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Memory formation in matter

Nathan C. Keim*,†, Joseph D. Paulsen*,‡, Zorana Zeravcic§, Srikanth Sastry∥, and Sidney R. Nagel

Nathan C. Keim*,†

  • Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA

Joseph D. Paulsen*,‡

  • Department of Physics and Soft and Living Matter Program, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA

Zorana Zeravcic§

  • Gulliver Lab, CNRS UMR 7083, ESPCI PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France

Srikanth Sastry∥

  • Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru 560064, India

Sidney R. Nagel

  • The James Franck and Enrico Fermi Institutes and The Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †nkeim@calpoly.edu
  • ‡jdpaulse@syr.edu
  • §zorana.zeravcic@espci.fr
  • ∥sastry@jncasr.ac.in
  • srnagel@uchicago.edu
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Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 035002 – Published 26 July, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.035002

Abstract

Memory formation in matter is a theme of broad intellectual relevance; it sits at the interdisciplinary crossroads of physics, biology, chemistry, and computer science. Memory connotes the ability to encode, access, and erase signatures of past history in the state of a system. Once the system has completely relaxed to thermal equilibrium, it is no longer able to recall aspects of its evolution. The memory of initial conditions or previous training protocols will be lost. Thus many forms of memory are intrinsically tied to far-from-equilibrium behavior and to transient response to a perturbation. This general behavior arises in diverse contexts in condensed-matter physics and materials, including phase change memory, shape memory, echoes, memory effects in glasses, return-point memory in disordered magnets, as well as related contexts in computer science. Yet, as opposed to the situation in biology, there is currently no common categorization and description of the memory behavior that appears to be prevalent throughout condensed-matter systems. Here the focus is on material memories. The basic phenomenology of a few of the known behaviors that can be understood as constituting a memory will be described. The hope is that this will be a guide toward developing the unifying conceptual underpinnings for a broad understanding of memory effects that appear in materials.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 035002– Published 26 July, 2019
  • Received 19 October 2018
Article part of CHORUS
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