- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Applied

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Transmittable Nonreciprocal Cloaking

Mojtaba Dehmollaian1,*, Guillaume Lavigne1,†, and Christophe Caloz2,‡

  • 1Poly-Grames Research Center, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chem. de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
  • 2ESAT-WaveCoRE-META Research Center, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven 3001, Belgium

  • *mdehmollaian@gmail.com
  • †guillaume.lavigne@polymtl.ca
  • ‡christophe.caloz@kuleuven.be
PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 014051 – Published 18 January, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.014051

Abstract

Cloaking is typically reciprocal. Here, we introduce the concept of transmittable nonreciprocal cloaking, whereby the cloaking system operates as a standard omnidirectional cloak for external illumination but can transmit light from its center outward at will. We demonstrate a specific implementation of such cloaking that consists of a set of concentric bianisotropic metasurfaces, the innermost element of which is nonreciprocal and designed to simultaneously block inward waves and pass—either omnidirectionally or directionally—outward waves. Such cloaking represents a fundamental diversification of conventional cloaking and may find applications in areas such as stealth, blockage avoidance, illusion, and cooling.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (40)

  1. U. Leonhardt, Optical conformal mapping, Science 312, 1777 (2006).
  2. J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, Controlling electromagnetic fields, Science 312, 1780 (2006).
  3. R. Fleury, F. Monticone, and A. Alù, Invisibility and Cloaking: Origins, Present, and Future Perspectives, Phys. Rev. Appl. 4, 037001:1 (2015).
  4. D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies, Science 314, 977 (2006).
  5. A. Alù and N. Engheta, Achieving transparency with plasmonic and metamaterial coatings, Phys. Rev. E 72, 016623 (2005).
  6. M. G. Silveirinha, A. Alù, and N. Engheta, Parallel-plate metamaterials for cloaking structures, Phys. Rev. E 75, 036603 (2007).
  7. P. Alitalo and S. Tretyakov, Electromagnetic cloaking with metamaterials, Mater. Today 12, 22 (2009).
  8. M. Selvanayagam and G. V. Eleftheriades, Experimental Demonstration of Active Electromagnetic Cloaking, Phys. Rev. X 3, 041011 (2013).
  9. M. Dehmollaian and C. Caloz, in Fifteenth Int. Congr. Art. Mat. Nov. Wave. Phenom. (Metamaterials’2021) (New York, 2021), p. 111.
  10. H. Lee and D.-H. Kwon, Microwave Metasurface Cloaking for Freestanding Objects, Phys. Rev. Appl. 17, 054012 (2022).
  11. H. A. Lorentz, The theorem of Poynting concerning the energy in the electromagnetic field and two general propositions concerning the propagation of light, Amsterdammer Akademie der Wetenschappen 4, 1 (1896).
  12. C. He, X.-L. Zhang, L. Feng, M.-H. Lu, and Y. Chen, One-way cloak based on nonreciprocal photonic crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 151112 (2011).
  13. X. Zhu, L. Feng, P. Zhang, X. Yin, and X. Zhang, One-way invisible cloak using parity-time symmetric transformation optics, Opt. Lett. 38, 2821 (2013).
  14. D. L. Sounas, R. Fleury, and A. Alù, Unidirectional Cloaking Based on Metasurfaces with Balanced Loss and Gain, Phys. Rev. Appl. 4, 014005 (2015).
  15. G. Lavigne, K. Achouri, V. S. Asadchy, S. A. Tretyakov, and C. Caloz, Susceptibility derivation and experimental demonstration of refracting metasurfaces without spurious diffraction, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66, 1321 (2018).
  16. K. Achouri and C. Caloz, Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Theory and Applications (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2021).
  17. G. Lavigne, T. Kodera, and C. Caloz, Metasurface magnetless specular isolator, Sci. Rep. 12, 1 (2022).
  18. C. Caloz, A. Alù, S. Tretyakov, D. Sounas, K. Achouri, and Z.-L. Deck-Léger, Electromagnetic Nonreciprocity, Phys. Rev. Appl. 10, 047001:1 (2018).
  19. S. Taravati, B. S. Khan, S. Gupta, K. Achouri, and C. Caloz, Nonreciprocal nongyrotropic magnetless metasurface, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65, 3589 (2017).
  20. As with all cloaks, this cloaking system is subjected to a fundamental trade-off between cloaking efficiency (minimal scattering) and its operation bandwidth, due to the physical impossibility (or impracticality [39]) of the deflected part of the energy near the center propagating superluminally for proper phase synchronization with the undeflected part of the energy in the periphery [40].
  21. G. Lavigne and C. Caloz, Magnetless reflective gyrotropic spatial isolator metasurface, New J. Phys. 23, 1 (2021).
  22. S. Taravati and G. V. Eleftheriades, Full-duplex reflective beamsteering metasurface featuring magnetless nonreciprocal amplification, Nat. Commun. 12, 1 (2021).
  23. Y. Shi, S. Han, and S. Fan, Optical circulation and isolation based on indirect photonic transitions of guided resonance modes, ACS Photonics 4, 1639 (2017).
  24. S. Taravati and G. V. Eleftheriades, Full-Duplex Nonreciprocal Beam Steering by Time-Modulated Phase-Gradient Metasurfaces, Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 014027 (2020).
  25. M. Idemen and A. H. Serbest, Boundary conditions of the electromagnetic field, Electron. Lett. 13, 704 (1987).
  26. E. F. Kuester, M. A. Mohamed, M. Piket-May, and C. L. Holloway, Averaged transition conditions for electromagnetic fields at a metafilm, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 51, 2641 (2003).
  27. K. Achouri, M. A. Salem, and C. Caloz, General metasurface synthesis based on susceptibility tensors, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63, 2977 (2015).
  28. R. Harrington, Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields (Wiley–IEEE Press, New York, NY, 2001).
  29. A. Ishimaru, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering (Wiley–IEEE Press, Hoboken, NJ, 2017).
  30. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2016).
  31. B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems (Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1995).
  32. B. E. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2019).
  33. X. Wang and C. Caloz, Spread-spectrum selective camouflaging based on time-modulated metasurface, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69, 286 (2021).
  34. N. Lebbe, S. Lanteri, S. Y. Golla, and P. Genevet, Susceptibility synthesis of arbitrary shaped metasurfaces, Phys. Rev. B 106, 035110 (2022).
  35. N. Chamanara, Y. Vahabzadeh, and C. Caloz, Simultaneous control of the spatial and temporal spectra of light with space-time varying metasurfaces, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67, 2430 (2019).
  36. K. Zhou, W. Li, B. B. Patel, R. Tao, Y. Chang, S. Fan, Y. Diao, and L. Cai, Three-dimensional printable nanoporous polymer matrix composites for daytime radiative cooling, Nano Lett. 21, 1493 (2021).
  37. M. Dehmollaian, G. Lavigne, and C. Caloz, Comparison of tensor boundary conditions (TBCs) with generalized sheet transition conditions (gstcs), IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67, 7396 (2019).
  38. D. G. Dudley, Mathematical Foundations for Electromagnetic Theory (IEEE Press, New York, 1994).
  39. J. D. Jackson, Classical electrodynamics (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 1999).
  40. D. A. Miller, On perfect cloaking, Opt. Express 14, 12457 (2006).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 014051– Published 18 January, 2023
  • Received 25 August 2022
  • Revised 20 November 2022
  • Accepted 8 December 2022
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2023 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation