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Quantum error mitigation

Zhenyu Cai*, Ryan Babbush, Simon C. Benjamin, Suguru Endo, William J. Huggins, Ying Li, Jarrod R. McClean, and Thomas E. O’Brien

Zhenyu Cai*

  • Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom and Quantum Motion, 9 Sterling Way, London N7 9HJ, United Kingdom

Ryan Babbush

  • Google Quantum AI, Venice, California 90291, USA

Simon C. Benjamin

  • Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom and Quantum Motion, 9 Sterling Way, London N7 9HJ, United Kingdom

Suguru Endo

  • NTT Computer and Data Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Musashino 180-8585, Japan

William J. Huggins

  • Google Quantum AI, Venice, California 90291, USA

Ying Li

  • Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China

Jarrod R. McClean and Thomas E. O’Brien

  • Google Quantum AI, Venice, California 90291, USA

  • *Corresponding author: cai.zhenyu.physics@gmail.com
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Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045005 – Published 13 December, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.045005

Abstract

For quantum computers to successfully solve real-world problems, it is necessary to tackle the challenge of noise: the errors that occur in elementary physical components due to unwanted or imperfect interactions. The theory of quantum fault tolerance can provide an answer in the long term, but in the coming era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum machines one must seek to mitigate errors rather than completely eliminate them. This review surveys the diverse methods that have been proposed for quantum error mitigation, assesses their in-principle efficacy, and describes the hardware demonstrations achieved to date. Commonalities and limitations among the methods are identified, while mention is made of how mitigation methods can be chosen according to the primary type of noise present, including algorithmic errors. Open problems in the field are identified, and the prospects for realizing mitigation-based devices that can deliver a quantum advantage with an impact on science and business are discussed.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045005– Published 13 December, 2023
  • Received 16 October 2022
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