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Colloquium: Positronium physics and biomedical applications

Steven D. Bass*, Sebastiano Mariazzi†, Pawel Moskal‡, and Ewa Stępień§

Steven D. Bass*

  • Kitzbühel Centre for Physics, 6370 Kitzbühel, Austria and Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland

Sebastiano Mariazzi†

  • Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy and TIFPA/INFN, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy

Pawel Moskal‡ and Ewa Stępień§

  • Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland and Center for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Krakow, Poland

  • *Steven.Bass@cern.ch
  • †Sebastiano.Mariazzi@unitn.it
  • ‡P.Moskal@uj.edu.pl
  • §E.Stepien@uj.edu.pl
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Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 021002 – Published 10 May, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.021002

Abstract

Positronium is the simplest bound state, built of an electron and a positron. Studies of positronium in vacuum and its decays in medium tell us about quantum electrodynamics (QED) and about the structure of matter and biological processes of living organisms at the nanoscale, respectively. Spectroscopic measurements constrain our understanding of QED bound state theory. Searches for rare decays and measurements of the effect of gravitation on positronium are used to look for new physics phenomena. In biological materials positronium decays are sensitive to the intermolecular and intramolecular structure and to the metabolism of living organisms ranging from single cells to human beings. This leads to new ideas of positronium imaging in medicine using the fact that during positron emission tomography (PET) as much as 40% of positron annihilation occurs through the production of positronium atoms inside the patient’s body. A new generation of the high sensitivity and multiphoton total-body PET systems opens perspectives for clinical applications of positronium as a biomarker of tissue pathology and the degree of tissue oxidation.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 021002– Published 10 May, 2023
  • Received 6 October 2022
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