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Photon and graviton mass limits

Alfred Scharff Goldhaber and Michael Martin Nieto

Alfred Scharff Goldhaber

  • C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, SUNY Stony Brook, New York 11794-3840, USA and Theoretical Division (MS B285), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

Michael Martin Nieto

  • Theoretical Division (MS B285), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 939 – Published 23 March, 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939

Abstract

Efforts to place limits on deviations from canonical formulations of electromagnetism and gravity have probed length scales increasing dramatically over time. Historically, these studies have passed through three stages: (1) testing the power in the inverse-square laws of Newton and Coulomb, (2) seeking a nonzero value for the rest mass of photon or graviton, and (3) considering more degrees of freedom, allowing mass while preserving explicit gauge or general-coordinate invariance. Since the previous review the lower limit on the photon Compton wavelength has improved by four orders of magnitude, to about one astronomical unit, and rapid current progress in astronomy makes further advance likely. For gravity there have been vigorous debates about even the concept of graviton rest mass. Meanwhile there are striking observations of astronomical motions that do not fit Einstein gravity with visible sources. “Cold dark matter” (slow, invisible classical particles) fits well at large scales. “Modified Newtonian dynamics” provides the best phenomenology at galactic scales. Satisfying this phenomenology is a requirement if dark matter, perhaps as invisible classical fields, could be correct here too. “Dark energy” might be explained by a graviton-mass-like effect, with associated Compton wavelength comparable to the radius of the visible universe. Significant mass limits are summarized in a table.

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