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Ion Coulomb crystals: An exotic form of condensed matter

Giovanna Morigi, John Bollinger, Michael Drewsen, Daniel Podolsky, and Efrat Shimshoni

Giovanna Morigi

John Bollinger

Michael Drewsen

Daniel Podolsky

  • Department of Physics, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel

Efrat Shimshoni

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 98, 035001 – Published 5 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tn8k-r4w8

Abstract

Ion Coulomb crystals are ordered structures formed by laser-cooled ions in traps that are characterized by interparticle distances of several micrometers and energy scales on the order of μeV. Their crystalline structure emerges from the interplay between Coulomb repulsion and the external confining potential, which can be readily tuned. Moreover, individual ions can be precisely manipulated with lasers and imaged via resonance fluorescence. These unusual and unique properties make ion crystals a powerful platform for studying phases of matter in the strongly correlated regime and at low temperatures where their dynamics is manifestly quantum mechanical. This review examines the theoretical framework and experimental characterization of ion Coulomb crystals from a condensed-matter perspective. Their dynamical and thermodynamic properties are discussed in one, two, and three dimensions, and recent investigations into their out-of-equilibrium behavior are reviewed. An outlook on future directions for exploring novel condensed-matter phenomena with trapped-ion crystals, as well as for exploiting these features for scientific and technical applications, is provided.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 98, 035001– Published 5 August, 2026
  • Received 8 November 2021
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