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Respiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases

Mira L. Pöhlker*, Christopher Pöhlker†, Ovid O. Krüger, Jan-David Förster, Thomas Berkemeier, Wolfgang Elbert, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Ulrich Pöschl, Gholamhossein Bagheri et al.

Mira L. Pöhlker*

  • Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04318 Leipzig, Germany, and Department of Atmospheric Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany

Christopher Pöhlker†, Ovid O. Krüger, Jan-David Förster, Thomas Berkemeier, Wolfgang Elbert, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, and Ulrich Pöschl

  • Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany

Gholamhossein Bagheri and Eberhard Bodenschatz

  • Laboratory for Fluid Physics, Pattern Formation and Biocomplexity, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37018 Göttingen, Germany

J. Alex Huffman

  • Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA

Simone Scheithauer

  • Institute of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany

Eugene Mikhailov

  • St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia and Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany

  • *poehlker@tropos.de
  • †c.pohlker@mpic.de
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Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045001 – Published 12 October, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.045001

Abstract

Knowing the physicochemical properties of exhaled droplets and aerosol particles is a prerequisite for a detailed mechanistic understanding and effective prevention of the airborne transmission of infectious human diseases. This review provides a critical consideration and synthesis of scientific knowledge on the number concentrations, size distributions, composition, mixing state, and related properties of respiratory particles emitted upon breathing, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing. A parametrization of respiratory particle size distributions is derived and presented based on five log-normal modes related to different origins in the respiratory tract, which can be used to trace and localize the sources of infectious particles. This approach may support the medical treatment as well as the risk assessment for aerosol and droplet transmission of infectious diseases. It was applied to analyze which respiratory activities may drive the spread of specific pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The results confirm the high relevance of vocalization for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the usefulness of physical distancing, face masks, room ventilation, and air filtration as preventative measures against coronavirus disease 2019 and other airborne infectious diseases.

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Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Research News

Linking a Respiratory Drop’s Size to Its Origin

Published 12 October, 2023

A parameterization scheme that links a drop’s size to its origin in the respiratory tract could help clinicians identify the most effective mitigation strategies for halting the spread of an infectious disease.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045001– Published 12 October, 2023
  • Received 9 April 2021
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