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Ultrastrong coupling regimes of light-matter interaction

P. Forn-Díaz*, L. Lamata, E. Rico, J. Kono, and E. Solano

P. Forn-Díaz*

  • Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain and Barcelona Supercomputing Center–CNS, Barcelona 08034, Spain

L. Lamata

  • Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain

E. Rico

  • Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain

J. Kono

  • Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA, and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA

E. Solano

  • Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain, and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China

  • *pforndiaz@ifae.es
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Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 025005 – Published 7 June, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025005

Abstract

Recent experiments have demonstrated that light and matter can mix together to an extreme degree, and previously uncharted regimes of light-matter interactions are currently being explored in a variety of settings. The so-called ultrastrong coupling (USC) regime is established when the light-matter interaction energy is a comparable fraction of the bare frequencies of the uncoupled systems. Furthermore, when the interaction strengths become larger than the bare frequencies, the deep-strong coupling (DSC) regime emerges. This article reviews advances in the field of the USC and DSC regimes, in particular, for light modes confined in cavities interacting with two-level systems. An overview is first provided on the theoretical progress since the origins from the semiclassical Rabi model until recent developments of the quantum Rabi model. Next, several key experimental results from a variety of quantum platforms are described, including superconducting circuits, semiconductor quantum wells, and other hybrid quantum systems. Finally, anticipated applications are highlighted utilizing USC and DSC regimes, including novel quantum optical phenomena, quantum simulation, and quantum computation.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 025005– Published 7 June, 2019
  • Received 11 May 2018
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