- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Pregalactic metal enrichment: The chemical signatures of the first stars

Torgny Karlsson*, Volker Bromm, and Joss Bland-Hawthorn

Torgny Karlsson*

  • Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom

Volker Bromm

  • Department of Astronomy and Texas Cosmology Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA

Joss Bland-Hawthorn

  • Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom

  • *torgny@physics.usyd.edu.au
PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 809 – Published 15 May, 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.85.809

Abstract

The emergence of the first sources of light at redshifts of z∼10–30 signaled the transition from the simple initial state of the Universe to one of increasing complexity. Recent progress in our understanding of the formation of the first stars and galaxies, starting with cosmological initial conditions, primordial gas cooling, and subsequent collapse and fragmentation are reviewed. The important open question of how the pristine gas was enriched with heavy chemical elements in the wake of the first supernovae is emphasized. The review concludes by discussing how the chemical abundance patterns conceivably allow us to probe the properties of the first stars, and allow us to test models of early metal enrichment.

View figure in article

Article Text

References (385)

  1. Abel, T., G. L. Bryan, and M. L. Norman, 2000, Astrophys. J. 540, 39.
  2. Abel, T., G. L. Bryan, and M. L. Norman, 2002, Science 295, 93.
  3. Akerman, C. J., L. Carigi, P. E. Nissen, M. Pettini, and M. Asplund, 2004, Astron. Astrophys. 414, 931.
  4. Andrievsky, S. M., M. Spite, S. A. Korotin, F. Spite, P. Bonifacio, R. Cayrel, P. François, and V. Hill, 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 509, A88.
  5. Aoki, W., et al., 2009, Astron. Astrophys. 502, 569.
  6. Argast, D., M. Samland, O. E. Gerhard, and F. Thielemann, 2000, Astron. Astrophys. 356, 873.
  7. Arlandini, C., F. Käppeler, K. Wisshak, R. Gallino, M. Lugaro, M. Busso, and O. Straniero, 1999, Astrophys. J. 525, 886.
  8. Arnone, E., S. G. Ryan, D. Argast, J. E. Norris, and T. C. Beers, 2005, Astron. Astrophys. 430, 507.
  9. Arnould, M., S. Goriely, and K. Takahashi, 2007, Phys. Rep. 450, 97.
  10. Asplund, M., 2005, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43, 481.
  11. Asplund, M., N. Grevesse, A. J. Sauval, and P. Scott, 2009, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47, 481.
  12. Asplund, M., D. L. Lambert, P. E. Nissen, F. Primas, and V. V. Smith, 2006, Astrophys. J. 644, 229.
  13. Ballero, S. K., F. Matteucci, and C. Chiappini, 2006, New Astron. 11, 306.
  14. Baraffe, I., A. Heger, and S. E. Woosley, 2001, Astrophys. J. 550, 890.
  15. Barkana, R., and A. Loeb, 2001, Phys. Rep. 349, 125.
  16. Barkat, Z., Y. Reiss, and G. Rakavy, 1974, Astrophys. J. 193, L21.
  17. Barklem, P. S., N. Christlieb, T. C. Beers, V. Hill, M. S. Bessell, J. Holmberg, B. Marsteller, S. Rossi, F. Zickgraf, and D. Reimers, 2005, Astron. Astrophys. 439, 129.
  18. Bateman, N. P., and R. B. Larson, 1993, Astrophys. J. 407, 634.
  19. Battaglia, G., E. Tolstoy, A. Helmi, M. Irwin, P. Parisi, V. Hill, and P. Jablonka, 2011, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 411, 1013.
  20. Beers, T. C., and N. Christlieb, 2005, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43, 531.
  21. Beers, T. C., G. W. Preston, and S. A. Shectman, 1992, Astron. J. 103, 1987.
  22. Bell, E. F., et al., 2008, Astrophys. J. 680, 295.
  23. Belokurov, V., M. G. Walker, N. W. Evans, G. Gilmore, M. J. Irwin, M. Mateo, L. Mayer, E. Olszewski, J. Bechtold, and T. Pickering, 2009, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, 1748.
  24. Belokurov, V., et al., 2007, Astrophys. J. 654, 897.
  25. Belokurov, V., et al., 2010, Astrophys. J. 712, L103.
  26. Bertschinger, E., 2006, Phys. Rev. D 74, 063509.
  27. Bland-Hawthorn, J., and K. Freeman, 2000, Science 287, 79.
  28. Bland-Hawthorn, J., and K. C. Freeman, 2004, Pub. Astron. Soc. Aust. 21, 110.
  29. Bland-Hawthorn, J., T. Karlsson, S. Sharma, M. Krumholz, and J. Silk, 2010, Astrophys. J. 721, 582.
  30. Bland-Hawthorn, J., M. R. Krumholz, and K. Freeman, 2010, Astrophys. J. 713, 166.
  31. Bland-Hawthorn, J., and P. J. E. Peebles, 2006, Science 313, 311.
  32. Bland-Hawthorn, J., R. Sutherland, and T. Karlsson, 2011, The Minimum Mass for a Dwarf Galaxy, edited by M. Koleva, P. Prugniel, and I. Vauglin, EAS Publications Series Vol. 48 (European Astronomical Society, Cambridge, England), p. 397.
  33. Bloom, J. S., et al., 2009, Astrophys. J. 691, 723.
  34. Bonanno, A., H. Schlattl, and L. Paternò, 2002, Astron. Astrophys. 390, 1115.
  35. Bond, H. E., 1981, Astrophys. J. 248, 606.
  36. Bonifacio, P., et al., 2009, Astron. Astrophys. 501, 519.
  37. Bovill, M. S., and M. Ricotti, 2009, Astrophys. J. 693, 1859.
  38. Brodie, J. P., and J. Strader, 2006, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 44, 193.
  39. Bromm, V., and C. J. Clarke, 2002, Astrophys. J. 566, L1.
  40. Bromm, V., P. S. Coppi, and R. B. Larson, 1999, Astrophys. J. 527, L5.
  41. Bromm, V., P. S. Coppi, and R. B. Larson, 2002, Astrophys. J. 564, 23.
  42. Bromm, V., A. Ferrara, P. S. Coppi, and R. B. Larson, 2001, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328, 969.
  43. Bromm, V., and R. B. Larson, 2004, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42, 79.
  44. Bromm, V., and A. Loeb, 2002, Astrophys. J. 575, 111.
  45. Bromm, V., and A. Loeb, 2003, Nature (London) 425, 812.
  46. Bromm, V., and A. Loeb, 2006, Astrophys. J. 642, 382.
  47. Bromm, V., and N. Yoshida, 2011, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 49, 373.
  48. Bromm, V., N. Yoshida, L. Hernquist, and C. F. McKee, 2009, Nature (London) 459, 49.
  49. Brook, C. B., D. Kawata, E. Scannapieco, H. Martel, and B. K. Gibson, 2007, Astrophys. J. 661, 10.
  50. Burbidge, E. M., G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1957, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547.
  51. Burris, D. L., C. A. Pilachowski, T. E. Armandroff, C. Sneden, J. J. Cowan, and H. Roe, 2000, Astrophys. J. 544, 302.
  52. Burrows, A., E. Livne, L. Dessart, C. D. Ott, and J. Murphy, 2006, Astrophys. J. 640, 878.
  53. Busso, M., R. Gallino, D. L. Lambert, C. Travaglio, and V. V. Smith, 2001, Astrophys. J. 557, 802.
  54. Busso, M., R. Gallino, and G. J. Wasserburg, 1999, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 37, 239.
  55. Caffau, E., et al., 2011, Nature (London) 477, 67.
  56. Cameron, A. G. W., 1957, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 69, 201.
  57. Cameron, A. G. W., 1973, Space Sci. Rev. 15, 121.
  58. Cameron, A. G. W., and W. A. Fowler, 1971, Astrophys. J. 164, 111.
  59. Campbell, S. W., and J. C. Lattanzio, 2008, Astron. Astrophys. 490, 769.
  60. Carney, B. W., J. B. Laird, D. W. Latham, and L. A. Aguilar, 1996, Astron. J. 112, 668.
  61. Carollo, D., T. C. Beers, M. Chiba, J. E. Norris, K. C. Freeman, Y. S. Lee, Ž. Ivezić, C. M. Rockosi, and B. Yanny, 2010, Astrophys. J. 712, 692.
  62. Carollo, D., et al., 2007, Nature (London) 450, 1020.
  63. Castro-Tirado, A. J., et al., 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 517, A61.
  64. Cayrel, R., et al., 2004, Astron. Astrophys. 416, 1117.
  65. Cescutti, G., 2008, Astron. Astrophys. 481, 691.
  66. Cescutti, G., and C. Chiappini, 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 515, A102.
  67. Chiappini, C., R. Hirschi, G. Meynet, S. Ekström, A. Maeder, and F. Matteucci, 2006, Astron. Astrophys. 449, L27.
  68. Chieffi, A., I. Domínguez, M. Limongi, and O. Straniero, 2001, Astrophys. J. 554, 1159.
  69. Chieffi, A., and M. Limongi, 2004, Astrophys. J. 608, 405.
  70. Chieffi, A., and A. Tornambe, 1984, Astrophys. J. 287, 745.
  71. Chou, M., K. Cunha, S. R. Majewski, V. V. Smith, R. J. Patterson, D. Martínez-Delgado, and D. Geisler, 2010, Astrophys. J. 708, 1290.
  72. Choudhuri, A. R., 1998, The Physics of Fluids and Plasmas: An Introduction for Astrophysicists (Cambridge University Press, New York).
  73. Christlieb, N., M. S. Bessell, T. C. Beers, B. Gustafsson, A. Korn, P. S. Barklem, T. Karlsson, M. Mizuno-Wiedner, and S. Rossi, 2002, Nature (London) 419, 904.
  74. Christlieb, N., B. Gustafsson, A. J. Korn, P. S. Barklem, T. C. Beers, M. S. Bessell, T. Karlsson, and M. Mizuno-Wiedner, 2004, Astrophys. J. 603, 708.
  75. Ciardi, B., and A. Ferrara, 2005, Space Sci. Rev. 116, 625.
  76. Clark, P. C., S. C. O. Glover, and R. S. Klessen, 2008, Astrophys. J. 672, 757.
  77. Clark, P. C., S. C. O. Glover, R. S. Klessen, and V. Bromm, 2011, Astrophys. J. 727, 110.
  78. Clark, P. C., S. C. O. Glover, R. J. Smith, T. H. Greif, R. S. Klessen, and V. Bromm, 2011, Science 331, 1040.
  79. Cohen, J. G., N. Christlieb, A. McWilliam, S. Shectman, I. Thompson, G. J. Wasserburg, I. Ivans, M. Dehn, T. Karlsson, and J. Melendez, 2004, Astrophys. J. 612, 1107.
  80. Cohen, J. G., S. Shectman, I. Thompson, A. McWilliam, N. Christlieb, J. Melendez, F. Zickgraf, S. Ramírez, and A. Swenson, 2005, Astrophys. J. 633, L109.
  81. Coleman, M., G. S. Da Costa, J. Bland-Hawthorn, D. Martínez-Delgado, K. C. Freeman, and D. Malin, 2004, Astron. J. 127, 832.
  82. Collet, R., M. Asplund, and R. Trampedach, 2006, Astrophys. J. 644, L121.
  83. Cooke, R., M. Pettini, C. C. Steidel, G. C. Rudie, and R. A. Jorgenson, 2011, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 412, 1047.
  84. Cooper, A. P., et al., 2010, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 406, 744.
  85. Couchman, H. M. P., and M. J. Rees, 1986, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 221, 53.
  86. Cox, P., A. Omont, S. G. Djorgovski, F. Bertoldi, J. Pety, C. L. Carilli, K. G. Isaak, A. Beelen, R. G. McMahon, and S. Castro, 2002, Astron. Astrophys. 387, 406.
  87. Crowther, P. A., O. Schnurr, R. Hirschi, N. Yusof, R. J. Parker, S. P. Goodwin, and H. A. Kassim, 2010, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408, 731.
  88. Dalcanton, J. J., 2007, Astrophys. J. 658, 941.
  89. de Jong, J. T. A., B. Yanny, H. Rix, A. E. Dolphin, N. F. Martin, and T. C. Beers, 2010, Astrophys. J. 714, 663.
  90. De Lucia, G., and A. Helmi, 2008, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 391, 14.
  91. De Silva, G. M., K. C. Freeman, M. Asplund, J. Bland-Hawthorn, M. S. Bessell, and R. Collet, 2007, Astron. J. 133, 1161.
  92. De Silva, G. M., K. C. Freeman, J. Bland-Hawthorn, M. Asplund, and M. S. Bessell, 2007, Astron. J. 133, 694.
  93. De Silva, G. M., C. Sneden, D. B. Paulson, M. Asplund, J. Bland-Hawthorn, M. S. Bessell, and K. C. Freeman, 2006, Astron. J. 131, 455.
  94. Diemand, J., B. Moore, and J. Stadel, 2005, Nature (London) 433, 389.
  95. Dopcke, G., S. C. O. Glover, P. C. Clark, and R. S. Klessen, 2011, Astrophys. J. 729, L3.
  96. Dwek, E., R. G. Arendt, and F. Krennrich, 2005, Astrophys. J. 635, 784.
  97. Ekström, S., G. Meynet, C. Chiappini, R. Hirschi, and A. Maeder, 2008, Astron. Astrophys. 489, 685.
  98. Ekström, S., G. Meynet, and A. Maeder, 2008, in First Stars III, edited by B. W. O’Shea, A. Heger, and T. Abel, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 990 (AIP, Melville, NY), p. 220.
  99. Elmegreen, B. G., 2010, Astrophys. J. 712, L184.
  100. Elmegreen, B. G., and D. M. Elmegreen, 2005, Astrophys. J. 627, 632.
  101. Erni, P., P. Richter, C. Ledoux, and P. Petitjean, 2006, Astron. Astrophys. 451, 19.
  102. Escala, A., and R. B. Larson, 2008, Astrophys. J. 685, L31.
  103. Fabbian, D., P. E. Nissen, M. Asplund, M. Pettini, and C. Akerman, 2009, Astron. Astrophys. 500, 1143.
  104. Fall, S. M., R. Chandar, and B. C. Whitmore, 2005, Astrophys. J. 631, L133.
  105. Fall, S. M., R. Chandar, and B. C. Whitmore, 2009, Astrophys. J. 704, 453.
  106. Fan, X., V. K. Narayanan, M. A. Strauss, R. L. White, R. H. Becker, L. Pentericci, and H. Rix, 2002, Astron. J. 123, 1247.
  107. Feltzing, S., K. Eriksson, J. Kleyna, and M. I. Wilkinson, 2009, Astron. Astrophys. 508, L1.
  108. Fernandez, E. R., and E. Komatsu, 2006, Astrophys. J. 646, 703.
  109. Font, A. S., K. V. Johnston, J. S. Bullock, and B. E. Robertson, 2006, Astrophys. J. 638, 585.
  110. Förster Schreiber, N. M., et al., 2006, Astrophys. J. 645, 1062.
  111. Fosbury, R. A. E., et al., 2003, Astrophys. J. 596, 797.
  112. Fowler, W. A., and F. Hoyle, 1964, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 9, 201.
  113. François, P., et al., 2007, Astron. Astrophys. 476, 935.
  114. Frebel, A., et al., 2005, Nature (London) 434, 871.
  115. Frebel, A., and V. Bromm, 2012, Astrophys. J. 759, 115.
  116. Frebel, A., et al., 2006, Astrophys. J. 652, 1585.
  117. Frebel, A., R. Collet, K. Eriksson, N. Christlieb, and W. Aoki, 2008, Astrophys. J. 684, 588.
  118. Frebel, A., J. L. Johnson, and V. Bromm, 2007, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 380, L40.
  119. Frebel, A., J. L. Johnson, and V. Bromm, 2009, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 392, L50.
  120. Frebel, A., E. N. Kirby, and J. D. Simon, 2010, Nature (London) 464, 72.
  121. Frebel, A., J. D. Simon, M. Geha, and B. Willman, 2010, Astrophys. J. 708, 560.
  122. Freeman, K., and J. Bland-Hawthorn, 2002, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 40, 487.
  123. Freiburghaus, C., S. Rosswog, and F. Thielemann, 1999, Astrophys. J. 525, L121.
  124. Fröhlich, C., M. Liebendörfer, G. Martínez-Pinedo, F. Thielemann, E. Bravo, N. T. Zinner, W. R. Hix, K. Langanke, A. Mezzacappa, and K. Nomoto, 2006, in Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies, edited by S. Kubono, W. Aoki, T. Kajino, T. Motobayashi, and K. Nomoto, of American Institute of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 847 (AIP, Melville, NY), p. 333.
  125. Fryer, C. L., 1999, Astrophys. J. 522, 413.
  126. Fryer, C. L., and A. Heger, 2000, Astrophys. J. 541, 1033.
  127. Fryer, C. L., F. Herwig, A. Hungerford, and F. X. Timmes, 2006, Astrophys. J. 646, L131.
  128. Fryer, C. L., S. E. Woosley, and A. Heger, 2001, Astrophys. J. 550, 372.
  129. Fryer, C. L., et al., 2008, arXiv:0811.4648.
  130. Fujimoto, M. Y., I. Iben, Jr., A. Chieffi, and A. Tornambe, 1984, Astrophys. J. 287, 749.
  131. Fujimoto, M. Y., I. Iben, Jr., and D. Hollowell, 1990, Astrophys. J. 349, 580.
  132. Fujimoto, M. Y., Y. Ikeda, and I. Iben, Jr., 2000, Astrophys. J. 529, L25.
  133. Fulbright, J. P., R. M. Rich, and S. Castro, 2004, Astrophys. J. 612, 447.
  134. Galama, T. J., et al., 1998, Nature (London) 395, 670.
  135. Gal-Yam, A., et al., 2009, Nature (London) 462, 624.
  136. Gao, L., and T. Theuns, 2007, Science 317, 1527.
  137. Garcia-Berro, E., and I. Iben, 1994, Astrophys. J. 434, 306.
  138. García Pérez, A. E., M. Asplund, F. Primas, P. E. Nissen, and B. Gustafsson, 2006, Astron. Astrophys. 451, 621.
  139. Genzel, R., et al., 2006, Nature (London) 442, 786.
  140. Glikman, E., S. G. Djorgovski, D. Stern, M. Bogosavljević, and A. Mahabal, 2007, Astrophys. J. 663, L73.
  141. Glikman, E., A. Eigenbrod, S. G. Djorgovski, G. Meylan, D. Thompson, A. Mahabal, and F. Courbin, 2008, Astron. J. 136, 954.
  142. Gnedin, N. Y., 2000, Astrophys. J. 542, 535.
  143. Gnedin, N. Y., and A. V. Kravtsov, 2006, Astrophys. J. 645, 1054.
  144. Goodwin, M., et al., 2012, MANIFEST Instrument Concept and Related Technologies, SPIE Conference Series Vol. 8446 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA).
  145. Goriely, S., and L. Siess, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 378, L25.
  146. Gratton, R., C. Sneden, and E. Carretta, 2004, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42, 385.
  147. Grebel, E. K., and J. S. Gallagher, III, 2004, Astrophys. J. 610, L89.
  148. Greif, T. H., and V. Bromm, 2006, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 373, 128.
  149. Greif, T. H., S. C. O. Glover, V. Bromm, and R. S. Klessen, 2010, Astrophys. J. 716, 510.
  150. Greif, T. H., J. L. Johnson, V. Bromm, and R. S. Klessen, 2007, Astrophys. J. 670, 1.
  151. Greif, T. H., J. L. Johnson, R. S. Klessen, and V. Bromm, 2008, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 387, 1021.
  152. Gull, S. F., 1973, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 161, 47.
  153. Haiman, Z., A. A. Thoul, and A. Loeb, 1996, Astrophys. J. 464, 523.
  154. Hamann, F., and G. Ferland, 1999, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 37, 487.
  155. Heger, A., C. L. Fryer, S. E. Woosley, N. Langer, and D. H. Hartmann, 2003, Astrophys. J. 591, 288.
  156. Heger, A., and S. E. Woosley, 2002, Astrophys. J. 567, 532.
  157. Heger, A., and S. E. Woosley, 2010, Astrophys. J. 724, 341.
  158. Helmi, A., 2008, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 15, 145.
  159. Helmi, A., et al., 2006, Astrophys. J. 651, L121.
  160. Hirschi, R., 2007, Astron. Astrophys. 461, 571.
  161. Honda, S., W. Aoki, T. C. Beers, and M. Takada-Hidai, 2011, Astrophys. J. 730, 77.
  162. Hosokawa, T., K. Omukai, N. Yoshida, and H. W. Yorke, 2011, Science 334, 1250.
  163. Ibata, R. A., G. Gilmore, and M. J. Irwin, 1995, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 277, 781.
  164. Ikeuchi, S., 1986, Astrophys. Space Sci. 118, 509.
  165. Ivezić, Ž., et al., 2008, Astrophys. J. 684, 287.
  166. Iwamoto, K., et al., 1998, Nature (London) 395, 672.
  167. Iwamoto, N., H. Umeda, N. Tominaga, K. Nomoto, and K. Maeda, 2005, Science 309, 451.
  168. Janka, H., K. Langanke, A. Marek, G. Martínez-Pinedo, and B. Müller, 2007, Phys. Rep. 442, 38.
  169. Janka, H., B. Müller, F. S. Kitaura, and R. Buras, 2008, Astron. Astrophys. 485, 199.
  170. Jappsen, A., S. C. O. Glover, R. S. Klessen, and M. Mac Low, 2007, Astrophys. J. 660, 1332.
  171. Jappsen, A., M. Low, S. C. O. Glover, R. S. Klessen, and S. Kitsionas, 2009, Astrophys. J. 694, 1161.
  172. Joggerst, C. C., A. Almgren, J. Bell, A. Heger, D. Whalen, and S. E. Woosley, 2010, Astrophys. J. 709, 11.
  173. Joggerst, C. C., A. Almgren, and S. E. Woosley, 2010, Astrophys. J. 723, 353.
  174. Joggerst, C. C., S. E. Woosley, and A. Heger, 2009, Astrophys. J. 693, 1780.
  175. Johnson, J. L., 2010, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 404, 1425.
  176. Johnson, J. L., and V. Bromm, 2006, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 366, 247.
  177. Johnson, J. L., T. H. Greif, and V. Bromm, 2007, Astrophys. J. 665, 85.
  178. Johnson, J. L., T. H. Greif, and V. Bromm, 2008, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 388, 26.
  179. Karlsson, T., 2005, Astron. Astrophys. 439, 93.
  180. Karlsson, T., 2006, Astrophys. J. 641, L41.
  181. Karlsson, T., J. Bland-Hawthorn, K. Freeman, and J. Silk, 2012, Astrophys. J. 759, 111.
  182. Karlsson, T., and B. Gustafsson, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 379, 461.
  183. Karlsson, T., and B. Gustafsson, 2005, Astron. Astrophys. 436, 879.
  184. Karlsson, T., J. L. Johnson, and V. Bromm, 2008, Astrophys. J. 679, 6.
  185. Kashlinsky, A., R. G. Arendt, J. Mather, and S. H. Moseley, 2005, Nature (London) 438, 45.
  186. Kashlinsky, A., R. G. Arendt, J. Mather, and S. H. Moseley, 2007, Astrophys. J. 654, L5.
  187. Kinman, T. D., C. Cacciari, A. Bragaglia, A. Buzzoni, and A. Spagna, 2007, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 375, 1381.
  188. Kirby, E. N., J. G. Cohen, G. H. Smith, S. R. Majewski, S. T. Sohn, and P. Guhathakurta, 2011, Astrophys. J. 727, 79.
  189. Kirby, E. N., P. Guhathakurta, M. Bolte, C. Sneden, and M. C. Geha, 2009, Astrophys. J. 705, 328.
  190. Kirby, E. N., J. D. Simon, M. Geha, P. Guhathakurta, and A. Frebel, 2008, Astrophys. J. 685, L43.
  191. Kitaura, F. S., H. Janka, and W. Hillebrandt, 2006, Astron. Astrophys. 450, 345.
  192. Klamer, I. J., R. D. Ekers, E. M. Sadler, and R. W. Hunstead, 2004, Astrophys. J. 612, L97.
  193. Klessen, R. S., S. C. O. Glover, and P. C. Clark, 2012, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 421, 3217.
  194. Kleyna, J. T., M. I. Wilkinson, N. W. Evans, and G. Gilmore, 2004, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 354, L66.
  195. Kleyna, J. T., M. I. Wilkinson, G. Gilmore, and N. W. Evans, 2003, Astrophys. J. 588, L21.
  196. Kobayashi, C., H. Umeda, K. Nomoto, N. Tominaga, and T. Ohkubo, 2006, Astrophys. J. 653, 1145.
  197. Koch, A., A. McWilliam, E. K. Grebel, D. B. Zucker, and V. Belokurov, 2008, Astrophys. J. 688, L13.
  198. Komatsu, E., et al., 2011, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 192, 18.
  199. Komiya, Y., T. Suda, H. Minaguchi, T. Shigeyama, W. Aoki, and M. Y. Fujimoto, 2007, Astrophys. J. 658, 367.
  200. Kroupa, P., 2001, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 322, 231.
  201. Lada, C. J., and E. A. Lada, 2003, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 41, 57.
  202. Lai, D. K., M. Bolte, J. A. Johnson, S. Lucatello, A. Heger, and S. E. Woosley, 2008, Astrophys. J. 681, 1524.
  203. Lamb, D. Q., and D. E. Reichart, 2000, Astrophys. J. 536, 1.
  204. Larsen, S. S., 2009, Astron. Astrophys. 494, 539.
  205. Larsen, S. S., J. Strader, and J. P. Brodie, 2012, Astron. Astrophys. 544, L14.
  206. Larson, R. B., 1998, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 301, 569.
  207. Lee, J.-W., Y.-W. Kang, J. Lee, and Y.-W. Lee, 2009, Nature (London) 462, 480.
  208. Limongi, M., A. Chieffi, and P. Bonifacio, 2003, Astrophys. J. 594, L123.
  209. Loeb, A., A. Ferrara, and R. S. Ellis, 2008, First Light in the Universe: Saas-Fee Advanced Course 36 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  210. Lucatello, S., T. C. Beers, N. Christlieb, P. S. Barklem, S. Rossi, B. Marsteller, T. Sivarani, and Y. S. Lee, 2006, Astrophys. J. 652, L37.
  211. Lucatello, S., R. G. Gratton, T. C. Beers, and E. Carretta, 2005, Astrophys. J. 625, 833.
  212. Lucatello, S., S. Tsangarides, T. C. Beers, E. Carretta, R. G. Gratton, and S. G. Ryan, 2005, Astrophys. J. 625, 825.
  213. Machida, M. N., K. Tomisaka, F. Nakamura, and M. Y. Fujimoto, 2005, Astrophys. J. 622, 39.
  214. Mackey, J., V. Bromm, and L. Hernquist, 2003, Astrophys. J. 586, 1.
  215. Madau, P., A. Ferrara, and M. J. Rees, 2001, Astrophys. J. 555, 92.
  216. Maeder, A., and G. Meynet, 2012, Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 25.
  217. Magliocchetti, M., R. Salvaterra, and A. Ferrara, 2003, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 342, L25.
  218. Maio, U., B. Ciardi, K. Dolag, L. Tornatore, and S. Khochfar, 2010, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 407, 1003.
  219. Majewski, S. R., 1992, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 78, 87.
  220. Marigo, P., L. Girardi, A. Bressan, M. A. T. Groenewegen, L. Silva, and G. L. Granato, 2008, Astron. Astrophys. 482, 883.
  221. Masseron, T., J. A. Johnson, B. Plez, S. van Eck, F. Primas, S. Goriely, and A. Jorissen, 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 509, A93.
  222. Mateo, M. L., 1998, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36, 435.
  223. Mattsson, L., R. Wahlin, S. Höfner, and K. Eriksson, 2008, Astron. Astrophys. 484, L5.
  224. Mazzali, P. A., et al., 2006, Astrophys. J. 645, 1323.
  225. McKee, C. F., and J. C. Tan, 2008, Astrophys. J. 681, 771.
  226. McWilliam, A., J. D. Simon, and A. Frebel, 2010, in astro 2010: The Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey, Vol. 2010 (National Academies Press, Washington, DC), p. 200, http://sites.nationalacademies.org/BPA/BPA_050603.
  227. Meurer, G. R., et al., 2009, Astrophys. J. 695, 765.
  228. Meynet, G., S. Ekström, and A. Maeder, 2006, Astron. Astrophys. 447, 623.
  229. Meynet, G., R. Hirschi, S. Ekstrom, A. Maeder, C. Georgy, P. Eggenberger, and C. Chiappini, 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 521, A30.
  230. Meynet, G., and A. Maeder, 2002, Astron. Astrophys. 390, 561.
  231. Minchev, I., and B. Famaey, 2010, Astrophys. J. 722, 112.
  232. Minchev, I., B. Famaey, A. C. Quillen, P. Di Matteo, F. Combes, M. Vlajic, P. Erwin, and J. Bland-Hawthorn, 2012, Astron. Astrophys. 548, A126.
  233. Miralda-Escudé, J., 2003, Science 300, 1904.
  234. Nagakura, T., and K. Omukai, 2005, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 364, 1378.
  235. Nakamura, F., and M. Umemura, 2001, Astrophys. J. 548, 19.
  236. Navarro, J. F., and M. Steinmetz, 1997, Astrophys. J. 478, 13.
  237. Nichols, M., D. Lin, and J. Bland-Hawthorn, 2012, Astrophys. J. 748, 149.
  238. Ning, H., Y. Qian, and B. S. Meyer, 2007, Astrophys. J. 667, L159.
  239. Nomoto, K., 1987, Astrophys. J. 322, 206.
  240. Nomoto, K., N. Tominaga, H. Umeda, C. Kobayashi, and K. Maeda, 2006, Nucl. Phys. A777, 424.
  241. Nomoto, K., N. Tominaga, H. Umeda, K. Maeda, T. Ohkubo, and J. Deng, 2005, Nucl. Phys. A758, 263.
  242. Norris, J., and M. S. Bessell, 1978, Astrophys. J. 225, L49.
  243. Norris, J. E., N. Christlieb, M. S. Bessell, M. Asplund, K. Eriksson, and A. J. Korn, 2012, Astrophys. J. 753, 150.
  244. Norris, J. E., N. Christlieb, A. J. Korn, K. Eriksson, M. S. Bessell, T. C. Beers, L. Wisotzki, and D. Reimers, 2007, Astrophys. J. 670, 774.
  245. Norris, J. E., G. Gilmore, R. F. G. Wyse, M. I. Wilkinson, V. Belokurov, N. W. Evans, and D. B. Zucker, 2008, Astrophys. J. 689, L113.
  246. Norris, J. E., D. Yong, G. Gilmore, and R. F. G. Wyse, 2010, Astrophys. J. 711, 350.
  247. Oey, M. S., 2003, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 339, 849.
  248. Oh, S. P., and Z. Haiman, 2002, Astrophys. J. 569, 558.
  249. Ohkubo, T., H. Umeda, K. Maeda, K. Nomoto, T. Suzuki, S. Tsuruta, and M. J. Rees, 2006, Astrophys. J. 645, 1352.
  250. Okamoto, T., L. Gao, and T. Theuns, 2008, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 390, 920.
  251. Omukai, K., 2000, Astrophys. J. 534, 809.
  252. Omukai, K., T. Tsuribe, R. Schneider, and A. Ferrara, 2005, Astrophys. J. 626, 627.
  253. O’Shea, B. W., and M. L. Norman, 2007, Astrophys. J. 654, 66.
  254. O’Shea, B. W., and M. L. Norman, 2008, Astrophys. J. 673, 14.
  255. Pan, L., and J. Scalo, 2007, Astrophys. J. 654, L29.
  256. Pawlik, A. H., M. Milosavljević, and V. Bromm, 2011, Astrophys. J. 731, 54.
  257. Penprase, B. E., J. X. Prochaska, W. L. W. Sargent, I. Toro-Martinez, and D. J. Beeler, 2010, Astrophys. J. 721, 1.
  258. Pettini, M., S. L. Ellison, J. Bergeron, and P. Petitjean, 2002, Astron. Astrophys. 391, 21.
  259. Pettini, M., B. J. Zych, C. C. Steidel, and F. H. Chaffee, 2008, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 385, 2011.
  260. Piau, L., T. C. Beers, D. S. Balsara, T. Sivarani, J. W. Truran, and J. W. Ferguson, 2006, Astrophys. J. 653, 300.
  261. Pieri, M. M., H. Martel, and C. Grenon, 2007, Astrophys. J. 658, 36.
  262. Pignatari, M., R. Gallino, G. Meynet, R. Hirschi, F. Herwig, and M. Wiescher, 2008, Astrophys. J. 687, L95.
  263. Podsiadlowski, P., K. Nomoto, K. Maeda, T. Nakamura, P. Mazzali, and B. Schmidt, 2002, Astrophys. J. 567, 491.
  264. Poelarends, A. J. T., F. Herwig, N. Langer, and A. Heger, 2008, Astrophys. J. 675, 614.
  265. Qian, Y., 2003, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 50, 153.
  266. Qian, Y., and S. E. Woosley, 1996, Astrophys. J. 471, 331.
  267. Quillen, A. C., I. Minchev, J. Bland-Hawthorn, and M. Haywood, 2009, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, 1599.
  268. Quinn, T., N. Katz, and G. Efstathiou, 1996, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 278, L49.
  269. Raiter, A., R. A. E. Fosbury, and H. Teimoorinia, 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 510, A109.
  270. Raue, M., T. Kneiske, and D. Mazin, 2009, Astron. Astrophys. 498, 25.
  271. Rees, M. J., 1986, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 218, 25.
  272. Revaz, Y., et al., 2009, Astron. Astrophys. 501, 189.
  273. Ricotti, M., 2009, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 392, L45.
  274. Ripamonti, E., M. Mapelli, and A. Ferrara, 2007, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 375, 1399.
  275. Roederer, I. U., 2009, Astron. J. 137, 272.
  276. Roškar, R., V. P. Debattista, G. S. Stinson, T. R. Quinn, T. Kaufmann, and J. Wadsley, 2008, Astrophys. J. 675, L65.
  277. Ryan, S. G., W. Aoki, J. E. Norris, and T. C. Beers, 2005, Astrophys. J. 635, 349.
  278. Ryan, S. G., and J. E. Norris, 1991, Astron. J. 101, 1865.
  279. Ryan-Weber, E. V., M. Pettini, and P. Madau, 2006, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 371, L78.
  280. Safranek-Shrader, C., V. Bromm, and M. Milosavljević, 2010, Astrophys. J. 723, 1568.
  281. Salvadori, S., and A. Ferrara, 2009, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, L6.
  282. Salvadori, S., A. Ferrara, R. Schneider, E. Scannapieco, and D. Kawata, 2010, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 401, L5.
  283. Salvadori, S., R. Schneider, and A. Ferrara, 2007, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 381, 647.
  284. Santoro, F., and J. M. Shull, 2006, Astrophys. J. 643, 26.
  285. Santos, M. R., V. Bromm, and M. Kamionkowski, 2002, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 336, 1082.
  286. Savaglio, S., et al., 2012, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 420, 627.
  287. Sbordone, L., et al., 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 522, A26.
  288. Scannapieco, E., D. Kawata, C. B. Brook, R. Schneider, A. Ferrara, and B. K. Gibson, 2006, Astrophys. J. 653, 285.
  289. Scannapieco, E., R. Schneider, and A. Ferrara, 2003, Astrophys. J. 589, 35.
  290. Schleicher, D. R. G., R. Banerjee, S. Sur, T. G. Arshakian, R. S. Klessen, R. Beck, and M. Spaans, 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 522, A115.
  291. Schleicher, D. R. G., D. Galli, S. C. O. Glover, R. Banerjee, F. Palla, R. Schneider, and R. S. Klessen, 2009, Astrophys. J. 703, 1096.
  292. Schneider, R., A. Ferrara, R. Salvaterra, K. Omukai, and V. Bromm, 2003, Nature (London) 422, 869.
  293. Schneider, R., and K. Omukai, 2010, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 402, 429.
  294. Schneider, R., K. Omukai, A. K. Inoue, and A. Ferrara, 2006, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 369, 1437.
  295. Schneider, R., K. Omukai, M. Limongi, A. Ferrara, R. Salvaterra, A. Chieffi, and S. Bianchi, 2012, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 423, L60.
  296. Schönrich, R., M. Asplund, and L. Casagrande, 2011, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 415, 3807.
  297. Schönrich, R., and J. Binney, 2009, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 396, 203.
  298. Schörck, T., et al., 2009, Astron. Astrophys. 507, 817.
  299. Schwarzschild, M., and R. Härm, 1959, Astrophys. J. 129, 637.
  300. Searle, L., R. B. Larson1977, in Evolution of Galaxies and Stellar Populations, edited by B. M. Tinsley and (Yale University Observatory, New Haven), p. 219.
  301. Sedov, L. I., 1946, J. Appl. Math. Mech. 10, 241.
  302. Sellwood, J. A., and J. J. Binney, 2002, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 336, 785.
  303. Sellwood, J. A., and R. G. Carlberg, 1984, Astrophys. J. 282, 61.
  304. Shapiro, P. R., and H. Kang, 1987, Astrophys. J. 318, 32.
  305. Shapiro, S. L., and M. Shibata, 2002, Astrophys. J. 577, 904.
  306. Sharma, S., and K. V. Johnston, 2009, Astrophys. J. 703, 1061.
  307. Shchekinov, Y. A., and E. O. Vasiliev, 2006, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 454.
  308. Shetrone, M. D., P. Côté, and W. L. W. Sargent, 2001, Astrophys. J. 548, 592.
  309. Shibata, M., and S. L. Shapiro, 2002, Astrophys. J. 572, L39.
  310. Siess, L., and S. Goriely, 2003, Nucl. Phys. A718, 524.
  311. Siess, L., M. Livio, and J. Lattanzio, 2002, Astrophys. J. 570, 329.
  312. Simon, J. D., A. Frebel, A. McWilliam, E. N. Kirby, and I. B. Thompson, 2010, Astrophys. J. 716, 446.
  313. Simon, J. D., and M. Geha, 2007, Astrophys. J. 670, 313.
  314. Smith, N., et al., 2007, Astrophys. J. 666, 1116.
  315. Sneden, C., J. J. Cowan, and R. Gallino, 2008, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 46, 241.
  316. Sneden, C., et al., 2003, Astrophys. J. 591, 936.
  317. Spaans, M., and J. Silk, 2005, Astrophys. J. 626, 644.
  318. Spite, M., S. M. Andrievsky, F. Spite, E. Caffau, S. A. Korotin, P. Bonifacio, H.-G. Ludwig, P. François, and R. Cayrel, 2012, Astron. Astrophys. 541, A143.
  319. Spite, M., et al., 2005, Astron. Astrophys. 430, 655.
  320. Spite, M., et al., 2011, Astron. Astrophys. 528, A9.
  321. Spolyar, D., K. Freese, and P. Gondolo, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 051101.
  322. Stacy, A., V. Bromm, and A. Loeb, 2011, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413, 543.
  323. Stacy, A., T. H. Greif, and V. Bromm, 2010, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 403, 45.
  324. Stacy, A., T. H. Greif, and V. Bromm, 2012, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 422, 290.
  325. Stahler, S. W., and F. Palla, 2005, The Formation of Stars (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim).
  326. Starkenburg, E., et al., 2010, Astron. Astrophys. 513, A34.
  327. Suda, T., M. Aikawa, M. N. Machida, M. Y. Fujimoto, and I. Iben, Jr., 2004, Astrophys. J. 611, 476.
  328. Suess, H. E., and H. C. Urey, 1956, Rev. Mod. Phys. 28, 53.
  329. Sutherland, R. S., 2010, Astrophys. Space Sci. 327, 173.
  330. Takeda, Y., H. Kaneko, N. Matsumoto, S. Oshino, H. Ito, and T. Shibuya, 2009, Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 61, 563.
  331. Tassis, K., A. V. Kravtsov, and N. Y. Gnedin, 2008, Astrophys. J. 672, 888.
  332. Taylor, G. I., 1921, Proc. London Math. Soc. 20, 196.
  333. Taylor, G. I. S., 1950, Proc. R. Soc. A 201, 159.
  334. Tegmark, M., J. Silk, M. J. Rees, A. Blanchard, T. Abel, and F. Palla, 1997, Astrophys. J. 474, 1.
  335. Tolstoy, E., V. Hill, and M. Tosi, 2009, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47, 371.
  336. Tominaga, N., H. Umeda, and K. Nomoto, 2007, Astrophys. J. 660, 516.
  337. Tornatore, L., A. Ferrara, and R. Schneider, 2007, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 382, 945.
  338. Travaglio, C., S. Randich, D. Galli, J. Lattanzio, L. M. Elliott, M. Forestini, and F. Ferrini, 2001, Astrophys. J. 559, 909.
  339. Trevisan, M., B. Barbuy, K. Eriksson, B. Gustafsson, M. Grenon, and L. Pompéia, 2011, Astron. Astrophys. 535, A42.
  340. Tsuribe, T., and K. Omukai, 2006, Astrophys. J. 642, L61.
  341. Tumlinson, J., 2006, Astrophys. J. 641, 1.
  342. Tumlinson, J., 2007a, Astrophys. J. 665, 1361.
  343. Tumlinson, J., 2007b, Astrophys. J. 664, L63.
  344. Tumlinson, J., 2010, Astrophys. J. 708, 1398.
  345. Tumlinson, J., A. Venkatesan, and J. M. Shull, 2004, Astrophys. J. 612, 602.
  346. Turk, M. J., T. Abel, and B. O’Shea, 2009, Science 325, 601.
  347. Umeda, H., and K. Nomoto, 2002, Astrophys. J. 565, 385.
  348. Umeda, H., and K. Nomoto, 2003, Nature (London) 422, 871.
  349. Umeda, H., and K. Nomoto, 2005, Astrophys. J. 619, 427.
  350. Umeda, H., K. Nomoto, T. G. Tsuru, and H. Matsumoto, 2002, Astrophys. J. 578, 855.
  351. Venn, K. A., M. Irwin, M. D. Shetrone, C. A. Tout, V. Hill, and E. Tolstoy, 2004, Astron. J. 128, 1177.
  352. Venn, K. A., and D. L. Lambert, 2008, Astrophys. J. 677, 572.
  353. Walker, M. G., M. Mateo, E. W. Olszewski, J. K. Pal, B. Sen, and M. Woodroofe, 2006, Astrophys. J. 642, L41.
  354. Walsh, S. M., H. Jerjen, and B. Willman, 2007, Astrophys. J. 662, L83.
  355. Walter, F., and C. Carilli, 2008, Astrophys. Space Sci. 313, 313.
  356. Wanajo, S., K. Nomoto, H. Janka, F. S. Kitaura, and B. Müller, 2009, Astrophys. J. 695, 208.
  357. Wanajo, S., M. Tamamura, N. Itoh, K. Nomoto, Y. Ishimaru, T. C. Beers, and S. Nozawa, 2003, Astrophys. J. 593, 968.
  358. Wasserburg, G. J., M. Busso, and R. Gallino, 1996, Astrophys. J. 466, L109.
  359. Wasserburg, G. J., and Y. Qian, 2000, Astrophys. J. 529, L21.
  360. Whalen, D., B. van Veelen, B. W. O’Shea, and M. L. Norman, 2008, Astrophys. J. 682, 49.
  361. Wheeler, J. C., J. J. Cowan, and W. Hillebrandt, 1998, Astrophys. J. 493, L101.
  362. White, S. D. M., and V. Springel, 2000, in The First Stars, edited by A. Weiss, T. G. Abel, and V. Hill (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), p. 327.
  363. Wielen, R., 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 60, 263.
  364. Willman, B., M. R. Blanton, A. A. West, J. J. Dalcanton, D. W. Hogg, D. P. Schneider, N. Wherry, B. Yanny, and J. Brinkmann, 2005, Astron. J. 129, 2692.
  365. Wise, J. H., and T. Abel, 2008, Astrophys. J. 685, 40.
  366. Wisotzki, L., N. Christlieb, N. Bade, V. Beckmann, T. Köhler, C. Vanelle, and D. Reimers, 2000, Astron. Astrophys. 358, 77.
  367. Woosley, S. E., and R. D. Hoffman, 1992, Astrophys. J. 395, 202.
  368. Woosley, S. E., and T. A. Weaver, 1995, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 101, 181.
  369. Yanny, B., et al., 2009, Astron. J. 137, 4377.
  370. Yoon, S.-C., M. Cantiello, and N. Langer, 2008, in First Stars III, edited by B. W. O’Shea, A. Heger, and T. Abel, of American Institute of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 990 (AIP, Melville, NY), p. 225.
  371. Yoon, S.-C., A. Dierks, and N. Langer, 2012, Astron. Astrophys. 542, A113.
  372. Yoshida, N., V. Bromm, and L. Hernquist, 2004, Astrophys. J. 605, 579.
  373. Yoshida, N., S. P. Oh, T. Kitayama, and L. Hernquist, 2007, Astrophys. J. 663, 687.
  374. Yoshida, N., K. Omukai, and L. Hernquist, 2007, Astrophys. J. 667, L117.
  375. Yoshida, N., K. Omukai, and L. Hernquist, 2008, Science 321, 669.
  376. Yoshida, N., K. Omukai, L. Hernquist, and T. Abel, 2006, Astrophys. J. 652, 6.
  377. Yoshida, N., A. Sokasian, L. Hernquist, and V. Springel, 2003, Astrophys. J. 591, L1.
  378. Yoshida, T., H. Umeda, and K. Nomoto, 2008, Astrophys. J. 672, 1043.
  379. Yun, M. S., C. L. Carilli, R. Kawabe, Y. Tutui, K. Kohno, and K. Ohta, 2000, Astrophys. J. 528, 171.
  380. Zhang, L., T. Karlsson, N. Christlieb, A. J. Korn, P. S. Barklem, and G. Zhao, 2011, Astron. Astrophys. 528, A92.
  381. Zinn, R., 1993, in The Globular Cluster-Galaxy Connection, edited by G. H. Smith and J. P. Brodie, ASP Conference Series Vol. 48 (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco), p. 38.
  382. Zoccali, M., A. Lecureur, B. Barbuy, V. Hill, A. Renzini, D. Minniti, Y. Momany, A. Gómez, and S. Ortolani, 2006, Astron. Astrophys. 457, L1.
  383. Zolotov, A., B. Willman, A. M. Brooks, F. Governato, C. B. Brook, D. W. Hogg, T. Quinn, and G. Stinson, 2009, Astrophys. J. 702, 1058.
  384. Zucker, D. B., et al., 2006a, Astrophys. J. 650, L41.
  385. Zucker, D. B., et al., 2006b, Astrophys. J. 643, L103.

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 809– Published 15 May, 2013
  • Received 31 December 2010

© 2013 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation