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Magnetic small-angle neutron scattering

Sebastian Mühlbauer^*, Dirk Honecker, Élio A. Périgo, Frank Bergner, Sabrina Disch, André Heinemann, Sergey Erokhin, Dmitry Berkov, Chris Leighton et al.

Sebastian Mühlbauer^*

Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany

Dirk Honecker

Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France

Élio A. Périgo

ABB Corporate Research Center, 940 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA

Frank Bergner

Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01328 Dresden, Germany

Sabrina Disch

Universität zu Köln, Department für Chemie, Luxemburger Straße 116, D-50939 Köln, Germany

André Heinemann

German Engineering Materials Science Centre (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, D-85748 Garching, Germany

Sergey Erokhin and Dmitry Berkov

General Numerics Research Lab, Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße 1A, D-07745, Jena, Germany

Chris Leighton

Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA

Morten Ring Eskildsen

Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA

Andreas Michels^†

Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162A Avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

^*Sebastian.Muehlbauer@frm2.tum.de
^†Andreas.Michels@uni.lu

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 015004 – Published 4 March, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.015004

Abstract

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is one of the most important techniques for microstructure determination, being utilized in a wide range of scientific disciplines, such as materials science, physics, chemistry, and biology. The reason for its great significance is that conventional SANS is probably the only method capable of probing structural inhomogeneities in the bulk of materials on a mesoscopic real-space length scale from roughly 1 to 300 nm. Moreover, the exploitation of the spin degree of freedom of the neutron provides SANS with a unique sensitivity to study magnetism and magnetic materials at the nanoscale. As such, magnetic SANS ideally complements more real-space and surface-sensitive magnetic imaging techniques, e.g., Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, electron holography, magnetic force microscopy, Kerr microscopy, or spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. This review summarizes the recent applications of the SANS method to study magnetism and magnetic materials. This includes a wide range of materials classes from nanomagnetic systems such as soft magnetic Fe-based nanocomposites, hard magnetic Nd-Fe-B-based permanent magnets, magnetic steels, ferrofluids, nanoparticles, and magnetic oxides to more fundamental open issues in contemporary condensed matter physics such as skyrmion crystals, noncollinear magnetic structures in noncentrosymmetric compounds, magnetic or electronic phase separation, and vortex lattices in type-II superconductors. Special attention is paid not only to the vast variety of magnetic materials and problems where SANS has provided direct insight, but also to the enormous progress made regarding the micromagnetic simulation of magnetic neutron scattering.

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