. Binder^9,8, D. Bindig⁵¹, E. Blaufuss¹⁷, S. Blot⁵², C. Bohm⁴⁴, M. Börner²¹, S. Böser³⁴, O. Botner⁵⁰, J. Böttcher¹, E. Bourbeau²⁰, J. Bourbeau³³, F. Bradascio⁵², J. Braun³³, H.-P. Bretz⁵², S. Bron²⁶, J. Brostean-Kaiser⁵², A. Burgman⁵⁰, J. Buscher¹, R. S. Busse³³, T. Carver²⁶, C. Chen⁶, E. Cheung¹⁷, D. Chirkin³³, K. Clark³⁰, L. Classen³⁶, G. H. Collin¹⁴, J. M. Conrad¹⁴, P. Coppin¹³, P. Correa¹³, D. F. Cowen^49,48, R. Cross⁴³, P. Dave⁶, J. P. A. M. de André²², C. De Clercq¹³, J. J. DeLaunay⁴⁹, H. Dembinski³⁷, K. Deoskar⁴⁴, S. De Ridder²⁷, P. Desiati³³, K. D. de Vries¹³, G. de Wasseige¹³, M. de With¹⁰, T. DeYoung²², A. Diaz¹⁴, J. C. Díaz-Vélez³³, H. Dujmovic⁴⁶, M. Dunkman⁴⁹, E. Dvorak⁴¹, B. Eberhardt³³, T. Ehrhardt³⁴, P. Eller⁴⁹, P. A. Evenson³⁷, S. Fahey³³, A. R. Fazely⁷, J. Felde¹⁷, T. Feusels²⁷, K. Filimonov⁸, C. Finley⁴⁴, A. Franckowiak⁵², E. Friedman¹⁷, A. Fritz³⁴, T. K. Gaisser³⁷, J. Gallagher³², E. Ganster¹, S. Garrappa⁵², L. Gerhardt⁹, K. Ghorbani³³, T. Glauch²⁵, T. Glüsenkamp²⁴, A. Goldschmidt⁹, J. G. Gonzalez³⁷, D. Grant²², Z. Griffith³³, M. Günder¹, M. Gündüz¹¹, C. Haack¹, A. Hallgren⁵⁰, L. Halve¹, F. Halzen³³, K. Hanson³³, D. Hebecker¹⁰, D. Heereman¹², P. Heix¹, K. Helbing⁵¹, R. Hellauer¹⁷, F. Henningsen²⁵, S. Hickford⁵¹, J. Hignight²², G. C. Hill², K. D. Hoffman¹⁷, R. Hoffmann⁵¹, T. Hoinka²¹, B. Hokanson-Fasig³³, K. Hoshina³³, F. Huang⁴⁹, M. Huber²⁵, K. Hultqvist⁴⁴, M. Hünnefeld²¹, R. Hussain³³, S. In⁴⁶, N. Iovine¹², A. Ishihara¹⁵, E. Jacobi⁵², G. S. Japaridze⁵, M. Jeong⁴⁶, K. Jero³³, B. J. P. Jones⁴, F. Jonske¹, R. Joppe¹, W. Kang⁴⁶, A. Kappes³⁶, D. Kappesser³⁴, T. Karg⁵², M. Karl²⁵, A. Karle³³, U. Katz²⁴, M. Kauer³³, J. L. Kelley³³, A. Kheirandish³³, J. Kim⁴⁶, T. Kintscher⁵², J. Kiryluk⁴⁵, T. Kittler²⁴, S. R. Klein^9,8, R. Koirala³⁷, H. Kolanoski¹⁰, L. Köpke³⁴, C. Kopper²², S. Kopper⁴⁷, D. J. Koskinen²⁰, M. Kowalski^10,52, K. Krings²⁵, G. Krückl³⁴, N. Kulacz²³, S. Kunwar⁵², N. Kurahashi⁴⁰, A. Kyriacou², M. Labare²⁷, J. L. Lanfranchi⁴⁹, M. J. Larson¹⁷, F. Lauber⁵¹, J. P. Lazar³³, K. Leonard³³, M. Leuermann¹, Q. R. Liu³³, E. Lohfink³⁴, C. J. Lozano Mariscal³⁶, L. Lu¹⁵, F. Lucarelli²⁶, J. Lünemann¹³, W. Luszczak³³, J. Madsen⁴², G. Maggi¹³, K. B. M. Mahn²², Y. Makino¹⁵, P. Mallik¹, K. Mallot³³, S. Mancina³³, I. C. Mariş¹², R. Maruyama³⁸, K. Mase¹⁵, R. Maunu¹⁷, K. Meagher³³, M. Medici²⁰, A. Medina¹⁹, M. Meier²¹, S. Meighen-Berger²⁵, T. Menne²¹, G. Merino³³, T. Meures¹², S. Miarecki^9,8, J. Micallef²², G. Momenté³⁴, T. Montaruli²⁶, R. W. Moore²³, R. Morse³³, M. Moulai¹⁴, P. Muth¹, R. Nagai¹⁵, R. Nahnhauer⁵², P. Nakarmi⁴⁷, U. Naumann⁵¹, G. Neer²², H. Niederhausen²⁵, S. C. Nowicki²³, D. R. Nygren⁹, A. Obertacke Pollmann⁵¹, A. Olivas¹⁷, A. O’Murchadha¹², E. O’Sullivan⁴⁴, T. Palczewski^9,8, H. Pandya³⁷, D. V. Pankova⁴⁹, N. Park³³, P. Peiffer³⁴, C. Pérez de los Heros⁵⁰, S. Philippen¹, D. Pieloth²¹, E. Pinat¹², A. Pizzuto³³, M. Plum³⁵, A. Porcelli²⁷, P. B. Price⁸, G. T. Przybylski⁹, C. Raab¹², A. Raissi¹⁶, M. Rameez²⁰, L. Rauch⁵², K. Rawlins³, I. C. Rea²⁵, R. Reimann¹, B. Relethford⁴⁰, G. Renzi¹², E. Resconi²⁵, W. Rhode²¹, M. Richman⁴⁰, S. Robertson⁹, M. Rongen¹, C. Rott⁴⁶, T. Ruhe²¹, D. Ryckbosch²⁷, D. Rysewyk²², I. Safa³³, S. E. Sanchez Herrera²³, A. Sandrock²¹, J. Sandroos³⁴, M. Santander⁴⁷, S. Sarkar³⁹, S. Sarkar²³, K. Satalecka⁵², M. Schaufel¹, P. Schlunder²¹, T. Schmidt¹⁷, A. Schneider³³, J. Schneider²⁴, L. Schumacher¹, S. Sclafani⁴⁰, D. Seckel³⁷, S. Seunarine⁴², S. Shefali¹, M. Silva³³, R. Snihur³³, J. Soedingrekso²¹, D. Soldin³⁷, M. Song¹⁷, G. M. Spiczak⁴², C. Spiering⁵², J. Stachurska⁵², M. Stamatikos¹⁹, T. Stanev³⁷, A. Stasik⁵², R. Stein⁵², J. Stettner¹, A. Steuer³⁴, T. Stezelberger⁹, R. G. Stokstad⁹, A. Stößl¹⁵, N. L. Strotjohann⁵², T. Stürwald¹, T. Stuttard²⁰, G. W. Sullivan¹⁷, M. Sutherland¹⁹, I. Taboada⁶, F. Tenholt¹¹, S. Ter-Antonyan⁷, A. Terliuk⁵², S. Tilav³⁷, L. Tomankova¹¹, C. Tönnis⁴⁶, S. Toscano¹³, D. Tosi³³, M. Tselengidou²⁴, C. F. Tung⁶, A. Turcati²⁵, R. Turcotte¹, C. F. Turley⁴⁹, B. Ty³³, E. Unger⁵⁰, M. A. Unland Elorrieta³⁶, M. Usner⁵², J. Vandenbroucke³³, W. Van Driessche²⁷, D. van Eijk³³, N. van Eijndhoven¹³, S. Vanheule²⁷, J. van Santen⁵², M. Vraeghe²⁷, C. Walck⁴⁴, A. Wallace², M. Wallraff¹, N. Wandkowsky³³, T. B. Watson⁴, C. Weaver²³, M. J. Weiss⁴⁹, J. Weldert³⁴, C. Wendt³³, J. Werthebach³³, S. Westerhoff³³, B. J. Whelan², N. Whitehorn³¹, K. Wiebe³⁴, C. H. Wiebusch¹, L. Wille³³, D. R. Williams⁴⁷, L. Wills⁴⁰, M. Wolf²⁵, J. Wood³³, T. R. Wood²³, K. Woschnagg⁸, G. Wrede²⁴, D. L. Xu³³, X. W. Xu⁷, Y. Xu⁴⁵, J. P. Yanez²³, G. Yodh²⁸, S. Yoshida¹⁵, T. Yuan³³, and M. Zöcklein¹ (IceCube Collaboration^*)

¹III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
²Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
⁴Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
⁵CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
⁶School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁷Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
⁸Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁹Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
¹⁰Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
¹¹Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
¹²Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
¹³Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
¹⁴Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹⁵Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
¹⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
¹⁷Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
¹⁸Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
¹⁹Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²⁰Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
²¹Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
²²Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
²³Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
²⁴Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
²⁵Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
²⁶Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
²⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
²⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
²⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
³⁰SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, Ontario, Canada P3Y 1N2
³¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
³²Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
³³Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
³⁴Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
³⁵Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
³⁶Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
³⁷Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
³⁸Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
³⁹Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kindom
⁴⁰Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁴¹Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
⁴²Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
⁴³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
⁴⁴Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
⁴⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
⁴⁶Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
⁴⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
⁴⁸Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁴⁹Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁵⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
⁵¹Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
⁵²DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany

^*analysis@icecube.wisc.edu

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Phys. Rev. D 100, 082002 – Published 23 October, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.082002

Abstract

We report on measurements of the all-particle cosmic ray energy spectrum and composition in the PeV to EeV energy range using 3 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The IceTop detector measures cosmic ray induced air showers on the surface of the ice, from which the energy spectrum of cosmic rays is determined by making additional assumptions about the mass composition. A separate measurement is performed when IceTop data are analyzed in coincidence with the high-energy muon energy loss information from the deep in-ice IceCube detector. In this measurement, both the spectrum and the mass composition of the primary cosmic rays are simultaneously reconstructed using a neural network trained on observables from both detectors. The performance and relative advantages of these two distinct analyses are discussed, including the systematic uncertainties and the dependence on the hadronic interaction models, and both all-particle spectra as well as individual spectra for elemental groups are presented.

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References (52)

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Cosmic ray spectrum and composition from PeV to EeV using 3 years of data from IceTop and IceCube

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