- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Colloquium: Spintronics in graphene and other two-dimensional materials

A. Avsar, H. Ochoa, F. Guinea, B. Özyilmaz, B. J. van Wees*, and I. J. Vera-Marun†

A. Avsar

  • Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland

H. Ochoa

  • Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA

F. Guinea

  • Imdea Nanociencia, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom, and Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain

B. Özyilmaz

  • Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore, Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore

B. J. van Wees*

  • Physics of Nanodevices, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands

I. J. Vera-Marun†

  • Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom

  • *b.j.van.wees@rug.nl
  • †ivan.veramarun@manchester.ac.uk
PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 92, 021003 – Published 2 June, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.92.021003

Abstract

After the first unequivocal demonstration of spin transport in graphene [Tombros et al., Nature (London) 448, 571–574 (2007)], surprisingly at room temperature, it was quickly realized that this novel material was relevant for both fundamental spintronics and future applications. In the decade since, exciting results have made the field of graphene spintronics blossom, and a second generation of studies has extended to new two-dimensional (2D) compounds. This Colloquium reviews recent theoretical and experimental advances on electronic spin transport in graphene and related 2D materials, focusing on emergent phenomena in van der Waals heterostructures and the new perspectives provided by them. These phenomena include proximity-enabled spin-orbit effects, the coupling of electronic spin to light, electrical tunability, and 2D magnetism.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (310)

  1. Abanin, D. A., R. V. Gorbachev, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, and L. S. Levitov, 2011, “Giant Spin-Hall Effect Induced by the Zeeman Interaction in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 096601.
  2. Abanin, D. A., et al., 2011, “Giant nonlocality near the Dirac point in graphene,” Science 332, 328–330.
  3. Abdelouahed, S., A. Ernst, J. Henk, I. V. Maznichenko, and I. Mertig, 2010, “Spin-split electronic states in graphene: Effects due to lattice deformation, Rashba effect, and adatoms by first principles,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 125424.
  4. Alsharari, Abdulrhman M., Mahmoud M. Asmar, and Sergio E. Ulloa, 2016, “Mass inversion in graphene by proximity to dichalcogenide monolayer,” Phys. Rev. B 94, 241106(R).
  5. Asshoff, P. U., et al., 2017, “Magnetoresistance of vertical Co-graphene-NiFe junctions controlled by charge transfer and proximity-induced spin splitting in graphene,” 2D Mater. 4, 031004.
  6. Asshoff, Pablo U., Jose L. Sambricio, Sergey Slizovskiy, Aidan P. Rooney, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Sarah J. Haigh, Vladimir Fal’ko, Irina V. Grigorieva, and Ivan J. Vera-Marun, 2018, “Magnetoresistance in Co-hBN-NiFe tunnel junctions enhanced by resonant tunneling through single defects in ultrathin hBN barriers,” Nano Lett. 18, 6954–6960.
  7. Avsar, A., et al., 2014, “Spin-orbit proximity effect in graphene,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4875.
  8. Avsar, Ahmet, Alberto Ciarrocchi, Michele Pizzochero, Dmitrii Unuchek, Oleg V. Yazyev, and Andras Kis, 2019, “Defect induced, layer-modulated magnetism in ultrathin metallic PtSe2 ,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 674.
  9. Avsar, Ahmet, Jong Hak Lee, Gavin Kok Wai Koon, and Barbaros Özyilmaz, 2015, “Enhanced spin-orbit coupling in dilute fluorinated graphene,” 2D Mater. 2, 044009.
  10. Avsar, Ahmet, Jun Y. Tan, Kenji Watanabe, Marcin Kurpas, Martin Gmitra, Takashi Taniguchi, Jaroslav Fabian, and Barbaros Özyilmaz, 2017, “Gate-tunable black phosphorus spin valve with nanosecond spin lifetimes,” Nat. Phys. 13, 888–893.
  11. Avsar, Ahmet, Dmitrii Unuchek, Jiawei Liu, Oriol Lopez Sanchez, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Barbaros Özyilmaz, and Andras Kis, 2017, “Optospintronics in graphene via proximity coupling,” ACS Nano 11, 11678–11686.
  12. Avsar, Ahmet, Ivan Jesus Vera-Marun, Jun You Tan, Gavin Kok Wai Koon, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Shaffique Adam, and Barbaros Özyilmaz, 2016, “Electronic spin transport in dual-gated bilayer graphene,” NPG Asia Mater. 8, e274.
  13. Avsar, Ahmet, et al., 2011, “Toward wafer scale fabrication of graphene based spin valve devices,” Nano Lett. 11, 2363–2368.
  14. Awschalom, D. D., D. Loss, and N. Samarth, 2002, Eds., Semiconductor Spintronics and Quantum Computation, NanoScience and Technology (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  15. Baibich, M. N., J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, 1988, “Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472.
  16. Balakrishnan, Jayakumar, Gavin Kok Wai Koon, Manu Jaiswal, A. H. Castro Neto, and Barbaros Özyilmaz, 2013, “Colossal enhancement of spin-orbit coupling in weakly hydrogenated graphene,” Nat. Phys. 9, 284–287.
  17. Balakrishnan, Jayakumar, et al., 2014, “Giant spin Hall effect in graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4748.
  18. Banerjee, Tamalika, Wilfred G. van der Wiel, and Ron Jansen, 2010, “Spin injection and perpendicular spin transport in graphite nanostructures,” Phys. Rev. B 81, 214409.
  19. Bauer, Gerrit E. W., Eiji Saitoh, and Bart J. van Wees, 2012, “Spin caloritronics,” Nat. Mater. 11, 391–399.
  20. Behin-Aein, Behtash, Deepanjan Datta, Sayeef Salahuddin, and Supriyo Datta, 2010, “Proposal for an all-spin logic device with built-in memory,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 266–270.
  21. Benítez, L. Antonio, Juan F. Sierra, Williams Savero Torres, Aloïs Arrighi, Frédéric Bonell, Marius V. Costache, and Sergio O. Valenzuela, 2018, “Strongly anisotropic spin relaxation in graphene-transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures at room temperature,” Nat. Phys. 14, 303.
  22. Benítez, L. Antonio, Williams Savero Torres, Juan F. Sierra, Matias Timmermans, Jose H. Garcia, Stephan Roche, Marius V. Costache, and Sergio O. Valenzuela, 2019, “Tunable room-temperature spin galvanic and spin Hall effects in van der Waals heterostructures,” arXiv:1908.07868.
  23. Bercioux, D., and A. De Martino, 2010, “Spin-resolved scattering through spin-orbit nanostructures in graphene spin-resolved scattering through spin-orbit nanostructures in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 81, 165410.
  24. Bercioux, D., D. F. Urban, F. Romeo, and R. Citro, 2012, “Rashba spin-orbit-interaction-based quantum pump in graphene,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 122405.
  25. Berger, A. J., W. Amamou, S. P. White, R. Adur, Y. Pu, R. K. Kawakami, and P. C. Hammel, 2014, “Magnetization dynamics of cobalt grown on graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 115, 17C510.
  26. Binasch, G., P. Grünberg, F. Saurenbach, and W. Zinn, 1989, “Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange,” Phys. Rev. B 39, 4828.
  27. Bir, G. L., A. G. Aronov, and G. E. Pikus, 1975, “Spin relaxation of electrons scattered by holes,” Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 69, 1382 [Sov. Phys. JETP 42, 705 (1976)].
  28. Bloch, F., 1946, “Nuclear induction,” Phys. Rev. 70, 460.
  29. Bonilla, Manuel, Sadhu Kolekar, Yujing Ma, Horacio Coy Diaz, Vijaysankar Kalappattil, Raja Das, Tatiana Eggers, Humberto R. Gutierrez, Manh-Huong Phan, and Matthias Batzill, 2018, “Strong room-temperature ferromagnetism in VSe2 monolayers on van der Waals substrates,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 289–293.
  30. Brey, Luis, 2015, “Spin-orbit coupling in graphene induced by adatoms with outer-shell p orbitals,” Phys. Rev. B 92, 235444.
  31. Britnell, Liam, et al., 2012, “Electron tunneling through ultrathin boron nitride crystalline barriers,” Nano Lett. 12, 1707–1710.
  32. Burkov, A. A., Alvaro S. Núñez, and A. H. MacDonald, 2004, “Theory of spin-charge-coupled transport in a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit interactions,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 155308.
  33. Calleja, Fabian, et al., 2015, “Spatial variation of a giant spin-orbit effect induces electron confinement in graphene on Pb islands,” Nat. Phys. 11, 43.
  34. Cao, T., et al., 2012, “Valley-selective circular dichroism of monolayer molybdenum disulphide,” Nat. Commun. 3, 887.
  35. Cappelluti, E., R. Roldán, J. A. Silva-Guillén, P. Ordejón, and F. Guinea, 2013, “Tight-binding model and direct-gap/indirect-gap transition in single-layer and multilayer MoS2,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 075409.
  36. Castro, Eduardo V., K. S. Novoselov, S. V. Morozov, N. M. R. Peres, J. M. B. Lopes dos Santos, Johan Nilsson, F. Guinea, A. K. Geim, and A. H. Castro Neto, 2007, “Biased Bilayer Graphene: Semiconductor with a Gap Tunable by the Electric Field Effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 216802.
  37. Castro, Eduardo V., H. Ochoa, M. I. Katsnelson, R. V. Gorbachev, D. C. Elias, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, and F. Guinea, 2010, “Limits on Charge Carrier Mobility in Suspended Graphene due to Flexural Phonons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 266601.
  38. Castro Neto, A. H., and F. Guinea, 2009, “Impurity-Induced Spin-Orbit Coupling in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 026804.
  39. Castro Neto, A. H., F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, 2009, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109–162.
  40. Chandni, U., Erik A. Henriksen, and J. P. Eisenstein, 2015, “Transport in indium-decorated graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 91, 245402.
  41. Chappert, Claude, Albert Fert, and Frederic Nguyen Van Dau, 2007, “The emergence of spin electronics in data storage,” Nat. Mater. 6, 813–823.
  42. Chen, Jing-Jing, Jie Meng, Yang-Bo Zhou, Han-Chun Wu, Ya-Qing Bie, Zhi-Min Liao, and Da-Peng Yu, 2013, “Layer-by-layer assembly of vertically conducting graphene devices,” Nat. Commun. 4, 1921.
  43. Cho, Sungjae, Yung-Fu Chen, and Michael S. Fuhrer, 2007, “Gate-tunable graphene spin valve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 123105.
  44. Cobas, E., A. L. Friedman, O. M. J. van ’t Erve, J. T. Robinson, and B. T. Jonker, 2013, “Graphene-based magnetic tunnel junctions,” IEEE Trans. Magn. 49, 4343–4346.
  45. Cobas, Enrique, Adam L. Friedman, Olaf M. J. van’t Erve, Jeremy T. Robinson, and Berend T. Jonker, 2012, “Graphene as a tunnel barrier: Graphene-based magnetic tunnel junctions,” Nano Lett. 12, 3000–3004.
  46. Cummings, Aron W., Jose H. Garcia, Jaroslav Fabian, and Stephan Roche, 2017, “Giant Spin Lifetime Anisotropy in Graphene Induced by Proximity Effects,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 206601.
  47. Cysne, T. P., J. H. Garcia, A. R. Rocha, and T. G. Rappoport, 2018, “Quantum Hall effect in graphene with interface-induced spin-orbit coupling,” Phys. Rev. B 97, 085413.
  48. Cysne, Tarik P., Aires Ferreira, and Tatiana G. Rappoport, 2018, “Crystal-field effects in graphene with interface-induced spin-orbit coupling,” Phys. Rev. B 98, 045407.
  49. Dankert, André, and Saroj P. Dash, 2017, “Electrical gate control of spin current in van der Waals heterostructures at room temperature,” Nat. Commun. 8, 16093.
  50. Dankert, André, Mutta Venkata Kamalakar, Johan Bergsten, and Saroj P. Dash, 2014, “Spin transport and precession in graphene measured by nonlocal and three-terminal methods,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 192403.
  51. Dankert, André, M. Venkata Kamalakar, Abdul Wajid, R. S. Patel, and Saroj P. Dash, 2015, “Tunnel magnetoresistance with atomically thin two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride barriers,” Nano Res. 8, 1357–1364.
  52. Dash, Saroj P., Sandeep Sharma, Ram S. Patel, Michel P. de Jong, and Ron Jansen, 2009, “Electrical creation of spin polarization in silicon at room temperature,” Nature (London) 462, 491–494.
  53. Das Sarma, S., Shaffique Adam, E. H. Hwang, and Enrico Rossi, 2011, “Electronic transport in two-dimensional graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 407.
  54. Datta, Supriyo, and Biswajit Das, 1990, “Electronic analog of the electro-optic modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 665–667.
  55. Dayen, Jean-Francois, Soumya J. Ray, Olof Karis, Ivan J. Vera-Marun, and M. Venkata Kamalakar, 2020, “Two-dimensional van der Waals spinterfaces and magnetic-interfaces,” Appl. Phys. Rev. 7, 011303.
  56. Dean, C. R., et al., 2010, “Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 722–726.
  57. Deng, Yujun, et al., 2018, “Gate-tunable room-temperature ferromagnetism in two-dimensional Fe3 GeTe2,” Nature (London) 563, 94.
  58. Dery, H., H. Wu, B. Ciftcioglu, M. Huang, Y. Song, R. Kawakami, J. Shi, I. Krivorotov, I. Zutic, and L. J. Sham, 2012, “Nanospintronics based on magnetologic gates,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 59, 259–262.
  59. Diez, Mathias, and Guido Burkard, 2012, “Bias-dependent D’yakonov-Perel’ spin relaxation in bilayer graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 85, 195412.
  60. Dlubak, B., M.-B. Martin, C. Deranlot, K. Bouzehouane, S. Fusil, R. Mattana, F. Petroff, A. Anane, P. Seneor, and A. Fert, 2012, “Homogeneous pinhole free 1 nm Al2O3 tunnel barriers on graphene,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203104.
  61. Dlubak, B., P. Seneor, A. Anane, C. Barraud, C. Deranlot, D. Deneuve, B. Servet, R. Mattana, F. Petroff, and A. Fert, 2010, “Are Al2O3 and MgO tunnel barriers suitable for spin injection in graphene?,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 092502.
  62. Dlubak, Bruno, et al., 2012, “Graphene-passivated nickel as an oxidation-resistant electrode for spintronics,” ACS Nano 6, 10930–10934.
  63. Dresselhaus, G., and M. S. Dresselhaus, 1965, “Spin-orbit interaction in graphite,” Phys. Rev. 140, A401.
  64. Dresselhaus, M. S., G. Dresselhaus, and A. Jorio, 2008, Group Theory: Application to the Physics of Condensed Matter (Springer, New York).
  65. Drögeler, Marc, Christopher Franzen, Frank Volmer, Tobias Pohlmann, Luca Banszerus, Maik Wolter, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Christoph Stampfer, and Bernd Beschoten, 2016, “Spin lifetimes exceeding 12 ns in graphene nonlocal spin valve devices,” Nano Lett. 16, 3533–3539.
  66. Drummond, N. D., V. Zolyomi, and V. I. Fal’ko, 2012, “Electrically tunable band gap in silicene,” Phys. Rev. B 85, 075423.
  67. Dugaev, V. K., E. Ya. Sherman, and J. Barnás, 2011, “Spin dephasing and pumping in graphene due to random spin-orbit interaction,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 085306.
  68. D’yakonov, M. I., 2008, Spin Physics in Semiconductors (Springer, New York).
  69. D’yakonov, M. I., and V. I. Perel’, 1971, “Spin relaxation of conduction electrons in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors,” Fiz. Tverd. Tela (Leningrad) 13, 3581 [Sov. Phys. Solid State 13, 3023 (1971)].
  70. D’yakonov, M. I., and V. I. Perel’, 1973, “Optical orientation in a system of electrons and lattice nuclei in semiconductors theory,” Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 38, 362–376 [Sov. Phys. JETP 38, 177 (1973)].
  71. Elias, D. C., et al., 2009, “Control of graphene’s properties by reversible hydrogenation: Evidence for graphane,” Science 323, 610.
  72. Elliot, R. J., 1954, “Theory of the effect of spin-orbit coupling on magnetic resonance in some semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. 96, 266.
  73. Ertler, Christian, Sergej Konschuh, Martin Gmitra, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2009, “Electron spin relaxation in graphene: The role of the substrate,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 041405(R).
  74. Ezawa, Motohiko, 2012, “Valley-Polarized Metals and Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Silicene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 055502.
  75. Fabian, Jaroslav, Alex Matos-Abiague, Christian Ertler, Peter Stano, and Igor Zutic, 2007, “Semiconductor spintronics,” Acta Phys. Slovaca 57, 565.
  76. Feng, Wanxiang, Yugui Yao, Wenguang Zhu, Jinjian Zhou, Wang Yao, and Di Xiao, 2012, “Intrinsic spin Hall effect in monolayers of group-VI dichalcogenides: A first-principles study,” Phys. Rev. B 86, 165108.
  77. Ferreira, Aires, Tatiana G. Rappoport, Miguel A. Cazalilla, and A. H. Castro Neto, 2014, “Extrinsic Spin Hall Effect Induced by Resonant Skew Scattering in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 066601.
  78. Fert, Albert, 2008, “Nobel Lecture: Origin, development, and future of spintronics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1517–1530.
  79. Flatté, M. E., 2007, “Semiconductor spintronics for quantum computation,” in Manipulating Quantum Coherence in Solid State Systems, NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Vol. 244, edited by Michael E. Flatté, and I. Ţifrea (Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht), pp. 1–52.
  80. Flatté, M. E., and G. Vignale, 2001, “Unipolar spin diodes and transistors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1273–1275.
  81. Fleurence, A., R. Friedlein, T. Ozaki, H. Kawai, Y. Wang, and Y. Yamada-Takamura, 2012, “Experimental Evidence for Epitaxial Silicene on Diboride Thin Films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 245501.
  82. Fratini, S., D. Gosálbez-Martínez, P. Merodio Cámara, and J. Fernández-Rossier, 2013, “Anisotropic intrinsic spin relaxation in graphene due to flexural distortions,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 115426.
  83. Friedman, Adam L., Olaf M. J. van ’t Erve, Jeremy T. Robinson, Keith E. Whitener, Jr., and Berend T. Jonker, 2016, “Homoepitaxial graphene tunnel barriers for spin transport,” AIP Adv. 6, 056301.
  84. Friedman, Adam L., Olaf M. J. van ’t Erve, Connie H. Li, Jeremy T. Robinson, and Berend T. Jonker, 2014, “Homoepitaxial tunnel barriers with functionalized graphene-on-graphene for charge and spin transport,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3161.
  85. Friedman, Adam L., Olaf M. J. van ’t Erve, Jeremy T. Robinson, Keith E. Whitener, and Berend T. Jonker, 2015, “Hydrogenated graphene as a homoepitaxial tunnel barrier for spin and charge transport in graphene,” ACS Nano 9, 6747–6755.
  86. Fu, Wangyang, Péter Makk, Romain Maurand, Matthias Bräuninger, and Christian Schönenberger, 2014, “Large-scale fabrication of BN tunnel barriers for graphene spintronics,” J. Appl. Phys. 116, 074306.
  87. Garcia, Jose H., Aron W. Cummings, and Stephan Roche, 2017, “Spin Hall effect and weak antilocalization in graphene/transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures,” Nano Lett. 17, 5078–5083.
  88. Garcia, Jose H., Marc Vila, Aron W. Cummings, and Stephan Roche, 2018, “Spin transport in graphene/transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 3359–3379.
  89. Gebeyehu, Z. M., S. Parui, J. F. Sierra, M. Timmermans, M. J. Esplandiu, S. Brems, C. Huyghebaert, K. Garello, M. V. Costache, and S. O. Valenzuela, 2019, “Spin communication over 30  μm long channels of chemical vapor deposited graphene on SiO2,” 2D Mater. 6, 034003.
  90. Geim, A. K., and I. V. Grigorieva, 2013, “Van der Waals heterostructures,” Nature (London) 499, 419.
  91. Ghazaryan, D., et al., 2018, “Magnon-assisted tunnelling in van der Waals heterostructures based on CrBr3,” Nat. Electron. 1, 344–349.
  92. Ghiasi, Talieh S., Josep Ingla-Aynés, Alexey A. Kaverzin, and Bart J. van Wees, 2017, “Large proximity-induced spin lifetime anisotropy in transition-metal dichalcogenide/graphene heterostructures,” Nano Lett. 17, 7528–7532.
  93. Ghiasi, Talieh S., Alexey A. Kaverzin, Patrick J. Blah, and Bart J. van Wees, 2019, “Charge-to-spin conversion by the Rashba-Edelstein effect in two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures up to room temperature,” Nano Lett. 19, 5959–5966.
  94. Gmitra, M., S. Konschuh, C. Ertler, C. Ambrosch-Draxl, and J. Fabian, 2009, “Band-structure topologies of graphene: Spin-orbit coupling effects from first principles,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 235431.
  95. Gmitra, Martin, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2015, “Graphene on transition-metal dichalcogenides: A platform for proximity spin-orbit physics and optospintronics,” Phys. Rev. B 92, 155403.
  96. Gmitra, Martin, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2017, “Proximity Effects in Bilayer Graphene on Monolayer WSe2: Field-Effect Spin Valley Locking, Spin-Orbit Valve, and Spin Transistor,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 146401.
  97. Gmitra, Martin, Denis Kochan, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2013, “Spin-Orbit Coupling in Hydrogenated Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 246602.
  98. Gmitra, Martin, Denis Kochan, Petra H’ogl, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2016, “Trivial and inverted Dirac bands and the emergence of quantum spin Hall states in graphene on transition-metal dichalcogenides,” Phys. Rev. B 93, 155104.
  99. Godel, F., M. Venkata Kamalakar, B. Doudin, Y. Henry, D. Halley, and J.-F. Dayen, 2014, “Voltage-controlled inversion of tunnel magnetoresistance in epitaxial nickel/graphene/MgO/cobalt junctions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 152407.
  100. Gong, Cheng, et al., 2017, “Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals,” Nature (London) 546, 265–269.
  101. Gordon, R. A., D. Yang, E. D. Crozier, D. T. Jiang, and R. F. Frindt, 2002, “Structures of exfoliated single layers of WS2, MoS2, and MoSe2 in aqueous suspension,” Phys. Rev. B 65, 125407.
  102. Guarochico, Victor, Jose Sambricio, Irina Grigorieva, and Ivan Vera, 2017, “Spintronics in high-quality graphene heterostructures via 1D contacts,” in Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Vol. 62 (American Physical Society, New Orleans) Chap. 4, p. P42.00001.
  103. Guguchia, Z., et al., 2018, “Magnetism in semiconducting molybdenum dichalcogenides,” Sci. Adv. 4, eaat3672.
  104. Guimarães, M. H. D., P. J. Zomer, J. Ingla-Aynés, J. C. Brant, N. Tombros, and B. J. van Wees, 2014, “Controlling Spin Relaxation in Hexagonal BN-Encapsulated Graphene with a Transverse Electric Field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 086602.
  105. Guinea, F., 2010, “Spin-orbit coupling in a graphene bilayer and in graphite,” New J. Phys. 12, 083063.
  106. Guinea, F., A. H. Castro Neto, and N. M. R. Peres, 2006, “Electronic states and Landau levels in graphene stacks,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 245426.
  107. Gurram, M., S. Omar, and B. J. van Wees, 2017, “Bias induced up to 100% spin-injection and detection polarizations in ferromagnet/bilayer-hBN/graphene/hBN heterostructures,” Nat. Commun. 8, 248.
  108. Gurram, M., S. Omar, and B. J. van Wees, 2018, “Electrical spin injection, transport, and detection in graphene-hexagonal boron nitride van der Waals heterostructures: Progress and perspectives,” 2D Mater. 5, 032004.
  109. Gurram, M., S. Omar, S. Zihlmann, P. Makk, C. Schönenberger, and B. J. van Wees, 2016, “Spin transport in fully hexagonal boron nitride encapsulated graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 93, 115441.
  110. Haase, P., S. Fuchs, T. Pruschke, H. Ochoa, and F. Guinea, 2011, “Magnetic moments and Kondo effect near vacancies and resonant scatterers in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 241408(R).
  111. Haldane, F. D. M., 1988, “Model for a Quantum Hall Effect without Landau Levels: Condensed-Matter Realization of the ‘Parity Anomaly,’ ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2015.
  112. Han, Wei, and R. K. Kawakami, 2011, “Spin Relaxation in Single-Layer and Bilayer Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 047207.
  113. Han, Wei, K. M. McCreary, K. Pi, W. H. Wang, Yan Li, H. Wen, J. R. Chen, and R. K. Kawakami, 2012, “Spin transport and relaxation in graphene,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324, 369–381.
  114. Han, Wei, K. Pi, K. M. McCreary, Yan Li, Jared J. I. Wong, A. G. Swartz, and R. K. Kawakami, 2010, “Tunneling Spin Injection into Single Layer Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 167202.
  115. Hasan, M. Z., and C. L. Kane, 2010, “Colloquium: Topological insulators,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 3045.
  116. Hill, E. W., A. K. Geim, K. Novoselov, F. Schedin, and P. Blake, 2006, “Graphene spin valve devices,” IEEE Trans. Magn. 42, 2694–2696.
  117. Hoque, Anamul Md, Dmitrii Khokhriakov, Bogdan Karpiak, and Saroj P. Dash, 2019, “All-electrical creation and control of giant spin-galvanic effect in 1T-MoTe2/graphene heterostructures at room temperature,” arXiv:1908.09367.
  118. Hu, Jun, Jason Alicea, Ruqian Wu, and Marcel Franz, 2012, “Giant Topological Insulator Gap in Graphene with 5d Adatoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 266801.
  119. Huang, Bevin, et al., 2017, “Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit,” Nature (London) 546, 270–273.
  120. Huang, Bevin, et al., 2018, “Electrical control of 2D magnetism in bilayer CrI3,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 544–548.
  121. Huang, Chunli, Y. D. Chong, and Miguel A. Cazalilla, 2016, “Direct coupling between charge current and spin polarization by extrinsic mechanisms in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 94, 085414.
  122. Huertas-Hernando, D., F. Guinea, and A. Brataas, 2006, “Spin-orbit coupling in curved graphene, fullerenes, nanotubes, and nanotube caps,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 155426.
  123. Huertas-Hernando, D., F. Guinea, and Arne Brataas, 2009, “Spin-Orbit-Mediated Spin Relaxation in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 146801.
  124. Ingla-Aynés, J., M. H. D. Guimarães, R. J. Meijerink, P. J. Zomer, and B. J. van Wees, 2015, “24  μm spin relaxation length in boron nitride encapsulated bilayer graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 92, 201410.
  125. Ingla-Aynés, Josep, Rick J. Meijerink, and Bart J. van Wees, 2016, “Eighty-eight percent directional guiding of spin currents with 90  μm relaxation length in bilayer graphene using carrier drift,” Nano Lett. 16, 4825–4830.
  126. Inglot, M., V. K. Dugaev, E. Ya. Sherman, and J. Barnaś, 2014, “Optical spin injection in graphene with Rashba spin-orbit interaction,” Phys. Rev. B 89, 155411.
  127. Iqbal, Muhammad Zahir, Muhammad Waqas Iqbal, Jae Hong Lee, Yong Seung Kim, Seung-Hyun Chun, and Jonghwa Eom, 2013, “Spin valve effect of NiFe/graphene/NiFe junctions,” Nano Res. 6, 373–380.
  128. Irmer, Susanne, Tobias Frank, Sebastian Putz, Martin Gmitra, Denis Kochan, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2015, “Spin-orbit coupling in fluorinated graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 91, 115141.
  129. Island, J. O., et al., 2019, “Spin–orbit-driven band inversion in bilayer graphene by the van der Waals proximity effect,” Nature (London) 571, 85.
  130. Jedema, F. J., M. V. Costache, H. B. Heersche, J. J. A. Baselmans, and B. J. van Wees, 2002, “Electrical detection of spin accumulation and spin precession at room temperature in metallic spin valves,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 5162.
  131. Jedema, F. J., A. T. Filip, and B. J. van Wees, 2001, “Electrical spin injection and accumulation at room temperature in an all-metal mesoscopic spin valve,” Nature (London) 410, 345–348.
  132. Jedema, F. J., H. B. Heersche, A. T. Filip, J. J. A. Baselmans, and B. J. van Wees, 2002, “Electrical detection of spin precession in a metallic mesoscopic spin valve,” Nature (London) 416, 713–716.
  133. Jeon, Kun-Rok, Byoung-Chul Min, Il-Jae Shin, Chang-Yup Park, Hun-Sung Lee, Young-Hun Jo, and Sung-Chul Shin, 2011, “Electrical spin accumulation with improved bias voltage dependence in a crystalline CoFe/MgO/Si system,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 262102.
  134. Jeong, Jae-Seung, Jeongkyu Shin, and Hyun-Woo Lee, 2011, “Curvature-induced spin-orbit coupling and spin relaxation in a chemically clean single-layer graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 84, 195457.
  135. Jia, Zhenzhao, Baoming Yan, Jingjing Niu, Qi Han, Rui Zhu, Dapeng Yu, and Xiaosong Wu, 2015, “Transport study of graphene adsorbed with indium adatoms,” Phys. Rev. B 91, 085411.
  136. Jiang, Shengwei, Lizhong Li, Zefang Wang, Kin Fai Mak, and Jie Shan, 2018, “Controlling magnetism in 2D CrI3 by electrostatic doping,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 549–553.
  137. Jo, Sanghyun, Dong-Keun Ki, Dongchan Jeong, Hu-Jong Lee, and Stefan Kettemann, 2011, “Spin relaxation properties in graphene due to its linear dispersion,” Phys. Rev. B 84, 075453.
  138. Johnson, Mark, and R. H. Silsbee, 1985, “Interfacial Charge-Spin Coupling: Injection and Detection of Spin Magnetization in Metals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1790.
  139. Jönsson-Åkerman, B. J., R. Escudero, C. Leighton, S. Kim, Ivan K. Schuller, and D. A. Rabson, 2000, “Reliability of normal-state current-voltage characteristics as an indicator of tunnel-junction barrier quality,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1870–1872.
  140. Józsa, C., T. Maassen, M. Popinciuc, P. J. Zomer, A. Veligura, H. T. Jonkman, and B. J. van Wees, 2009, “Linear scaling between momentum and spin scattering in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 241403(R).
  141. Józsa, C., M. Popinciuc, N. Tombros, H. T. Jonkman, and B. J. van Wees, 2008, “Electronic Spin Drift in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 236603.
  142. Józsa, C., M. Popinciuc, N. Tombros, H. T. Jonkman, and B. J. van Wees, 2009, “Controlling the efficiency of spin injection into graphene by carrier drift,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 081402.
  143. Kaloni, T. P., L. Kou, T. Frauenheim, and U. Schwingenschl’ogl, 2014, “Quantum spin Hall states in graphene interacting with WS2 or WSe2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 233112.
  144. Kamalakar, M. Venkata, André Dankert, Johan Bergsten, Tommy Ive, and Saroj P. Dash, 2015, “Enhanced tunnel spin injection into graphene using chemical vapor deposited hexagonal boron nitride,” Sci. Rep. 4, 6146.
  145. Kamalakar, M. Venkata, Christiaan Groenveld, André Dankert, and Saroj P. Dash, 2015, “Long distance spin communication in chemical vapour deposited graphene,” Nat. Commun. 6, 6766.
  146. Kane, C. L., and E. J. Mele, 2005a, “Z2 Topological Order and the Quantum Spin Hall Effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 146802.
  147. Kane, C. L., and E. J. Mele, 2005b, “Quantum Spin Hall Effect in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 226801.
  148. Karpan, V. M., G. Giovannetti, P. A. Khomyakov, M. Talanana, A. A. Starikov, M. Zwierzycki, J. van den Brink, G. Brocks, and P. J. Kelly, 2007, “Graphite and Graphene as Perfect Spin Filters,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 176602.
  149. Karpan, V. M., P. A. Khomyakov, A. A. Starikov, G. Giovannetti, M. Zwierzycki, M. Talanana, G. Brocks, J. van den Brink, and P. J. Kelly, 2008, “Theoretical prediction of perfect spin filtering at interfaces between close-packed surfaces of Ni or Co and graphite or graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 195419.
  150. Karpiak, Bogdan, André Dankert, Aron W. Cummings, Stephen R. Power, Stephan Roche, and Saroj P. Dash, 2017, “1D ferromagnetic edge contacts to 2D graphene/h-BN heterostructures,” 2D Mater. 5, 014001.
  151. Katsnelson, M. I., 2007, “Graphene: Carbon in two dimensions,” Mater. Today 10, 20.
  152. Kaverzin, A. A., and B. J. van Wees, 2015, “Electron transport nonlocality in monolayer graphene modified with hydrogen silsesquioxane polymerization,” Phys. Rev. B 91, 165412.
  153. Khoo, Jun Yong, and Leonid Levitov, 2018, “Tunable quantum Hall edge conduction in bilayer graphene through spin-orbit interaction,” Phys. Rev. B 98, 115307.
  154. Khoo, Jun Yong, Alberto F. Morpurgo, and Leonid Levitov, 2017, “On-demand spin-orbit interaction from which-layer tunability in bilayer graphene,” Nano Lett. 17, 7003.
  155. Kim, Hyun Ho, Bowen Yang, Tarun Patel, Francois Sfigakis, Chenghe Li, Shangjie Tian, Hechang Lei, and Adam W. Tsen, 2018, “One million percent tunnel magnetoresistance in a magnetic van der Waals heterostructure,” Nano Lett. 18, 4885–4890.
  156. Klein, D. R., et al., 2018, “Probing magnetism in 2D van der Waals crystalline insulators via electron tunneling,” Science 360, 1218–1222.
  157. Kochan, Denis, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2019, “Breakdown of the Hebel-Slichter effect in superconducting graphene due to the emergence of Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states at magnetic resonant scatterers,” arXiv:1902.05474.
  158. Kochan, Denis, Martin Gmitra, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2014, “Spin Relaxation Mechanism in Graphene: Resonant Scattering by Magnetic Impurities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 116602.
  159. Kochan, Denis, Susanne Irmer, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2017, “Model spin-orbit coupling Hamiltonians for graphene systems,” Phys. Rev. B 95, 165415.
  160. Kochan, Denis, Susanne Irmer, Martin Gmitra, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2015, “Resonant Scattering by Magnetic Impurities as a Model for Spin Relaxation in Bilayer Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 196601.
  161. Komatsu, Katsuyoshi, Shinya Kasai, Song-Lin Li, Shu Nakaharai, Nobuhiko Mitoma, Mahito Yamamoto, and Kazuhito Tsukagoshi, 2014, “Spin injection and detection in a graphene lateral spin valve using an yttrium-oxide tunneling barrier,” Appl. Phys. Express 7, 085101.
  162. Konschuh, S., M. Gmitra, and J. Fabian, 2010, “Tight-binding theory of the spin-orbit coupling in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 245412.
  163. Konschuh, S., M. Gmitra, D. Kochan, and J. Fabian, 2012, “Theory of spin-orbit coupling in bilayer graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 85, 115423.
  164. Kormanyos, Andor, Viktor Zolyomi, Neil D. Drummond, Peter Rakyta, Guido Burkard, and Vladimir I. Fal’ko, 2013, “Monolayer MoS2: Trigonal warping, the γ valley, and spin-orbit coupling effects,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 045416.
  165. Kudin, Konstantin N., Gustavo E. Scuseria, and Boris I. Yakobson, 2001, “C2f, C2F, BN, and C nanoshell elasticity from ab initio computations,” Phys. Rev. B 64, 235406.
  166. Kurpas, Marcin, Martin Gmitra, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2016, “Spin-orbit coupling and spin relaxation in phosphorene: Intrinsic versus extrinsic effects,” Phys. Rev. B 94, 155423.
  167. Kurpas, Marcin, Paulo E. Faria Junior, Martin Gmitra, and Jaroslav Fabian, 2019, “Spin-orbit coupling in elemental two-dimensional materials,” Phys. Rev. B 100, 125422.
  168. Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshitz, 1977, Quantum Mechanics, 3rd ed. (Pergamon Press, Oxford).
  169. Lazić, Predrag, K. D. Belashchenko, and Igor Žutić, 2016, “Effective gating and tunable magnetic proximity effects in two-dimensional heterostructures,” Phys. Rev. B 93, 241401.
  170. Lee, Changgu, Xiaoding Wei, Jeffrey W. Kysar, and James Hone, 2008, “Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene,” Science 321, 385.
  171. Lenz, Lucia, D. F. Urban, and D. Bercioux, 2013, “Rashba spin-orbit interaction in graphene armchair nanoribbons,” Eur. Phys. J. B 86, 502.
  172. Leutenantsmeyer, Johannes Christian, Josep Ingla-Aynés, Jaroslav Fabian, and Bart J. van Wees, 2018, “Observation of Spin-Valley-Coupling-Induced Large Spin-Lifetime Anisotropy in Bilayer Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 127702.
  173. Leutenantsmeyer, Johannes Christian, Josep Ingla-Aynés, Mallikarjuna Gurram, and Bart J. van Wees, 2018, “Efficient spin injection into graphene through trilayer hBN tunnel barriers,” J. Appl. Phys. 124, 194301.
  174. Li, Lijun, et al., 2019, “Electrical control of the Rashba-Edelstein effect in a graphene/2H-TaS2 van der Waals heterostructure at room temperature,” arXiv:1906.10702.
  175. Li, Pengke, and Ian Appelbaum, 2014, “Electrons and holes in phosphorene,” Phys. Rev. B 90, 115439.
  176. Li, Wan, Lin Xue, H. D. Abruña, and D. C. Ralph, 2014, “Magnetic tunnel junctions with single-layer-graphene tunnel barriers,” Phys. Rev. B 89, 184418.
  177. Lin, Chia-Ching, Ashish Verma Penumatcha, Yunfei Gao, Vinh Quang Diep, Joerg Appenzeller, and Zhihong Chen, 2013, “Spin transfer torque in a graphene lateral spin valve assisted by an external magnetic field,” Nano Lett. 13, 5177–5181.
  178. Locatelli, Andrea, Kevin R. Knox, Dean Cvetko, Tevfik Onur Menteş, Miguel Angel Niño, Shancai Wang, Mehmet B. Yilmaz, Philip Kim, Richard M. Osgood, Jr., and Alberto Morgante, 2010, “Corrugation in exfoliated graphene: An electron microscopy and diffraction study,” ACS Nano 4, 4879.
  179. López-Sancho, M. P., and M. C. Muñoz, 2011, “Intrinsic spin-orbit interactions in flat and curved graphene nanoribbons,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 075406.
  180. Lou, X., C. Adelmann, M. Furis, S. A. Crooker, C. J. Palmstrøm, and P. A. Crowell, 2006, “Electrical Detection of Spin Accumulation at a Ferromagnet-Semiconductor Interface,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 176603.
  181. Lou, Xiaohua, Christoph Adelmann, Scott A. Crooker, Eric S. Garlid, Jianjie Zhang, K. S. Madhukar Reddy, Soren D. Flexner, Chris J. Palmstrom, and Paul A. Crowell, 2007, “Electrical detection of spin transport in lateral ferromagnet-semiconductor devices,” Nat. Phys. 3, 197–202.
  182. Lundeberg, M. B., R. Yang, J. Renard, and J. A. Folk, 2013, “Defect-Mediated Spin Relaxation and Dephasing in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 156601.
  183. Luo, Yunqiu Kelly, Jinsong Xu, Tiancong Zhu, Guanzhong Wu, Elizabeth J. McCormick, Wenbo Zhan, Mahesh R. Neupane, and Roland K. Kawakami, 2017, “Opto-valleytronic spin injection in monolayer MoS2/few-layer graphene hybrid spin valves,” Nano Lett. 17, 3877–3883.
  184. Ma, Dongwei, Zhongyao Li, and Zhongqin Yang, 2012, “Strong spin-orbit splitting in graphene with adsorbed Au atoms,” Carbon 50, 297–305.
  185. Maassen, T., I. J. Vera-Marun, M. H. D. Guimarães, and B. J. van Wees, 2012, “Contact-induced spin relaxation in Hanle spin precession measurements,” Phys. Rev. B 86, 235408.
  186. Mak, Kin Fai, Keliang He, Jie Sahn, and Tony F. Heinz, 2012, “Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 494.
  187. Mak, Kin Fai, Changgu Lee, James Hone, Jie Shan, and Tony F. Heinz, 2010, “Atomically Thin MoS2: A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805.
  188. Mañes, J. L., F. Guinea, and M. A. H. Vozmediano, 2007, “Existence and topological stability of Fermi points in multi-layered graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 155424.
  189. Marchenko, D., A. Varykhalov, M. R. Scholz, G. Bihlmayer, E. I. Rashba, A. Rybkin, A. M. Shikin, and O. Rader, 2012, “Giant Rashba splitting in graphene due to hybridization with gold,” Nat. Commun. 3, 1232.
  190. Mayorov, Alexander S., et al., 2011, “Micrometer-scale ballistic transport in encapsulated graphene at room temperature,” Nano Lett. 11, 2396–2399.
  191. McCann, Edward, and Vladimir I. Fal’ko, 2006, “Landau-Level Degeneracy and Quantum Hall Effect in a Graphite Bilayer,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 086805.
  192. McCann, Edward, and Vladimir I. Fal’ko, 2012, “z→−z Symmetry of Spin-Orbit Coupling and Weak Localization in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 166606.
  193. McCann, Edward, and Mikito Koshino, 2010, “Spin-orbit coupling and broken spin degeneracy in multilayer graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 81, 241409(R).
  194. McCreary, Kathleen M., Adrian G. Swartz, Wei Han, Jaroslav Fabian, and Roland K. Kawakami, 2012, “Magnetic Moment Formation in Graphene Detected by Scattering of Pure Spin Currents,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 186604.
  195. Meng, Jie, Jing-Jing Chen, Yuan Yan, Da-Peng Yu, and Zhi-Min Liao, 2013, “Vertical graphene spin valve with Ohmic contacts,” Nanoscale 5, 8894–8898.
  196. Mermin, N. D., and H. Wagner, 1966, “Absence of Ferromagnetism or Antiferromagnetism in One- or Two-Dimensional Isotropic Heisenberg Models,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1133–1136.
  197. Meservey, R., and P. M. Tedrow, 1994, “Spin-polarized electron tunneling,” Phys. Rep. 238, 173–243.
  198. Milletarì, Mirco, and Aires Ferreira, 2016, “Crossover to the anomalous quantum regime in the extrinsic spin Hall effect of graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 94, 201402.
  199. Milletarì, Mirco, Manuel Offidani, Aires Ferreira, and Roberto Raimondi, 2017, “Covariant Conservation Laws and the Spin Hall Effect in Dirac-Rashba Systems,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 246801.
  200. Min, H., J. E. Hill, N. A. Sinitsyn, B. R. Sahu, L. Kleinman, and A. H. MacDonald, 2006, “Intrinsic and Rashba spin-orbit interactions in graphene sheets,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 165310.
  201. Mishchenko, E. G., A. V. Shytov, and B. I. Halperin, 2004, “Spin Current and Polarization in Impure Two-Dimensional Electron Systems with Spin-Orbit Coupling,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 226602.
  202. Moore, J. E., and L. Balents, 2007, “Topological invariants of time-reversal-invariant bandstructures,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 121306(R).
  203. Muramoto, Kazuya, Masashi Shiraishi, Nobuhiko Mitoma, Takayuki Nozaki, Teruya Shinjo, and Yoshishige Suzuki, 2009, “Analysis of degradation in graphene-based spin valves,” Appl. Phys. Express 2, 123004.
  204. Nair, R. R., M. Sepioni, I.-Ling Tsai, O. Lehtinen, J. Keinonen, A. V. Krasheninnikov, T. Thomson, A. K. Geim, and I. V. Grigorieva, 2012, “Spin-half paramagnetism in graphene induced by point defects,” Nat. Phys. 8, 199–202.
  205. Novoselov, K. S., 2011, “Nobel Lecture: Graphene: Materials in the flatland,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 837–849.
  206. Ochoa, H., A. H. Castro Neto, V. I. Fal’ko, and F. Guinea, 2012, “Spin-orbit coupling assisted by flexural phonons in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 86, 245411.
  207. Ochoa, H., A. H. Castro Neto, and F. Guinea, 2012, “Elliot-Yafet Mechanism in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 206808.
  208. Ochoa, Hector, Francesca Finocchiaro, Francisco Guinea, and Vladimir I. Fal’k, 2014, “Spin-valley relaxation and quantum transport regimes in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides,” Phys. Rev. B 90, 235429.
  209. Offidani, Manuel, Mirco Milletarì, Roberto Raimondi, and Aires Ferreira, 2017, “Optimal Charge-to-Spin Conversion in Graphene on Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 196801.
  210. O’Hara, Dante J., et al., 2018, “Room temperature intrinsic ferromagnetism in epitaxial manganese selenide films in the monolayer limit,” Nano Lett. 18, 3125–3131.
  211. Ohshima, Ryo, Atsushi Sakai, Yuichiro Ando, Teruya Shinjo, Kenji Kawahara, Hiroki Ago, and Masashi Shiraishi, 2014, “Observation of spin-charge conversion in chemical-vapor-deposition-grown single-layer graphene,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 162410.
  212. Pachoud, Alexandre, Aires Ferreira, B. Özyilmaz, and A. H. Castro Neto, 2014, “Scattering theory of spin-orbit active adatoms on graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 90, 035444.
  213. Palacios, J. J., J. Fernández-Rossier, and L. Brey, 2008, “Vacancy-induced magnetism in graphene and graphene ribbons,” Phys. Rev. B 77, 195428.
  214. Parkin, Stuart, Xin Jiang, Christian Kaiser, A. Panchula, K. Roche, and Mahesh Samant, 2003, “Magnetically engineered spintronic sensors and memory,” Proc. IEEE 91, 661–680.
  215. Partoens, B., and F. M. Peeters, 2006, “From graphene to graphite: Electronic structure around the K point,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 075404.
  216. Patra, A. K., S. Singh, B. Barin, Y. Lee, J.-H. Ahn, E. del Barco, E. R. Mucciolo, and B. Özyilmaz, 2012, “Dynamic spin injection into chemical vapor deposited graphene,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 162407.
  217. Pereira, Vitor M., F. Guinea, J. M. B. Lopes dos Santos, N. M. R. Peres, and A. H. Castro Neto, 2006, “Disorder Induced Localized States in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 036801.
  218. Peres, N. M. R., 2010, “Colloquium: The transport properties of graphene: An introduction,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 2673.
  219. Pesin, Dmytro, and Allan H. MacDonald, 2012, “Spintronics and pseudospintronics in graphene and topological insulators,” Nat. Mater. 11, 409–416.
  220. Popinciuc, M., C. Józsa, P. J. Zomer, N. Tombros, A. Veligura, H. T. Jonkman, and B. J. van Wees, 2009, “Electronic spin transport in graphene field-effect transistors,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 214427.
  221. Qi, X.-L., and S.-C. Zhang, 2011, “Topological insulators and superconductors,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1057.
  222. Qiao, Zhenhua, Wei Ren, Hua Chen, L. Bellaiche, Zhenyu Zhang, A. H. MacDonald, and Qian Niu, 2014, “Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Graphene Proximity Coupled to an Antiferromagnetic Insulator,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 116404.
  223. Qiao, Zhenhua, Shengyuan A. Yang, Wanxiang Feng, Wang-Kong Tse, Jun Ding, Yugui Yao, Jian Wang, and Qian Niu, 2010, “Quantum anomalous Hall effect in graphene from Rashba and exchange effects,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 161414(R).
  224. Rameshti, B. Z., and A. G. Moghaddam, 2015, “Spin-dependent Seebeck effect and spin caloritronics in magnetic graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 91, 155407.
  225. Rashba, E. I., 2000, “Theory of electrical spin injection: Tunnel contacts as a solution of the conductivity mismatch problem,” Phys. Rev. B 62, R16267.
  226. Renard, Julien, Matthias Studer, and Joshua A. Folk, 2014, “Origins of Nonlocality near the Neutrality Point in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 116601.
  227. Roche, Stephan, and Sergio O. Valenzuela, 2014, “Graphene spintronics: Puzzling controversies and challenges for spin manipulation,” J. Phys. D 47, 094011.
  228. Roche, Stephan, et al., 2015, “Graphene spintronics: The European Flagship perspective,” 2D Mater. 2, 030202.
  229. Roldán, R., M. P. López-Sancho, E. Cappelluti, J. A. Silva-Guillén, P. Ordejón, and F. Guinea, 2014, “Momentum dependence of spin-orbit interaction effects in single-layer and multi-layer transition metal dichalcogenides,” 2D Mater. 1, 034003.
  230. Rostami, Habib, Ali G. Moghaddam, and Reza Asgari, 2013, “Effective lattice Hamiltonian for monolayer MoS2: Tailoring electronic structure with perpendicular electric and magnetic fields,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 085440.
  231. Roy, Rahul, 2009, “Z2 classification of quantum spin Hall systems: An approach using time-reversal invariance,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 195321.
  232. Safeer, C. K., Josep Ingla-Aynés, Franz Herling, José H. Garcia, Marc Vila, Nerea Ontoso, M. Reyes Calvo, Stephan Roche, Luis E. Hueso, and Fèlix Casanova, 2019, “Room-temperature spin Hall effect in graphene/MoS2 van der Waals heterostructures,” Nano Lett. 19, 1074–1082.
  233. Santos, Flaviano José dos, Dario A. Bahamon, Roberto B. Muniz, Keith McKenna, Eduardo V. Castro, Johannes Lischner, and Aires Ferreira, 2018, “Impact of complex adatom-induced interactions on quantum spin Hall phases,” Phys. Rev. B 98, 081407.
  234. Santos, H., M. C. Muñoz, M. P. López-Sancho, and L. Chico, 2013, “Interplay between symmetry and spin-orbit coupling on graphene nanoribbons,” Phys. Rev. B 87, 235402.
  235. Schuler, Bruno, et al., 2018, “Large spin-orbit splitting of deep in-gap defect states of engineered sulfur vacancies in monolayer WS2,” arXiv:1810.02896.
  236. Seneor, P., B. Dlubak, M.-B. Martin, A. Anane, H. Jaffres, and A. Fert, 2012, “Spintronics with graphene,” MRS Bull. 37, 1245–1254.
  237. Serrano, I. G., J. Panda, Fernand Denoel, Örjan Vallin, Dibya Phuyal, Olof Karis, and M. Venkata Kamalakar, 2019, “Two-dimensional flexible high diffusive spin circuits,” Nano Lett. 19, 666–673.
  238. Shiraishi, Masashi, 2012, “Electrically-generated pure spin current in graphene,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51, 08KA01.
  239. Shiraishi, Masashi, Megumi Ohishi, Ryo Nouchi, Nobuhiko Mitoma, Takayuki Nozaki, Teruya Shinjo, and Yoshishige Suzuki, 2009, “Robustness of spin polarization in graphene-based spin valves,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3711–3716.
  240. Sichau, J., M. Prada, T. Anlauf, T. J. Lyon, B. Bosnjak, L. Tiemann, and R. H. Blick, 2019, “Resonance Microwave Measurements of an Intrinsic Spin-Orbit Coupling Gap in Graphene: A Possible Indication of a Topological State,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 046403.
  241. Sierra, Juan F., Ingmar Neumann, Jo Cuppens, Bart Raes, Marius V. Costache, and Sergio O. Valenzuela, 2018, “Thermoelectric spin voltage in graphene,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 107–111.
  242. Singh, Simranjeet, Jyoti Katoch, Jinsong Xu, Cheng Tan, Tiancong Zhu, Walid Amamou, James Hone, and Roland Kawakami, 2016, “Nanosecond spin relaxation times in single layer graphene spin valves with hexagonal boron nitride tunnel barriers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 122411.
  243. Singh, Simranjeet, Ajit Kumar Patra, Brett Barin, Enrique del Barco, and Barbaros Ozyilmaz, 2013, “Spin pumping in Permalloy/graphene and Permalloy/graphite interfaces,” IEEE Trans. Magn. 49, 3147–3150.
  244. Slonczewski, J. C., and P. R. Weiss, 1958, “Band structure of graphite,” Phys. Rev. 109, 272.
  245. Song, Tiancheng, et al., 2018, “Giant tunneling magnetoresistance in spin-filter van der Waals heterostructures,” Science 360, 1214–1218.
  246. Soriano, David, Dinh Van Tuan, Simon M.-M. Dubois, Martin Gmitra, Aron W. Cummings, Denis Kochan, Frank Ortmann, Jean-Christophe Charlier, Jaroslav Fabian, and Stephan Roche, 2015, “Spin transport in hydrogenated graphene,” 2D Mater. 2, 022002.
  247. Stano, Peter, Jaroslav Fabian, and Philippe Jacquod, 2012, “Nonlinear spin to charge conversion in mesoscopic structures,” Phys. Rev. B 85, 241301.
  248. Tan, J. Y., et al., 2014, “Electronic transport in graphene-based heterostructures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 183504.
  249. Tang, Zhenyao, Eiji Shikoh, Hiroki Ago, Kenji Kawahara, Yuichiro Ando, Teruya Shinjo, and Masashi Shiraishi, 2013, “Dynamically generated pure spin current in single-layer graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 87, 140401.
  250. Tománek, David, and Steven G. Louie, 1988, “First-principles calculation of highly asymmetric structure in scanning-tunneling-microscopy images of graphite,” Phys. Rev. B 37, 8327.
  251. Tombros, Nikolaos, Csaba Jozsa, Mihaita Popinciuc, Harry T. Jonkman, and Bart J. van Wees, 2007, “Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature,” Nature (London) 448, 571–574.
  252. Torrey, H. C., 1956, “Bloch equations with diffusion terms,” Phys. Rev. 104, 563.
  253. Tran, M., H. Jaffrès, C. Deranlot, J.-M. George, A. Fert, A. Miard, and A. Lemaître, 2009, “Enhancement of the Spin Accumulation at the Interface between a Spin-Polarized Tunnel Junction and a Semiconductor,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 036601.
  254. Tsang, C. H., R. E. Fontana, T. Lin, D. E. Heim, B. A. Gurney, and M. L. Williams, 1998, “Design, fabrication, and performance of spin-valve read heads for magnetic recording applications,” IBM J. Res. Dev. 42, 103–116.
  255. Tuan, Dinh Van, Frank Ortmann, David Soriano, Sergio O. Valenzuela, and Stephan Roche, 2014, “Pseudospin-driven spin relaxation mechanism in graphene,” Nat. Phys. 10, 857.
  256. Valli, A., A. Amaricci, V. Brosco, and M. Capone, 2018, “Quantum interference assisted spin filtering in graphene nanoflakes,” Nano Lett. 18, 2158.
  257. van Gelderen, Ralph, and C. Morais Smith, 2010, “Rashba and intrinsic spin-orbit interactions in biased bilayer graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 81, 125435.
  258. van ’t Erve, O. M. J., A. L. Friedman, E. Cobas, C. H. Li, J. T. Robinson, and B. T. Jonker, 2012, “Low-resistance spin injection into silicon using graphene tunnel barriers,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 737–742.
  259. Van Tuan, D., J. M. Marmolejo-Tejada, X. Waintal, B. K. Nikolić, S. O. Valenzuela, and S. Roche, 2016, “Spin Hall Effect and Origins of Nonlocal Resistance in Adatom-Decorated Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 176602.
  260. Vera-Marun, I. J., V. Ranjan, and B. J. van Wees, 2011, “Nonlinear interaction of spin and charge currents in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 84, 241408(R).
  261. Vera-Marun, Ivan J., Vishal Ranjan, and Bart J. van Wees, 2012, “Nonlinear detection of spin currents in graphene with non-magnetic electrodes,” Nat. Phys. 8, 313–316.
  262. Vicent, I. M., H. Ochoa, and F. Guinea, 2017, “Spin relaxation in corrugated graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 95, 195402.
  263. Vila, Marc, Jose H. Garcia, Aron W. Cummings, Stephen R. Power, Christoph Groth, Xavier Waintal, and Stephan Roche, 2019, “Nonlocal spin dynamics in the crossover from diffusive to ballistic transport,” arXiv:1910.06194.
  264. Vogt, P., P. De Padova, C. Quaresima, J. Avila, E. Frantzeskakis, M. C. Asensio, A. Resta, B. Ealet, and G. Le Lay, 2012, “Silicene: Compelling Experimental Evidence for Graphenelike Two-Dimensional Silicon,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 155501.
  265. Wang, L., and M. W. Wu, 2014a, “Electron spin relaxation due to D’yakonov-Perel’ and Elliot-Yafet mechanisms in monolayer MoS2: Role of intravalley and intervalley processes,” Phys. Rev. B 89, 115302.
  266. Wang, L., and M. W. Wu, 2014b, “Intrinsic electron spin relaxation due to the D’yakonov-Perel’ mechanism in monolayer MoS2,” Phys. Lett. A 378, 1336.
  267. Wang, Q. H., K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, and M. S. Strano, 2012, “Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 699.
  268. Wang, W. H., K. Pi, Y. Li, Y. F. Chiang, P. Wei, J. Shi, and R. K. Kawakami, 2008, “Magnetotransport properties of mesoscopic graphite spin valves,” Phys. Rev. B 77, 020402.
  269. Wang, Weiyi, et al., 2015, “Spin-valve effect in NiFe/MoS2/NiFe junctions,” Nano Lett. 15, 5261–5267.
  270. Wang, Yilin, Xinghan Cai, Janice Reutt-Robey, and Michael S. Fuhrer, 2015, “Neutral-current Hall effects in disordered graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 92, 161411.
  271. Wang, Yilin, Shudong Xiao, Xinghan Cai, Wenzhong Bao, Janice Reutt-Robey, and Michael S. Fuhrer, 2015, “Electronic transport properties of Ir-decorated graphene,” Sci. Rep. 5, 15764.
  272. Wang, Zhe, Ignacio Gutiérrez-Lezama, Nicolas Ubrig, Martin Kroner, Marco Gibertini, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Ataç Imamoğlu, Enrico Giannini, and Alberto F. Morpurgo, 2018, “Very large tunneling magnetoresistance in layered magnetic semiconductor CrI3,” Nat. Commun. 9, 2516.
  273. Wang, Zhe, Dong-Keun Ki, Hua Chen, Helmuth Berger, Allan H. MacDonald, and Alberto F. Morpurgo, 2015, “Strong interface-induced spin-orbit interaction in graphene on WS2,” Nat. Commun. 6, 8339.
  274. Wang, Zhe, Dong-Keun Ki, Jun Yong Khoo, Diego Mauro, Helmuth Berger, Leonid S. Levitov, and Alberto F. Morpurgo, 2016, “Origin and Magnitude of ‘Designer’ Spin-Orbit Interaction in Graphene on Semiconducting Transition Metal Dichalcogenides,” Phys. Rev. X 6, 041020.
  275. Wang, Zhiyong, Chi Tang, Raymond Sachs, Yafis Barlas, and Jing Shi, 2015, “Proximity-Induced Ferromagnetism in Graphene Revealed by the Anomalous Hall Effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 016603.
  276. Watanabe, K., T. Taniguchi, and H. Kanda, 2004, “Direct-bandgap properties and evidence for ultraviolet lasing of hexagonal boron nitride single crystal,” Nat. Mater. 3, 404.
  277. Weeks, Conan, Jun Hu, Jason Alicea, Marcel Franz, and Ruqian Wu, 2011, “Engineering a Robust Quantum Spin Hall State in Graphene via Adatom Deposition,” Phys. Rev. X 1, 021001.
  278. Wehling, T. O., S. Yuan, A. I. Lichtenstein, A. K. Geim, and M. I. Katsnelson, 2010, “Resonant Scattering by Realistic Impurities in Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 056802.
  279. Wen, Hua, Hanan Dery, Walid Amamou, Tiancong Zhu, Zhisheng Lin, Jing Shi, Igor Žutić, Ilya Krivorotov, L. J. Sham, and Roland K. Kawakami, 2016, “Experimental Demonstration of xor Operation in Graphene Magnetologic Gates at Room Temperature,” Phys. Rev. Applied 5, 044003.
  280. Wojtaszek, M., I. J. Vera-Marun, T. Maassen, and B. J. van Wees, 2013, “Enhancement of spin relaxation time in hydrogenated graphene spin-valve devices,” Phys. Rev. B 87, 081402.
  281. Wojtaszek, M., I. J. Vera-Marun, E. Whiteway, M. Hilke, and B. J. van Wees, 2014, “Absence of hyperfine effects in C13-graphene spin-valve devices,” Phys. Rev. B 89, 035417.
  282. Wolf, S. A., A. Y. Chtchelkanova, and D. M. Treger, 2006, “Spintronics—A retrospective and perspective,” IBM J. Res. Dev. 50, 101–110.
  283. Xia, Fengnian, Han Wang, and Yichen Jia, 2014, “Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4458.
  284. Xiao, D., G.-B. Liu, W. Feng, X. Xu, and W. Yao, 2012, “Coupled Spin and Valley Physics in Monolayers of MoS2 and Other Group-VI Dichalcogenides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 196802.
  285. Xu, Jinsong, Simranjeet Singh, Jyoti Katoch, Guanzhong Wu, Tiancong Zhu, Igor Žutić, and Roland K. Kawakami, 2018, “Spin inversion in graphene spin valves by gate-tunable magnetic proximity effect at one-dimensional contacts,” Nat. Commun. 9, 2869.
  286. Xu, Jinsong, Tiancong Zhu, Yunqiu Kelly Luo, Yuan-Ming Lu, and Roland K. Kawakami, 2018, “Strong and Tunable Spin-Lifetime Anisotropy in Dual-Gated Bilayer Graphene,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 127703.
  287. Yafet, Y., 1963, Solid State Physics (Academic, New York).
  288. Yamaguchi, Takehiro, Yoshihisa Inoue, Satoru Masubuchi, Sei Morikawa, Masahiro Onuki, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Rai Moriya, and Tomoki Machida, 2013, “Electrical spin injection into graphene through monolayer hexagonal boron nitride,” Appl. Phys. Express 6, 073001.
  289. Yamaguchi, Takehiro, Satoru Masubuchi, Kazuyuki Iguchi, Rai Moriya, and Tomoki Machida, 2012, “Tunnel spin injection into graphene using Al2O3 barrier grown by atomic layer deposition on functionalized graphene surface,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324, 849–852.
  290. Yan, Wenjing, Oihana Txoperena, Roger Llopis, Hanan Dery, Luis E. Hueso, and Fèlix Casanova, 2016, “A two-dimensional spin field-effect switch,” Nat. Commun. 7, 13372.
  291. Yang, Bowen, Mark Lohmann, David Barroso, Ingrid Liao, Zhisheng Lin, Yawen Liu, Ludwig Bartels, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, and Jing Shi, 2017, “Strong electron-hole symmetric Rashba spin-orbit coupling in graphene/monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures,” Phys. Rev. B 96, 041409(R).
  292. Yang, Bowen, Min-Feng Tu, Jeongwoo Kim, Yong Wu, Hui Wang, Jason Alicea, Ruqian Wu, Marc Bockrath, and Jing Shi, 2016, “Tunable spin-orbit coupling and symmetry-protected edge states in graphene/WS2,” 2D Mater. 3, 031012.
  293. Yang, T.-Y., et al., 2011, “Observation of Long Spin-Relaxation Times in Bilayer Graphene at Room Temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 047206.
  294. Yang, Zhi-Cheng, Qing-Feng Sun, and X. C. Xie, 2014, “Spin-current Seebeck effect in quantum dot systems,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 26, 045302.
  295. Yao, Y., F. Ye, X.-L. Qi, S.-C. Zhang, and Z. Fang, 2007, “Spin-orbit gap of graphene: First-principles calculations,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 041401(R).
  296. Yazyev, Oleg V., 2008, “Magnetism in Disordered Graphene and Irradiated Graphite,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 037203.
  297. Yazyev, Oleg V., and Lothar Helm, 2007, “Defect-induced magnetism in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 125408.
  298. Yazyev, Oleg V., and Alfredo Pasquarello, 2009, “Magnetoresistive junctions based on epitaxial graphene and hexagonal boron nitride,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 035408.
  299. Zakharchenko, K. V., R. Roldán, A. Fasolino, and M. I. Katsnelson, 2010, “Self-consistent screening approximation for flexible membranes: Application to graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 125435.
  300. Zaletel, M. P., and J. Y. Khoo, 2019, “The gate-tunable strong and fragile topology of multilayer-graphene on a transition metal dichalcogenide,” arXiv:1901.01294.
  301. Zarea, M., and N. Sandler, 2009, “Rashba spin-orbit interaction in graphene and zigzag nanoribbons,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 165442.
  302. Zeng, H., J. Dai, W. Yao, D. Xiao, and X. Cui, 2012, “Valley polarization in MoS2 monolayers by optical pumping,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 490.
  303. Zhang, P., and M. W. Wu, 2011, “Electron spin diffusion and transport in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 84, 045304.
  304. Zhang, P., and M. W. Wu, 2012, “Electron spin relaxation in graphene with random Rashba field: Comparison of the D’yakonov-Perel’ and Elliot-Yafel-like mechanisms,” New J. Phys. 14, 033015.
  305. Zhou, Y., and M. W. Wu, 2010, “Electron spin relaxation in graphene from a microscopic approach: Role of electron-electron interaction,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 085304.
  306. Zhu, Z. Y., Y. C. Cheng, and U. Schwingenschlogl, 2011, “Giant spin-orbit-induced spin splitting in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B 84, 153402.
  307. Zomer, P. J., M. H. D. Guimarães, N. Tombros, and B. J. van Wees, 2012, “Long-distance spin transport in high-mobility graphene on hexagonal boron nitride,” Phys. Rev. B 86, 161416.
  308. Žutić, Igor, Jaroslav Fabian, and S. Das Sarma, 2004, “Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323–410.
  309. Žutić, Igor, Jaroslav Fabian, and Steven C. Erwin, 2006, “Spin Injection and Detection in Silicon,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 026602.
  310. Žutić, Igor, Alex Matos-Abiague, Benedikt Scharf, Hanan Dery, and Kirill Belashchenko, 2019, “Proximitized materials,” Mater. Today 22, 85–107.

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 92, 021003– Published 2 June, 2020
  • Received 19 April 2019
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2020 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation