Access by Xinjiang University

Optical excitations in electron microscopy

Instituto de Óptica–CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain

^*jga@cfmac.csic.es

Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 209 – Published 3 February, 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.209

Abstract

This review discusses how low-energy valence excitations created by swift electrons can render information on the optical response of structured materials with unmatched spatial resolution. Electron microscopes are capable of focusing electron beams on subnanometer spots and probing the target response either by analyzing electron energy losses or by detecting emitted radiation. Theoretical frameworks suited to calculate the probability of energy loss and light emission (cathodoluminescence) are reconsidered and compared with experimental results. More precisely, a quantum-mechanical description of the interaction between the electrons and the sample is discussed, followed by a powerful classical dielectric approach that can be applied in practice to more complex systems. The conditions are assessed under which classical and quantum-mechanical formulations are equivalent. The excitation of collective modes such as plasmons is studied in bulk materials, planar surfaces, and nanoparticles. Light emission induced by the electrons is shown to constitute an excellent probe of plasmons, combining subnanometer resolution in the position of the electron beam with nanometer resolution in the emitted wavelength. Both electron energy-loss and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies performed in a scanning mode of operation yield snapshots of plasmon modes in nanostructures with fine spatial detail as compared to other existing imaging techniques, thus providing an ideal tool for nanophotonics studies.

Article Text

References (531)

Abe, H., H. Kurata, and K. Hojou, 2000, “Spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy of the surface excitations on the insulating fine particle of aluminum oxide,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 69, 1553–1557.
Abramowitz, M., and I. A. Stegun, 1972, Handbook of Mathematical Functions (Dover, New York).
Achèche, M., C. Colliex, H. Kohl, A. Nourtier, and P. Trebbia, 1986, “Theoretical and experimental study of plasmon excitations in small metallic spheres,” Ultramicroscopy 20, 99–106.
Adamo, G., K. F. MacDonald, Y. H. Fu, C. M. Wang, D. P. Tsai, F. J. García de Abajo, and N. I. Zheludev, 2009, “Light well: A tunable free-electron light source on a chip,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 113901.
Aeschlimann, M., M. Bauer, D. Bayer, T. Brixner, F. J. García de Abajo, W. Pfeiffer, M. Rohmer, C. Spindler, and F. Steeb, 2007, “Adaptive subwavelength control of nano-optical fields,” Nature (London) 446, 301–304.
Ahn, C. C., 2004, Ed., Transmission Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry in Materials Science and the EELS Atlas (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim).
Aizpurua, J., P. Hanarp, D. S. Sutherland, M. Käll, G. W. Bryant, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2003, “Optical properties of gold nanorings,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 057401.
Aizpurua, J., A. Howie, and F. J. García de Abajo, 1999, “Valence-electron energy loss near edges, truncated slabs, and junctions,” Phys. Rev. B 60, 11149–11162.
Aizpurua, J., and A. Rivacoba, 2008, “Nonlocal effects in the plasmons of nanowires and nanocavities excited by fast electron beams,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 035404.
Aizpurua, J., A. Rivacoba, and S. P. Apell, 1996, “Electron-energy losses in hemispherical targets,” Phys. Rev. B 54, 2901–2909.
Akhmediev, N., and M. Karlsson, 1995, “Cherenkov radiation emitted by solitons in optical fibers,” Phys. Rev. A 51, 2602–2607.
Allen, L. J., S. D. Findlay, A. R. Lupini, M. P. Oxley, and S. J. Pennycook, 2003, “Atomic-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy imaging in aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 105503.
Andrew, P., and W. L. Barnes, 2001, “Molecular fluorescence above metallic gratings,” Phys. Rev. B 64, 125405.
Arakawa, E. T., R. J. Herickhoff, and R. D. Birkhoff, 1964, “Detection of plasma radiation from electron-bombarded Al and Mg foils,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 319–320.
Arenal, R., O. Stéphan, M. Kociak, D. Taverna, A. Loiseau, and C. Colliex, 2005, “Electron energy loss spectroscopy measurement of the optical gaps on individual boron nitride single-walled and multiwalled nanotubes,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 127601.
Arslan, I., J. K. Hyun, R. Erni, M. N. Fairchild, S. D. Hersee, and D. A. Muller, 2009, “Using electrons as a high-resolution probe of optical modes in individual nanowires,” Nano Lett. 9, 4073–4077.
Ashcroft, N. W., and N. D. Mermin, 1976, Solid State Physics (Harcourt College, New York).
Ashkin, A., and J. M. Dziedzic, 1976, “Optical levitation in high vacuum,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 333–335.
Ashley, J. C., and L. C. Emerson, 1974, “Dispersion relations for non-radiative surface plasmons on cylinders,” Surf. Sci. 41, 615–618.
Ashley, J. C., and T. L. Ferrell, 1976, “Excitation by fast electrons of surface plasmons on spherical voids in a metal,” Phys. Rev. B 14, 3277–3281.
Atay, T., J. H. Song, and A. V. Nurmikko, 2004, “Strongly interacting plasmon nanoparticle pairs: From dipole-dipole interaction to conductively coupled regime,” Nano Lett. 4, 1627–1631.
Averkov, Y. O., and V. M. Yakovenko, 2005, “Cherenkov radiation by an electron bunch that moves in a vacuum above a left-handed material,” Phys. Rev. B 72, 205110.
Bachheimer, J. P., 1972, “Experimental investigation of the interaction radiation of a moving electron with a metallic grating: The Smith-Purcell effect,” Phys. Rev. B 6, 2985–2994.
Bakunov, M. I., A. V. Maslov, and S. B. Bodrov, 2005, “Cherenkov radiation of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons from a superluminal optical spot,” Phys. Rev. B 72, 195336.
Balberg, I., and J. I. Pankove, 1971, “Cathodoluminescence of magnetite,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 1371–1374.
Barberán, N., and J. Bausells, 1985, “Plasmon excitation in metallic spheres,” Phys. Rev. B 31, 6354–6359.
Barnes, W. L., A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, 2003, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature (London) 424, 824–830.
Barnett, S. M., and R. Loudon, 1996, “Sum rule for modified spontaneous emission rates,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2444–2446.
Barrera, R. G., and R. Fuchs, 1995, “Theory of electron energy loss in a random system of spheres,” Phys. Rev. B 52, 3256–3273.
Barwick, B., D. J. Flannigan, and A. H. Zewail, 2009, “Photon induced near-field electron microscopy,” Nature (London) 462, 902–906.
Barwick, B., H. S. Park, O. H. Kwon, J. S. Baskin, and A. H. Zewail, 2008, “4D Imaging of transient structures and morphologies in ultrafast electron microscopy,” Science 322, 1227–1231.
Bashevoy, M. V., F. Jonsson, A. V. Krasavin, N. I. Zheludev, Y. Chen, and M. I. Stockman, 2006, “Generation of traveling surface plasmon waves by free-electron impact,” Nano Lett. 6, 1113–1115.
Bashevoy, M. V., F. Jonsson, K. F. MacDonald, Y. Chen, and N. I. Zheludev, 2007, “Hyperspectral imaging of plasmonic nanostructures with nanoscale resolution,” Opt. Express 15, 11313–11320.
Batson, P. E., 1980, “Damping of bulk plasmons in small aluminum spheres,” Solid State Commun. 34, 477–480.
Batson, P. E., 1982a, “A new surface plasmon resonance in clusters of small aluminum spheres,” Ultramicroscopy 9, 277–282.
Batson, P. E., 1982b, “Surface plasmon coupling in clusters of small spheres,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 936–940.
Batson, P. E., 1985, “Inelastic scattering of fast electrons in clusters of small spheres,” Surf. Sci. 156, 720–734.
Batson, P. E., 1993, “Simultaneous STEM imaging and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy with atomic-column sensitivity,” Nature (London) 366, 727–728.
Batson, P. E., 2008, “Motion of gold atoms on carbon in the aberration-corrected STEM,” Microsc. Microanal. 14, 89–97.
Batson, P. E., C. H. Chen, and J. Silcox, 1976, “Plasmon dispersion at large wave vectors in Al,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 937–940.
Batson, P. E., N. Dellby, and O. L. Krivanek, 2002, “Sub-angstrom resolution using aberration corrected electron optics,” Nature (London) 418, 617–620.
Batson, P. E., and J. Silcox, 1983, “Experimental energy-loss function, $Im [- 1 ∕ ϵ (q, ω)]$ , for aluminum,” Phys. Rev. B 27, 5224–5239.
Bauer, E., 1994, “Low-energy-electron microscopy,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 57, 895–938.
Berini, P., G. Mattiussi, N. Lahoud, and R. Charbonneau, 2007, “Wafer-bonded surface plasmon waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 061108.
Bertoni, G., and J. Verbeeck, 2008, “Accuracy and precision in model based EELS quantification,” Ultramicroscopy 108, 782–790.
Bethe, H. A., 1930, “The theory of the passage of rapid neutron radiation through matter,” Ann. Phys. 5, 325–400.
Betzig, E., P. L. Finn, and J. S. Weiner, 1992, “Combined shear force and near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2484–2486.
Blackmore, V., G. Doucas, C. Perry, and M. F. Kimmitt, 2008, “First observation of coherent Smith-Purcell radiation in the highly relativistic regime,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 266, 3803–3810.
Blanco, L. A., and F. J. García de Abajo, 2004a, “Control of spontaneous emission by complex nanostructures,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1494–1496.
Blanco, L. A., and F. J. García de Abajo, 2004b, “Spontaneous light emission in complex nanostructures,” Phys. Rev. B 69, 205414.
Bloch, F., 1933, “Bremsvermögen von Atomen mit mehreren Elektronen,” Z. Phys. 81, 363–376.
Boersch, H., J. Geiger, A. Imbusch, and N. Niedrig, 1966, “High resolution investigation of the energy losses of $30 keV$ electrons in aluminum foils of various thicknesses,” Phys. Lett. 22, 146–147.
Boersch, H., J. Geiger, and W. Stickel, 1966, “Interaction of $25 − keV$ electrons with lattice vibrations in LiF. Experimental evidence for surface modes of lattice vibration,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 379–381.
Boltasseva, A., and V. M. Shalaev, 2008, “Fabrication of optical negative-index metamaterials: Recent advances and outlook,” Metamaterials2, 1–17.
Bolton, J. P. R., and M. Chen, 1995, “Electron energy loss in multilayered slabs. I. Normal incidence,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 7, 3373–3387.
Borziak, P., I. Konovalov, Y. Kulyupin, and K. Pilipchak, 1976, “Cathodoluminescence from metal films,” Thin Solid Films 35, L9–L12.
Bosman, M., V. J. Keast, M. Watanabe, A. I. Maaroof, and M. B. Cortie, 2007, “Mapping surface plasmons at the nanometre scale with an electron beam,” Nanotechnology 18, 165505.
Bozhevolnyi, S. I., J. Erland, K. Leosson, P. M. W. Skovgaard, and J. M. Hvam, 2001, “Waveguiding in surface plasmon polariton band gap structures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3008–3011.
Bozhevolnyi, S. I., V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, J. Y. Laluet, and T. W. Ebbesen, 2006, “Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators,” Nature (London) 440, 508–511.
Bradley, J., et al., 2005, “An astronomical $2175 Å$ feature in interplanetary dust particles,” Science 307, 244–247.
Brambring, J., and H. Raether, 1965, “Plasma radiation from thin silver foils excited by light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 882–883.
Brink, H. A., M. M. G. Barfels, R. P. Burgner, and B. N. Edwards, 2003, “A sub- $50 meV$ spectrometer and energy filter for use in combination with $200 kV$ monochromated (S)TEMs,” Ultramicroscopy 96, 367–384.
Brown, R. W., P. Wessel, and E. P. Trounson, 1960, “Plasmon reradiation from silver films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 472–473.
Brownell, J. H., J. Walsh, and G. Doucas, 1998, “Spontaneous Smith-Purcell radiation described through induced surface currents,” Phys. Rev. E 57, 1075–1080.
Browning, N. D., M. F. Chisholm, and S. J. Pennycook, 1993, “Atomic-resolution chemical analysis using a scanning transmission electron microscope,” Nature (London) 366, 143–146.
Brydson, R., 2001, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (BIOS Scientific, Oxford).
Burda, C., X. Chen, R. Narayanan, and M. A. El-Sayed, 2005, “Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes,” Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.) 105, 1025–1102.
Cadete Santos Aires, F. J., A. Howie, and C. A. Walsh, 1993, “Valence loss electron spectroscopy of Ni-Al mixed oxides,” J. Solid State Chem. 106, 48–54.
Cai, W., R. Sainidou, J. Xu, A. Polman, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2009, “Efficient generation of propagating plasmons by electron beams,” Nano. Lett. 9, 1176–1181.
Calliari, L., S. Fanchenko, and M. Filippi, 2008, “Plasmon peak inhomogeneous broadening in reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy from carbon materials,” Surf. Interface Anal. 40, 814–817.
Carusotto, I., M. Artoni, G. C. La Rocca, and F. Bassani, 2001, “Slow group velocity and Cherenkov radiation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 064801.
Cazaux, J., 2006, “e-Induced secondary electron emission yield of insulators and charging effects,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 244, 307–322.
Chao, W., B. D. Harteneck, J. A. Liddle, E. H. Anderson, and D. T. Attwood, 2005, “Soft X-ray microscopy at a spatial resolution better than $15 nm$ ,” Nature (London) 435, 1210–1213.
Chaturvedi, P., K. H. Hsu, A. Kumar, K. H. Fung, J. C. Mabon, and N. X. Fang, 2009, “Imaging of plasmonic modes of silver nanoparticles using high-resoultion cathodoluminescence spectroscopy,” ACS Nano 3, 2965–2974.
Chen, C. H., A. E. Meixner, and B. M. Kincaid, 1980, “Bulk plasmon dispersion in Si for $0 < q < 1.5 q_{F}$ ,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 951–954.
Chen, C. H., and J. Silcox, 1975a, “Detection of optical surface guided modes in thin graphite films by high-energy electron scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 390–393.
Chen, C. H., and J. Silcox, 1975b, “Surface guided modes in an aluminum oxide thin film,” Solid State Commun. 17, 273–275.
Chen, C. H., and J. Silcox, 1979, “Calculations of the electron-energy-loss probability in thin uniaxial crystals at oblique incidence,” Phys. Rev. B 20, 3605–3614.
Chen, C. H., J. Silcox, A. F. Garito, A. J. Heeger, and A. G. MacDiarmid, 1976, “Plasmon dispersion and anisotropy in polymeric sulfur nitride, ${(SN)}_{x}$ ,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 525–528.
Chen, C. H., J. Silcox, and R. Vincent, 1975, “Electron-energy losses in silicon: Bulk and surface plasmons and Cerenkov radiation,” Phys. Rev. B 12, 64–71.
Chen, C. W., K. H. Chen, C. H. Shen, A. Ganguly, L. C. Chen, J. J. Wu, H. I. Wen, and W. F. Pong, 2006, “Anomalous blueshift in emission spectra of ZnO nanorods with sizes beyond quantum confinement regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 241905.
Cherenkov, P. A., 1934, “The visible glow of pure liquids under the action of $γ$ -rays,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 2, 451–454.
Chopra, N. G., R. J. Luyken, K. Cherrey, V. H. Crespi, M. L. Cohen, S. G. Louie, and A. Zettl, 1995, “Boron nitride nanotubes,” Science 269, 966–967.
Chu, M. W., C. H. Chen, F. J. García de Abajo, J. P. Deng, and C. Y. Mou, 2008, “Surface exciton polaritons in individual Au nanoparticles in the far-ultraviolet spectral regime,” Phys. Rev. B 77, 245402.
Chu, M. W., V. Myroshnychenko, C. H. Chen, J. P. Deng, C. Y. Mou, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2009, “Probing bright and dark surface-plasmon modes in individual and coupled noble metal nanoparticles using an electron beam,” Nano Lett. 9, 399–404.
Čiljak, M., J. Ružička, A. S. Vodopianov, Y. I. Ivanshin, A. A. Tyapkin, I. A. Tyapkin, A. I. Zinchenko, and V. P. Zrelov, 2003, “Study of the particle radiation near the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation threshold,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 498, 126–134.
Cinchetti, M., A. Gloskovskii, S. A. Nepjiko, G. Schönhense, H. Rochholz, and M. Kreiter, 2005, “Photoemission electron microscopy as a tool for the investigation of optical near fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 047601.
Cohen, H., B. I. Lembrikov, M. A. Itskovsky, and T. Maniv, 2003, “Electromagnetic quantum-size effects in directional near-field EELS of nanocrystals,” Nano Lett. 3, 203–206.
Cohen, H., T. Maniv, R. Tenne, Y. R. Hacohen, O. Stéphan, and C. Colliex, 1998, “Near-field electron energy loss spectroscopy of nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 782–785.
Cohen, H., T. Maniv, R. Tenne, Y. R. Hacohen, O. Stéphan, and C. Colliex, 1999, “Reply to ‘Near-field electron energy loss spectroscopy of nanoparticles,’ ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 659.
Colas des Francs, G., C. Girard, J. C. Weeber, C. Chicane, T. David, A. Dereux, and D. Peyrade, 2001, “Optical analogy to electronic quantum corrals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4950–4953.
Cole, R. M., J. J. Baumberg, F. J. García de Abajo, S. Mahajan, M. Abdelsalam, and P. N. Bartlett, 2007, “Understanding plasmons in nanoscale voids,” Nano Lett. 7, 2094–2100.
Couillard, M., M. Kociak, O. Stéphan, G. A. Botton, and C. Colliex, 2007, “Multiple-interface coupling effects in local electron-energy-loss measurements of band gap energies,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 165131.
Couillard, M., A. Yurtsever, and D. A. Muller, 2008, “Competition between bulk and interface plasmonic modes in valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy of ultrathin $Si O_{2}$ gate stacks,” Phys. Rev. B 77, 085318.
Cowley, J. M., 1982a, “Electron losses of fast electrons at crystal surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B 25, 1401–1404.
Cowley, J. M., 1982b, “Surface energies and surface structure of small crystals studied by use of a STEM instrument,” Surf. Sci. 114, 587–606.
Coyle, S., M. C. Netti, J. J. Baumberg, M. A. Ghanem, P. R. Birkin, P. N. Bartlett, and D. M. Whittaker, 2001, “Confined plasmons in metallic nanocavities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 176801.
Cram, L. S., and E. T. Arakawa, 1967, “Bremsstrahlung and transition radiation from Ag foils bombarded by non-normal incidence electrons,” Phys. Rev. 153, 455–459.
Creuzburg, M., 1966, “Entstehung von Alkalimetallen bei der Elektronenbestrahlung von Alkalihalogeniden— (Nachgewiesen mit Plasmaverlusten und Elektroneinterferenzen),” Z. Phys. 194, 211–218.
Crewe, A. V., M. Isaacson, and D. Johnson, 1971, “Electron energy loss spectra of the nucleic acid bases,” Nature (London) 231, 262–263.
Crowell, J., and R. H. Ritchie, 1968, “Radiative decay of Coulomb-stimulated plasmons in spheres,” Phys. Rev. 172, 436–440.
D’Aguanno, G., N. Mattiucci, M. Centini, M. Scalora, and M. J. Bloemer, 2004, “Electromagnetic density of modes for a finite-size three-dimensional structure,” Phys. Rev. E 69, 057601.
Daniels, H. R., R. Brydson, A. Brown, and B. Rand, 2003, “Quantitative valence plasmon mapping in the TEM: Viewing physical properties at the nanoscale,” Ultramicroscopy 96, 547–558.
Davis, L. C., 1976, “Electrostatic edge modes of a dielectric wedge,” Phys. Rev. B 14, 5523–5525.
de Broglie, L., 1925, “Recherches sur la théorie des quanta,” Ann. Phys. (Paris) 3, 22–128.
Degiron, A., H. J. Lezec, N. Yamamoto, and T. W. Ebbesen, 2004, “Optical transmission properties of a single subwavelength aperture in a real metal,” Opt. Commun. 239, 61–66.
Demkov, Y. N., and J. D. Meyer, 2004, “A sub-atomic microscope, superfocusing in channeling and close encounter atomic and nuclear reactions,” Eur. Phys. J. B 42, 361–365.
Denisyuk, A. I., F. Jonsson, K. F. MacDonald, N. I. Zheludev, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2008, “Luminescence readout of nanoparticle phase state,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 093112.
Diaconescu, B., K. Pohl, L. Vattuone, L. Savio, P. Hofmann, V. M. Silkin, J. M. Pitarke, E. V. Chulkov., P. M. Echenique, D. Farías, and M. Rocca, 2007, “Low-energy acoustic plasmons at metal surfaces,” Nature (London) 448, 57–59.
Dobrzynski, L., and A. A. Maradudin, 1972, “Electrostatic edge modes in a dielectric wedge,” Phys. Rev. B 6, 3810–3815.
Dorneich, A. D., R. H. French, H. Müllejans, S. Loughin, and M. Rühle, 1998, “Quantitative analysis of valence electron energy-loss spectra of aluminium nitride,” J. Microsc. 191, 286–296.
Doucas, G., J. H. Mulvey, M. Omori, J. Walsh, and M. F. Kimmitt, 1992, “First observation of Smith-Purcell radiation from relativistic electrons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1761–1764.
Drachsel, W., M. Adelt, N. Nilius, and H. J. Freund, 2002, “Cathodoluminescence of small silver particles on ${Al}_{2} O_{3} ∕ Ni Al$ (110),” J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 122, 239–249.
Draine, B. T., and P. J. Flatau, 1994, “Discrete-dipole approximation for scattering calculations,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1491–1499.
Drezet, A., A. Hohenau, J. R. Krenn, M. Brun, and S. Huant, 2007, “Surface plasmon mediated near-field imaging and optical addressing in nanoscience,” Micron 38, 427–437.
Drucker, J., and M. R. Scheinfein, 1993, “Delocalized secondary-electron generation studied by momentum-resolved coincidence-electron spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 47, 15973–15975.
Drucker, J., M. R. Scheinfein, J. Liu, and J. K. Weiss, 1993, “Electron coincidence spectroscopy studies of secondary and Auger electron generation mechanisms,” J. Appl. Phys. 74, 7329–7339.
Dulkeith, E., T. Niedereichholz, T. A. Klar, J. Feldmann, G. von Plessen, D. I. Gittins, K. S. Mayya, and F. Caruso, 2004, “Plasmon emission in photoexcited gold nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205424.
Dwyer, C., R. Erni, and J. Etheridge, 2008, “Method to measure spatial coherence of subangstrom electron beams,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 021115.
Echenique, P. M., J. Bausells, and A. Rivacoba, 1987, “Energy-loss probability in electron microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 35, 1521–1524.
Echenique, P. M., F. Flores, and R. H. Ritchie, 1990, “Dynamic screening of ions in condensed matter,” Solid State Phys. 43, 229–308.
Echenique, P. M., A. Howie, and R. H. Ritchie, 1999, “Comment on ‘Near-field electron energy loss spectroscopy of nanoparticles,’ ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 658.
Echenique, P. M., and J. B. Pendry, 1975, “Absorption profile at surfaces,” J. Phys. C 8, 2936–2942.
Edighoffer, J. A., W. D. Kimura, R. H. Pantell, M. A. Piestrup, and D. Y. Wang, 1981, “Observation of inverse Cherenkov interaction between free electrons and laser light,” Phys. Rev. A 23, 1848–1854.
Egerton, R. F., 1996, Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope (Plenum, New York).
Egerton, R. F., 2003, “New techniques in electron energy-loss spectroscopy and energy-filtered imaging,” Micron 34, 127–139.
Egerton, R. F., 2007, “Limits to the spatial, energy and momentum resolution of electron energy-loss spectroscopy,” Ultramicroscopy 107, 575–586.
Egerton, R. F., 2009, “Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the TEM,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 72, 016502.
Eggeman, A. S., P. J. Dobson, and A. K. Petford-Long, 2007, “Optical spectroscopy and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy of surface plasmons in core-shell nanoparticles,” J. Appl. Phys. 101, 024307.
Eguiluz, A., and A. A. Maradudin, 1976, “Electrostatic edge modes along a parabolic wedge,” Phys. Rev. B 14, 5526–5528.
Erni, R., and N. D. Browning, 2005, “Valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy in monochromated scanning transmission electron microscopy,” Ultramicroscopy 104, 176–192.
Erni, R., and N. D. Browning, 2007, “Quantification of the size-dependent energy gap of individual CdSe quantum dots by valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy,” Ultramicroscopy 107, 267–273.
Erni, R., and N. D. Browning, 2008, “The impact of surface and retardation losses on valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy,” Ultramicroscopy 108, 84–99.
Erni, R., S. Lazar, and N. D. Browning, 2008, “Prospects for analyzing the electronic properties in nanoscale systems by VEELS,” Ultramicroscopy 108, 270–276.
Fehlhaber, R. P., and L. A. Bursill, 1999, “Plasmon excitations in small diamond spheres by fast penetrating electrons,” Phys. Rev. B 60, 14147–14153.
Fehlhaber, R. P., and L. A. Bursill, 2000, “Plasmon excitations in coated nanocrystalline diamond spheres,” Phys. Rev. B 62, 17094–17102.
Fermi, E., 1940, “The ionization loss of energy in gases and in condensed materials,” Phys. Rev. 57, 485–493.
Ferrell, R. A., 1958, “Predicted radiation of plasma oscillations in metal films,” Phys. Rev. 111, 1214–1222.
Ferrell, T. L., and P. M. Echenique, 1985, “Generation of surface excitations on dielectric spheres by an external electron beam,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1526–1529.
Ferrell, T. L., R. J. Warmack, V. E. Anderson, and P. M. Echenique, 1987, “Analytical calculation of stopping power for isolated small spheres,” Phys. Rev. B 35, 7365–7371.
Ford, G. W., and W. H. Weber, 1984, “Electromagnetic interactions of molecules with metal surfaces,” Phys. Rep. 113, 195–287.
Forstmann, F., A. Gras-Martí, T. L. Ferrell, R. J. Warmack, and K. C. Mamola, 1991, “Energy loss of low-energy electrons to nonabrupt metal surfaces,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 4884–4891.
Frank, I. M., and I. Tamm, 1937, “Coherent visible radiation of fast electrons passing through matter,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 14, 109–114.
French, R. H., H. Müllejans, and D. J. Jones, 1998, “Optical properties of aluminum oxide: Determined from vacuum ultraviolet and electron energy-loss spectroscopies,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 2459–2557.
Fu, L., P. B. Macedo, and L. Resca, 1993, “Analytic approach to the intarfacial polarization of heterogeneous systems,” Phys. Rev. B 47, 13818–13829.
Fu, L., and L. Resca, 1993, “Electrical response of heterogeneous systems of clustered inclusions,” Phys. Rev. B 47, 16194–16204.
Fuchs, R., 1975, “Theory of the optical properties of ionic crystal cubes,” Phys. Rev. B 11, 1732–1740.
Fuchs, R., R. G. Barrera, and J. L. Carrillo, 1996, “Spectral representations of the electron energy loss in composite media,” Phys. Rev. B 54, 12824–12834.
Fuchs, R., and K. L. Kliewer, 1968, “Optical modes of vibration in an ionic crystal scphere,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 319–330.
Fujimoto, F., and K. Komaki, 1968, “Plasma oscillations excited by a fast electron in a metallic particle,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 25, 1679–1687.
Fujimoto, F., K. Komaki, and K. Ishida, 1967, “Surface plasma oscillation in aluminum fine particles,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 23, 1186.
Fussell, D. P., R. C. McPhedran, and C. Martijn de Sterke, 2004, “Three-dimensional Green’s tensor, local density of states, and spontaneous emission in finite two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of cylinders,” Phys. Rev. E 70, 066608.
Fussell, D. P., R. C. McPhedran, and C. Martijn de Sterke, 2005, “Decay rate and level shift in a circular dielectric waveguide,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 013815.
Galloway, S. A., P. Miller, P. Thomas, and R. Harmon, 2003, “Advances in cathodoluminescence characterisation of compound semiconductors with spectrum imaging,” Phys. Status Solidi C 0, 1028–1032.
Gans, R., 1912, “The shape of ultra microscopic gold particles,” Ann. Phys. 37, 881–900.
García de Abajo, F. J., 1999a, “Interaction of radiation and fast electrons with clusters of dielectrics: A multiple scattering approach,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2776–2779.
García de Abajo, F. J., 1999b, “Relativistic description of valence energy losses in the interaction of fast electrons with clusters of dielectrics: Multiple-scattering approach,” Phys. Rev. B 60, 6103–6112.
García de Abajo, F. J., 1999c, “Relativistic energy loss and induced photon emission in the interaction of a dielectric sphere with an external electron beam,” Phys. Rev. B 59, 3095–3107.
García de Abajo, F. J., 2004, “Momentum transfer to small particles by passing electron beams,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 115422.
García de Abajo, F. J., 2007, “Light scattering by particle and hole arrays,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 1267–1290.
García de Abajo, F. J., 2008, “Nonlocal effects in the plasmons of strongly interacting nanoparticles, dimers, and waveguides,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 17983–17987.
García de Abajo, F. J., 2009, “Optical emission from the interaction of fast electrons with metallic films containing a circular aperture: A study of radiative decoherence of fast electrons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 237401.
García de Abajo, F. J., and J. Aizpurua, 1997, “Numerical simulation of electron energy loss near inhomogeneous dielectrics,” Phys. Rev. B 56, 15873–15884.
García de Abajo, F. J., and L. A. Blanco, 2003, “Electron energy loss and induced photon emission in photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 67, 125108.
García de Abajo, F. J., and P. M. Echenique, 1992, “Wake potential in the vicinity of a surface,” Phys. Rev. B 46, 2663–2675.
García de Abajo, F. J., and A. Howie, 1998, “Relativistic electron energy loss and electron-induced photon emission in inhomogeneous dielectrics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 5180–5183.
García de Abajo, F. J., and A. Howie, 2002, “Retarded field calculation of electron energy loss in inhomogeneous dielectrics,” Phys. Rev. B 65, 115418.
García de Abajo, F. J., and M. Kociak, 2008a, “Electron energy-gain spectroscopy,” New J. Phys. 10, 073035.
García de Abajo, F. J., and M. Kociak, 2008b, “Probing the photonic local density of states with electron energy loss spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 106804.
García de Abajo, F. J., A. G. Pattantyus-Abraham, N. Zabala, A. Rivacoba, M. O. Wolf, and P. M. Echenique, 2003, “Cherenkov effect as a probe of photonic nanostructures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 143902.
García de Abajo, F. J., A. Rivacoba, N. Zabala, and N. Yamamoto, 2004, “Boundary effects in Cherenkov radiation,” Phys. Rev. B 69, 155420.
García-Molina, R., A. Gras-Martí, A. Howie, and R. H. Ritchie, 1985, “Retardation effects in the interaction of charged particle beams with bounded condensed media,” J. Phys. C 18, 5335–5345.
García-Molina, R., A. Gras-Martí, and R. H. Ritchie, 1985, “Excitation of edge modes in the interaction of electron beams with dielectric wedges,” Phys. Rev. B 31, 121–126.
Gemmell, D. S., J. Remillieux, J. C. Poizat, M. J. Gaillard, R. E. Holland, and Z. Vager, 1975, “Evidence for an alignment effect in the motion of swift ion clusters through solids,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 1420–1424.
Genet, C., and T. W. Ebbesen, 2007, “Light in tiny holes,” Nature (London) 445, 39–46.
Gensterblum, G., J. J. Pireaux, P. A. Thiry, R. Caudano, J. P. Vigneron, P. Lambin, A. A. Lucas, and W. Krätschmer, 1991, “High-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy of thin films of $C_{60}$ on Si(100),” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2171–2174.
Ginzburg, V. L., 1996, “Radiation by uniformly moving sources (Vavilov-Cherenkov effect, transition radiation, and other phenomena),” Phys. Usp. 39, 973–982.
Ginzburg, V. L., and I. M. Frank, 1946, “Radiation of a uniformly moving electron due to its transition from one medium to another,” Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 16, 1528 [J. Phys. (USSR) 9, 353–362 (1945)].
Gobin, A. M., M. H. Lee, N. J. Halas, W. D James, R. A. Drezek, and J. L. West, 2007, “Near-infrared resonant nanoshells for combined optical imaging and photothermal cancer therapy,” Nano Lett. 7, 1929–1934.
Goldobin, E., A. Wallraff, N. Thyssen, and A. V. Ustinov, 1998, “Cherenkov radiation in coupled long Josephson junctions,” Phys. Rev. B 57, 130–133.
Goldsmith, P., and J. V. Jelley, 1959, “Optical transition radiation from protons entering metal surfaces,” Philos. Mag. 4, 836–844.
Gómez-Medina, R., N. Yamamoto, M. Nakano, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2008, “Mapping plasmons in nanoantennas via cathodoluminescence,” New J. Phys. 10, 105009.
Gordon, J. P., and A. Ashkin, 1980, “Motion of atoms in a radiation trap,” Phys. Rev. A 21, 1606–1617.
Grier, D. G., 2003, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature (London) 424, 810–816.
Grinolds, M. S., V. A. Lobastov, J. Weissenrieder, and A. H. Zewail, 2006, “Four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy of phase transitions,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 18427–18431.
Grundmann, M., J. Christen, N. N. Ledentsov, J. Böhrer, D. Bimberg, S. S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Richter, U. Gösele, J. Heydenreich, V. M. Ustinov, A. Y. Egorov, E. Zhukals, P. S. Kopevs, and Z. I. Alferov, 1995, “Ultranarrow luminescence lines from single quantum dots,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4043–4046.
Grzelczak, M., J. Pérez-Juste, F. J. García de Abajo, and L. M. Liz-Marzán, 2007, “Optical properties of platinum-coated gold nanorods,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 6183–6188.
Gu, L., V. Srot, W. Sigle, C. Koch, P. van Aken, F. Scholz, S. B. Thapa, C. Kirchner, M. Jetter, and M. Rühle, 2007, “Band-gap measurements of direct and indirect semiconductors using monochromated electrons,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 195214.
Guan, L., K. Suenaga, Z. Shi, Z. Gu, and S. Iijima, 2005, “Direct imaging of the alkali metal site in K-doped fullerene peapods,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 045502.
Guck, J., R. Ananthakrishnan, T. J. Moon, C. C. Cunningham, and J. Käs, 2000, “Optical deformability of soft biological dielectrics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5451–5454.
Haeberlé, O., P. Rullhusen, J. M. Salomé, and N. Maene, 1994, “Calculations of Smith-Purcell radiation generated by electrons of $1 - 100 MeV$ ,” Phys. Rev. E 49, 3340–3352.
Hanrath, T., and B. A. Korgel, 2004, “A comprehensive study of electron energy losses in Ge nanowires,” Nano Lett. 4, 1455–1461.
Hartschuh, A., 2008, “Tip-enhanced near-field optical microscopy,” Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 47, 8178–8191.
Hattendorff, H. D., 1977, “Transition radiation from gold and silver films bombarded with $80 keV$ electrons,” Phys. Status Solidi A 42, 489–494.
Haydock, R., 1980, “The recursive solution of the Schrödinger equation,” Solid State Phys. 35, 215–294.
Heitmann, D., 1977, “Radiative decay of surface plasmons excited by fast electrons on periodically modulated silver plasmons,” J. Phys. C 10, 397–405.
Henrard, L., and P. Lambin, 1996, “Calculation of the energy loss for an electron passing near giant fullerenes,” J. Phys. B 29, 5127–5141.
Henrard, L., F. Malengreau, P. Rudolf, K. Hevesi, R. Caudano, P. Lambin, and T. Cabioc’h, 1999, “Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy of plasmon excitations in concentric-shell fullerenes,” Phys. Rev. B 59, 5832–5836.
Herring, R. A., 2005, “Energy-filtered electron-diffracted beam holography,” Ultramicroscopy 104, 261–270.
Herring, R. A., 2008, “Planar diffracted-beam interferometry/holography,” Ultramicroscopy 108, 688–697.
Hillier, J., and R. F. Baker, 1944, “Microanalysis by means of electrons,” J. Appl. Phys. 15, 663–675.
Hofmann, C. E., E. J. R. Vesseur, L. A. Sweatlock, H. J. Lezec, F. J. García de Abajo, A. Polman, and H. A. Atwater, 2007, “Plasmon modes of annular nanoresonators imaged by spectrally resolved cathodoluminescence,” Nano Lett. 7, 3612–3617.
Hohenberg, P., and W. Kohn, 1964, “Inhomogeneous electron gas,” Phys. Rev. 136, B864-B871.
Hohenester, U., H. Ditlbacher, and J. R. Krenn, 2009, “Electron-energy-loss spectra of plasmonic nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 106801.
Hohenester, U., and J. Krenn, 2005, “Surface plasmon resonances of single and coupled metallic nanoparticles: A boundary integral method approach,” Phys. Rev. B 72, 195429.
Holt, D. B., and B. G. Yacobi, 1990, Cathodoluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids (Plenum, New York).
Horiuchi, N., T. Ochiai, J. Inoue, Y. Segawa, Y. Shibata, K. Ishi, Y. Kondo, M. Kanbe, H. Miyazaki, F. Hinode, S. Yamaguti, and K. Ohtaka, 2006, “Exotic radiation from a photonic crystal excited by an ultrarelativistic electron beam,” Phys. Rev. E 74, 056601.
Hörmandinger, G., 1994, “Imaging of the Cu(111) surface state in scanning tunneling microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 49, 13897–13905.
Hövel, H., S. Fritz, A. Hilger, U. Kreibig, and M. Vollmer, 1993, “Width of cluster plasmon resonances: Bulk dielectric functions and chemical interface damping,” Phys. Rev. B 48, 18178–18188.
Howie, A., 1999, “Electrons and photons: exploiting the connection,” Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 161, 311–314.
Howie, A., 2003, “Valence excitations in electron microscopy: Resolved and unresolved issues,” Micron 34, 121–125.
Howie, A., 2009, “Photon-assisted electron energy loss spectroscopy and ultrafast imaging,” Microsc. Microanal. 15, 314–322.
Howie, A., and R. H. Milne, 1985, “Excitations at interfaces and small particles,” Ultramicroscopy 18, 427–433.
Howie, A., and C. Walsh, 1991, “Interpretation of valence loss spectra from composite media,” Microsc. Microanal. Microstruct. 2, 171–181.
Hyun, J. K., M. Couillard, P. Rajendran, C. M. Liddell, and D. A. Muller, 2008, “Measuring far-ultraviolet whispering gallery modes with high energy electrons,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 243106.
Iijima, S., 1991, “Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon,” Nature (London) 354, 56–58.
Illman, B. L., V. E. Anderson, R. J. Warmack, and T. L. Ferrell, 1988, “Spectrum of surface-mode contributions to the differential energy-loss probability for electrons passing by a spheroid,” Phys. Rev. B 38, 3045–3049.
Imbusch, A., and H. Niedrig, 1970, “Temperature effect on energy loss spectrum of fast electrons in aluminium and lead foils between $3 K$ and $295 K$ ,” Phys. Lett. 32A, 375–376.
Intaraprasonk, V., H. L. Xin, and D. A. Muller, 2008, “Analytic derivation of optimal imaging conditions for incoherent imaging in aberration-corrected electron microscopes,” Ultramicroscopy 108, 1454–1466.
Ireland, M. J., A. Kraus, F. Martinache, J. P. Lloyd, and P. G. Tuthill, 2008, “Dynamical mass of GJ 802B: A brown dwarf in a triple system,” Astrophys. J. 678, 463–471.
Itskovsky, M. A., H. Cohen, and T. Maniv, 2008, “Radiative interaction of a focused relativistic electron beam in energy-loss spectroscopy of nanoscopic platelets,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 045419.
Jackson, J. D., 1999, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York).
Jiang, N., D. Su, J. C. H. Spence, S. Zhou, and J. Qiu, 2008, “Electron energy loss spectroscopy of Na in Na, ${Na}_{2} O$ , and silicate glasses,” J. Mater. Res. 23, 2467–2471.
Johnson, P. B., and R. W. Christy, 1972, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6, 4370–4379.
Jones, R. C., 1945, “A generalization of the dielectric ellipsoid problem,” Phys. Rev. 68, 93–96.
Jouffrey, B., P. Schattschneider, and C. Hébert, 2004, “The magic angle: A solved mystery,” Ultramicroscopy 102, 61–66.
Joulain, K., R. Carminati, J. P. Mulet, and J. J. Greffet, 2003, “Definition and measurement of the local density of electromagnetic states close to an interface,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 245405.
Julley, J. V., 1958, Cherenkov Radiation and its Application (Pergamon, New York).
Karali, T., N. Can, L. Valberg, A. L. Stepanov, P. D. Townsend, C. Buchal, R. A. Ganeev, A. I. Ryasnyansky, H. G. Belik, M. L. Jessett, and C. Ong, 2005, “Optical properties and luminescence of metallic nanoclusters in ZnO:Cu,” Physica B 363, 88–95.
Karataev, P., S. Araki, R. Hamatsu, H. Hayano, T. Muto, G. Naumenko, A. Potylitsyn, N. Terunuma, and J. Urakawa, 2004, “Beam-size measurement with optical diffraction radiation at KEK accelerator test facility,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 244802.
Keast, V. J., and M. Bosman, 2008, “Applications and theoretical simulation of low-loss electron energy-loss spectra,” Mater. Sci. Technol. 24, 651–659.
Keller, J. W., and M. A. Coplan, 1992, “Electron energy loss spectroscopy of $C_{60}$ ,” Chem. Phys. Lett.193, 89–92.
Kelly, K. L., E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, and G. C. Schatz, 2003, “The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: The influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 668–677.
Kim, J., and K. B. Song, 2007, “Recent progress of nano-technology with NSOM,” Micron 38, 409–426.
Kimura, W. D., G. H. Kim, R. D. Romea, L. C. Steinhauer, I. V. Pogorelsky, K. P. Kusche, R. C. Fernow, X. Wang, and Y. Liu, 1995, “Laser acceleration of relativistic electrons using the inverse Cherenkov effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 546–549.
Kitson, S. C., W. L. Barnes, and J. R. Sambles, 1996, “Full photonic band gap for surface modes in the visible,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2670–2673.
Kittle, C., 1987, Quantum Theory of Solids (Wiley, New York).
Kliewer, K. L., and R. Fuchs, 1967, “Collective electronic motion in a metallic slab,” Phys. Rev. 153, 498–512.
Kociak, M., L. Henrard, O. Stéphan, K. Suenaga, and C. Colliex, 2000, “Plasmons in layered nanospheres and nanotubes investigated by spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 61, 13936–13944.
Kociak, M., O. Stéphan, L. Henrard, V. Charbois, A. Rothschild, R. Tenne, and C. Colliex, 2001, “Experimental evidence of surface-plasmon coupling in anisotropic hollow nanoparticles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 075501.
Koh, A. L., K. Bao, I. Khan, W. E. Smith, G. Kothleitner, P. Nordlander, S. A. Maier, and D. W. McComb, 2009, “Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) of surface plasmons in single silver nanoparticles and dimers: Influence of beam damage and mapping of dark modes,” ACS Nano 3, 3015–3022.
Kohl, H., 1983, “Image formation by inelastically scattered electrons: Image of a surface plasmon,” Ultramicroscopy 11, 53–65.
Koizumi, S., K. Watanabe, M. Hasegawa, and H. Kanda, 2001, “Ultraviolet emission from a diamond pn junction,” Science 292, 1899–1901.
Korda, P. T., M. B. Taylor, and D. G. Grier, 2002, “Kinetically locked-in colloidal transport in an array of optical tweezers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 128301.
Krane, K. J., and H. Raether, 1976, “Measurement of surface plasmon dispersion in aluminum and indium,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 1355–1357.
Kreibig, U., and M. Vollmer, 1995, Optical Properties of Metal Clusters (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
Kremers, C., D. N. Chigrin, and J. Kroha, 2009, “Theory of Cherenkov radiation in periodic dielectric media: Emission spectrum,” Phys. Rev. A 79, 013829.
Krivanek, O. L., N. Dellby, and A. R. Lupini, 1999, “Towards sub- $Å$ electron beams,” Ultramicroscopy 78, 1–11.
Kröger, E., 1968, “Berechnung der Energieverluste schneller Elektronen in dünnen Schichten mit Retardierung,” Z. Phys. 216, 115–135.
Kroto, H. W., J. R. Heath, S. C. O’Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, 1985, “ $C_{60}$ : Buckminsterfullerene,” Nature (London) 318, 162–163.
Kubo, A., K. Onda, H. Petek, Z. Sun, Y. S. Jung, and H. K. Kim, 2005, “Femtosecond imaging of surface plasmon dynamics in a nanostructured silver film,” Nano Lett. 5, 1123–1127.
Kubo, A., N. Pontius, and H. Petek, 2007, “Femtosecond microscopy of surface plasmon polariton wave packet evolution at the silver/vacuum interface,” Nano Lett. 7, 470–475.
Kumar, P. S., I. Pastoriza-Santos, B. Rodríguez-González, F. J. García de Abajo, and L. M. Liz-Marzán, 2008, “High-yield synthesis and optical response of gold nanostars,” Nanotechnology 19, 015606.
Kuttge, M., W. Cai, F. J. García de Abajo, and A. Polman, 2009, “Dispersion of metal-insulator-metal plasmon polaritons probed by cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 033409.
Kuttge, M., E. J. R. Vesseur, A. F. Koenderink, H. J. Lezec, H. A. Atwater, F. J. García de Abajo, and A. Polman, 2009, “Local density of states, spectrum, and far-field interference of surface plasmon polaritons probed by cathodoluminescence,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 113405.
Kuttge, M., E. J. R. Vesseur, and A. Polman, 2009, “Fabry-Perot resonators for surface plasmon polaritons probed by cathodoluninescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 183104.
Kuttge, M., E. J. R. Vesseur, J. Verhoeven, H. J. Lezec, H. A. Atwater, and A. Polman, 2008, “Loss mechanisms of surface plasmon polaritons on gold probed by cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 113110.
Kuzuo, R., M. Terauchi, and M. Tanaka, 1992, “Electron energy-loss spectra of carbon nanotubes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 31, L1484–L1487.
Lalor, E., and E. Wolf, 1971, “New model for the interaction between a moving charged particle and a dielectric, and the Cherenkov effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1274–1277.
Landau, L. D., E. M. Lifshitz, and L. P. Pitaevskii, 1984, Electrodynamics of Continuous Media (Pergamon, Oxford).
Lang, W., 1948, “Geschwindigkeitsuerluste mittleschneller elektronen keine durchgang durch dinne metallfolien,” Optik (Jena) 3, 233–246.
Larkin, I. A., and M. I. Stockman, 2005, “Imperfect perfect lens,” Nano Lett. 5, 339–343.
Larkin, I. A., M. I. Stockman, M. Achermann, and V. I. Klimov, 2004, “Dipolar emitters at nanoscale proximity of metal surfaces: Giant enhancement of relaxation in microscopic theory,” Phys. Rev. B 69, 121403(R).
Lastdrager, B., A. Tip, and J. Verhoeven, 2000, “Theory of Cherenkov and transition radiation from layered structures,” Phys. Rev. E 61, 5767–5778.
Lazar, S., G. A. Botton, M. Y. Wu, F. D. Tichelaar, and H. W. Zandbergen, 2003, “Materials science applications of HREELS in near edge structure analysis and low-energy loss spectroscopy,” Ultramicroscopy 96, 535–546.
Lazar, S., G. A. Botton, and H. W. Zandbergen, 2006, “Enhancement of resolution in core-loss and low-loss spectroscopy in a monochromated microscope,” Ultramicroscopy 106, 1091–1103.
Lecante, J., Y. Ballu, and D. M. Newns, 1977, “Electron-surface-plasmon scattering using a parabolic nontouching trajectory,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 36–40.
Leithäuser, G. E., 1904, “Über den Geschwindigkeitsverlust, welchen die Kathodenstrahlen beim Durchgang durch dünne Metallschichten erleiden, und über die Ausmessung magnetischer Spektren,” Ann. Phys. 15, 283–306.
Li, D., K. Imasaki, X. Gao, Z. Yang, and G. S. Park, 2007, “Reduce the start current of Smith-Purcell backward wave oscillator by sidewall grating,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 221506.
Li, D., K. Imasaki, Z. Yang, and G. S. Park, 2006, “Three-dimensional simulation of super-radiant Smith-Purcell radiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201501.
Li, D., K. Imasaki, Z. Yang, G. S. Park, S. Miyamoto, S. Amano, and T. Mochizuki, 2007, “Effect of grating surface loss on the Smith-Purcell free-electron laser,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 572, 948–952.
Lichte, H., and B. Freitag, 2000, “Inelastic electron holography,” Ultramicroscopy 81, 177–186.
Lindhard, J., 1954, “On the properties of a gas of charged particles,” K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat. Fys. Medd. 28, 1–57.
Little, J. W., T. A. Callcott, T. L. Ferrell, and E. T. Arakawa, 1984, “Surface-plasmon radiation from ellipsoidal silver spheroids,” Phys. Rev. B 29, 1606–1615.
Liu, W., Z. Yang, Z. Liang, D. Li, K. Imasaki, Z. Shi, F. Lan, and G. S. Park, 2007, “Enhancement of terahertz Smith-Purcell radiation by two electron beams,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 580, 1552–1558.
Lobastov, V. A., R. Srinivasan, and A. H. Zewail, 2005, “Four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 7069–7073.
Loudon, R., 2000, The Quantum Theory of Light (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
Lu, J. Q., and A. A. Maradudin, 1990, “Channel plasmons,” Phys. Rev. B 42, 11159–11165.
Lucas, A. A., L. Henrard, and P. Lambin, 1994, “Computation of the ultraviolet absorption and electron inelastic scattering cross section of multishell fullerenes,” Phys. Rev. B 49, 2888–2896.
Lucas, A. A., and E. Kartheuser, 1970, “Energy-loss spectrum of fast electrons in a dielectric slab. I. Nonretarded losses and Cherenkov bulk loss,” Phys. Rev. B 1, 3588–3598.
Lucas, A. A., and M. Šunjić, 1971, “Fast-electron spectroscopy of surface excitations,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 229–232.
Luo, C., M. Ibanescu, S. G. Johnson, and J. D. Joannopoulos, 2003, “Cherenkov radiation in photonic crystals,” Science 299, 368–371.
Ma, D. D. D., S. T. Lee, P. Mueller, and S. F. Alvarado, 2006, “Scanning tunneling microscope excited cathodoluminescence from ZnS nanowires,” Nano Lett. 6, 926–929.
Macaulay, J. M., R. M. Allen, L. M. Brown, and S. D. Berger, 1989, “Nanofabrication using inorganic resists,” Microelectron. Eng. 9, 557–560.
Mamola, K. C., R. J. Warmack, and T. L. Ferrell, 1987, “Surface-plasmon excitation by electrons in microlithographically produced channels,” Phys. Rev. B 35, 2682–2686.
Manjavacas, A., and F. J. García de Abajo, 2009, “Robust plasmon waveguides in strongly interacting nanowire arrays,” Nano Lett. 9, 1285–1289.
Marinopoulos, A. G., L. Reining, A. Rubio, and N. Vast, 2003, “Optical and loss spectra of carbon nanotubes: Depolarization effects and intertube interactions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 046402.
Marks, L. D., 1982, “Observation of the image force for fast electrons near an MgO surface,” Solid State Commun. 43, 727–729.
Marton, L., J. A. Simpson, H. A. Fowler, and N. Swanson, 1962, “Plural scattering of 20-keV electrons in aluminum,” Phys. Rev. 126, 182–192.
Masuda, H., and K. Fukuda, 1995, “Ordered metal nanohole arrays made by a two-step replication of honeycomb structures of anodic alumina,” Science 268, 1466–1468.
Matloob, R., and A. Ghaffari, 2004, “Čerenkov radiation in a causal permeable medium,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 052116.
Maxwell, J. C., 1891, Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Dover, New York).
Maxwell-Garnett, J. C., 1904, “Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 203, 385–420.
Maxwell-Garnett, J. C., 1906, “Colours in metal glasses, in metallic films, and in metallic solutions, II,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 205, 237–288.
McComb, D. W., and A. Howie, 1995, “Valence loss spectra from $Si O_{2}$ polymorphs of different density,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 96, 569–574.
McKenzie, D. R., and R. C. McPhedran, 1977, “Exact modeling of cubic lattice permittivity and conductivity,” Nature (London) 265, 128–129.
McKenzie, D. R., R. C. McPhedran, and G. H. Derrick, 1978, “The conductivity of lattices of spheres. II. The body centred and face centred cubic lattices,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 362, 211–232.
Meiners, J. C., and S. R. Quake, 2000, “Femtonewton force spectroscopy of single extended DNA molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5014–4017.
Mendoza, C. I., R. G. Barrera, and R. Fuchs, 1998, “Energy loss of electrons traveling parallel to the interface of a semi-infinite granular composite,” Phys. Rev. B 57, 11193–11203.
Mendoza, C. I., R. G. Barrera, and R. Fuchs, 1999, “Electron energy loss in ordered arrays of polarizable spheres,” Phys. Rev. B 60, 13831–13845.
Merano, M., S. Sonderegger, A. Crottini, S. Collin, P. Renucci, E. Pelucchi, A. Malko, M. H. Baier, E. Kapon, B. Deveaud, and J. D. Ganière, 2005, “Probing carrier dynamics in nanostructures by picosecond cathodoluminescence,” Nature (London) 438, 479–482.
Mermin, N. D., 1970, “Lindhard dielectric function in the relaxation-time approximation,” Phys. Rev. B 1, 2362–2363.
Mie, G., 1908, “Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen,” Ann. Phys. 25, 377–445.
Minoda, H., and N. Yamamoto, 2006, “Study on the origin of the anisotropic dielectric properties of the Au-adsorbed Si(001) vicinal surface,” Surf. Interface Anal. 38, 1666–1669.
Mizuno, K., S. Ono, and O. Shimoe, 1975, “Interaction between coherent light waves and free electrons with a reflecting grating,” Nature (London) 253, 184–185.
Mizuno, K., J. Pae, T. Nozokido, and K. Furuya, 1987, “Experimental evidence of the inverse Smith-Purcell effect,” Nature (London) 328, 45–47.
Mkhoyan, K. A., T. Babinec, S. E. Maccagnano, E. J. Kirkland, and J. Silcox, 2007, “Separation of bulk and surface-losses in low-loss EELS measurements in STEM,” Ultramicroscopy 107, 345–355.
Mock, J. J., M. Barbic, D. R. Smith, D. A. Schultz, and S. Schultz, 2002, “Shape effects in plasmon resonance of individual colloidal silver nanoparticles,” J. Chem. Phys. 116, 6755–6759.
Monthioux, M., and V. L. Kuznetsov, 2006, “Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?,” Carbon 44, 1621–1623.
Moran, M. J., 1992, “X-ray generation by the Smith-Purcell effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2523–2526.
More, R. M., 1966, “Resonance in scattering of light by a Cherenkov electron,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 781–782.
Moreau, P., N. Brun, C. A. Walsh, C. Colliex, and A. Howie, 1997, “Relativistic effects in electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy observations of the $Si ∕ Si O_{2}$ interface plasmon peak,” Phys. Rev. B 56, 6774–6781.
Müllejans, H., A. L. Beloch, A. Howie, and M. Tomita, 1993, “Secondary electron coincidence detection and time-of-flight spectroscopy,” Ultramicroscopy 52, 360–368.
Müllejans, H., and A. L. Bleloch, 1992, “Ratio between the energy-loss spectrum in coincidence with secondary electrons and the normal energy-loss spectrum for thin carbon films in the carbon K-edge region,” Phys. Rev. B 46, 8597–8599.
Muller, D. A., L. Fitting Kourkoutis, M. Murfitt, J. H. Song, H. Y. Hwang, J. Silcox, N. Dellby, and O. L. Krivanek, 2008, “Atomic-scale chemical imaging of composition and bonding by aberration-corrected microscopy,” Science 319, 1073–1076.
Muller, D. A., and J. Silcox, 1995, “Delocalization in inelastic scattering,” Ultramicroscopy 59, 195–213.
Muller, D. A., Y. Tzou, R. Raj, and J. Silcox, 1993, “Mapping $s p 2$ and $s p 3$ states of carbon at sub-nanometre spatial resolution,” Nature (London) 366, 725–727.
Myroshnychenko, V., E. Carbó-Argibay, I. Pastoriza-Santos, J. Pérez-Juste, L. M. Liz-Marzán, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2008, “Modelling the optical response of highly faceted metal nanoparticles with a fully 3D boundary element method,” Adv. Mater. 20, 4288–4293.
Myroshnychenko, V., J. Rodríguez-Fernández, I. Pastoriza-Santos, A. M. Funston, C. Novo, P. Mulvaney, L. M. Liz-Marzán, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2008, “Modelling the optical response of gold nanoparticles,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 1792–1805.
Nagao, T., S. Yaginuma, T. Inaoka, and T. Sakurai, 2006, “One-dimensional plasmon in an atomic-scale metal wire,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 116802.
Naumenko, G. A., V. A. Cha, B. N. Kalinin, Y. A. Popov, A. P. Potylitsyn, G. A. Saruev, and L. G. Sukhikh, 2008, “Focusing of transition radiation from a paraboloidal target,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 266, 3733–3737.
Nelayah, J., L. Gu, W. Sigle, C. T. Koch, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L. M. Liz-Marzán, and P. A. van Aken, 2009, “Direct imaging of surface-plasmon resonances on single triangular silver nanoprisms at optical wavelength using low-loss EFTEM imaging,” Opt. Lett. 34, 1003–1005.
Nelayah, J., M. Kociak, O. Stéphan, F. J. García de Abajo, M. Tencé, L. Henrard, D. Taverna, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L. M. Liz-Marzán, and C. Colliex, 2007, “Mapping surface plasmons on a single metallic nanoparticle,” Nat. Phys. 3, 348–353
Nelayah, J., O. Stéphan, M. Kociak, F. J. García de Abajo, L. Henrard, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L. M. Liz-Marzán, and C. Colliex, 2007, “Mapping surface plasmons on single metallic nanoparticles using sub-nm resolved EELS spectrum-imaging,” Microsc. Microanal. 13, 144–145.
Nellist, P. D., M. F. Chisholm, N. Dellby, O. L. Krivanek, M. F. Murfitt, Z. S. Szilagyi, A. R. Lupini, A. Borisevich, W. H. Sides, Jr., and S. J. Pennycook, 2004, “Direct sub-Angstrom imaging of a crystal lattice,” Science 305, 1741.
N’Gom, M., J. Ringnalda, J. F. Mansfield, A. Agarwal, N. Kotov, N. J. Zaluzec, and T. B. Norris, 2008, “Single particle plasmon spectroscopy of silver nanowires and gold nanorods,” Nano Lett. 8, 3200–3204.
Noguez, C., 2007, “Surface plasmons on metal nanoparticles: The influence of shape and physical environment,” J. Phys. Chem. 111, 3806–3819.
Nojeh, A., B. Shan, K. Cho, and R. F. W. Pease, 2006, “Ab initio modeling of the interaction of electron beams and single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 056802.
Novotny, L., R. X. Bian, and X. S. Xie, 1997, “Theory of nanometric optical tweezers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 645–648.
Ochiai, T., and K. Ohtaka, 2004a, “Relativistic electron energy loss and induced radiation emission in two-dimensional metallic photonic crystals. I. Formalism and surface plasmon polariton,” Phys. Rev. B 69, 125106.
Ochiai, T., and K. Ohtaka, 2004b, “Relativistic electron energy loss and induced radiation emission in two-dimensional metallic photonic crystals. II. Photonic band effects,” Phys. Rev. B 69, 125107.
Ochiai, T., and K. Ohtaka, 2005, “Electron energy loss and Smith-Purcell radiation in two- and three-dimensional photonic crystals,” Opt. Express 13, 7683–7698.
Ochiai, T., and K. Ohtaka, 2006, “Theory of unconventional Smith-Purcell radiation in finite-size photonic crystals,” Opt. Express 14, 7378–7397.
Ohkuma, J., S. Okuda, and K. Tsumori, 1991, “Measurement of coherent Cherenkov radiation from an intense beam of a picosecond electron bunch,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1967–1969.
Ohtaka, K., and S. Yamaguti, 2001, “Theoretical study of the Smith-Purcell effect involving photonic cystals,” Opt. Spectrosc. 91, 506–512.
Oleshko, V. P., 2008, “Size confinement effects on electronic and optical properties of silver halide nanocrystals as probed by cryo-EFTEM and EELS,” Int. J. Exergy 3, 41–46.
Olsen, H. A., and H. Kolbenstvedt, 1980, “Cherenkov radiation and transition radiation from small systems: Cherenkov radiation generated in a cylinder,” Phys. Rev. A 21, 1987–1990.
Onishchenko, I. N., D. Yu. Sidorenko, and G. V. Sotnikov, 2002, “Structure of electromagnetic field excited by an electron bunch in a semi-infinite dielectric-filled waveguide,” Phys. Rev. E 65, 066501.
Ortega, J. E., F. J. García de Abajo, P. M. Echenique, I. Manke, T. Kalka, M. Dähne, D. Ochs, S. L. Molodtsov, and A. Rubio, 1998, “Interface and bulk effects in the attenuation of low-energy electrons through $Ca F_{2}$ thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 58, 2233–2239.
Osterwalder, J., T. Greber, S. Hüfner, and L. Schlapbach, 1990, “Photoelectron diffraction from core levels and plasmon-loss peaks of aluminum,” Phys. Rev. B 41, 12495–12501.
Otto, A., 1967, “Theory of plasmon excitation in thin films by electrons of non-normal incidence,” Phys. Status Solidi 22, 401–406.
Ouyang, F., P. E. Batson, and M. Isaacson, 1992, “Quantum size effects in the surface-plasmon excitation of small metallic particles by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 46, 15421–15425.
Ouyang, F., and M. Isaacson, 1989a, “Accurate modeling of particle-substrate coupling of surface plasmon excitation in EELS,” Ultramicroscopy 31, 345–349.
Ouyang, F., and M. Isaacson, 1989b, “Surface plasmon excitation of objects with arbitrary shape and dielectric constant,” Philos. Mag. B 60, 481–492.
Oxley, M. P., and L. J. Allen, 1998, “Delocalization of the effective interaction for inner-shell ionization in crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 57, 3273–3282.
Oxley, M. P., and S. J. Pennycook, 2008, “Image simulation for electron energy loss spectroscopy,” Micron 39, 676–684.
Ozawa, L., 1990, Cathodoluminescence: Theory and Applications (VCH, New York).
Ozbay, E., 2006, “Plasmonics: Merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions,” Science 311, 189–193.
Palik, E. D., 1985, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids (Academic, San Diego).
Palik, E. D., 1991, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II (Academic, San Diego).
Palmer, R. E., and P. J. Rous, 1992, “Resonances in electron scattering by molecules on surfaces,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 383–440.
Patro, D. N., 1982, “Microscopic theory of synchrotron-Cherenkov radiation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1083–1086.
Pawlak, D. A., K. Kolodziejak, K. Rozniatowski, R. Diduszko, M. Kaczkan, M. Malinowski, M. Piersa, J. Kisielewski, and T. Lukasiewicz, 2008, “ $\Pr Al O_{3} - \Pr {Al}_{11} O_{18}$ eutectic: Its microstructure and spectroscopic properties,” Cryst. Growth Des. 8, 1243–1249.
Peale, R. E., O. Lopatiuk, J. Cleary, S. Santos, J. Henderson, D. Clark, L. Chernyak, T. A. Winningham, E. Del Barco, H. Heinrich, and W. R. Buchwald, 2008, “Propagation of high-frequency surface plasmons on gold,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25, 1708–1713.
Pendry, J. B., and L. Martín-Moreno, 1994, “Energy loss by charged particles in complex media,” Phys. Rev. B 50, 5062–5073.
Peng, J. L., R. P. Fehlhaber, L. A. Bursill, and D. G. McCulloch, 2001, “Analysis of nanocrystalline diamond powder by scanning transmission electron microscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 89, 6204–6213.
Pennycook, S. J., 2008, “Investigating the optical properties of dislocations by scanning transmission electron microscopy,” Scanning 30, 287–298.
Persson, B. N. J., and A. Baratoff, 1992, “Theory of photon emission in electron tunneling to metallic particles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3224–3227.
Pettit, R. B., J. Silcox, and R. Vincent, 1975, “Measurement of surface-plasmon dispersion in oxidized aluminum films,” Phys. Rev. B 11, 3116–3123.
Pflüger, J., and J. Fink, 1991, in Handbook of Optical Constants in Solids II, edited by E. D. Palik (Academic, San Diego), Chap. 13, pp. 293–311.
Pflüger, J., J. Fink, W. Weber, K. P. Bohnen, and G. Crecelius, 1984, “Dielectric properties of $Ti C_{x}$ , $Ti N_{x}$ , $V C_{x}$ , and $V N_{x}$ from $1.5 to 40 eV$ determined by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 30, 1155–1163.
Pflüger, J., J. Fink, W. Weber, K. P. Bohnen, and G. Crecelius, 1985, “Dielectric properties of ZrN, NbC, and NbN as determined by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 31, 1244–1247.
Pijper, F. J., and P. Kruit, 1991, “Detection of energy-selected secondary electrons in coincidence with energy-loss events in thin carbon foils,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 9192–9200.
Pines, D., and D. Bohm, 1952, “A collective description of electron interactions: II. Collective vs individual particle aspects of the interactions,” Phys. Rev. 85, 338–353.
Pines, D., and P. Nozières, 1966, The Theory of Quantum Liquids (Benjamin, New York).
Pitarke, J. M., V. M. Silkin, E. V. Chulkov, and P. M. Echenique, 2007, “Theory of surface plasmons and surface-plasmon polaritons,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 70, 1–87.
Pochon, S., K. F. MacDonald, R. J. Knize, and N. I. Zheludev, 2004, “Phase coexistence in gallium nanoparticles controlled by electron excitation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 145702.
Pogorzelski, R., and C. Yeh, 1973, “Difraction radiation from a charged particle moving through a penetrable sphere,” Phys. Rev. A 8, 137–144.
Pokrant, S., R. Pantel, and M. Cheynet, 2006, “Physical characterization by valence electron energy loss spectroscopy,” Microelectron. Eng. 83, 2364–2367.
Potapov, P. L., J. Verbeeck, P. Schattschneider, H. Lichte, and D. van Dyck, 2007, “Inelastic electron holography as a variant of the Feynman thought experiment,” Ultramicroscopy 107, 559–567.
Potylitsyn, A. P., 1998, “Transition radiation and diffraction radiation. Similarities and differences,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 145, 169–179.
Powell, C. J., 1965, “Differences in the characteristic electron energy-loss spectra of solid and liquid bismuth,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 852–854.
Powell, C. J., 1968, “Characteristic energy losses of $8 − keV$ electrons in liquid Al, Bi, In, Ga, Hg, and Au,” Phys. Rev. 175, 972–982.
Powell, C. J., and J. B. Swan, 1959, “Origin of the characteristic electron energy losses in aluminum,” Phys. Rev. 115, 869–875.
Pratesi, G., A. L. Guidice, S. Vishnevsky, C. Manfredotti, and C. Cipriani, 2003, “Cathodoluminescence investigations on the Popigai, Ries, and Lappajärvi impact diamonds,” Am. Mineral. 88, 1778–1787.
Purcell, E. M., 1946, “Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies,” Phys. Rev. 69, 681.
Purcell, E. M., and C. R. Pennypacker, 1973, “Scattering and absorption of light by nonspherical dielectric grains,” Astrophys. J. 186, 705–714.
Raether, H., 1967, “Surface plasma oscillations as a tool for surface examinations,” Surf. Sci. 8, 233–246.
Raether, H., 1980, Excitation of Plasmons and Interband Transitions by Electrons, Springer Tracks in Modern Physics Vol. 88 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
Raether, H., 1988, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings, Springer Tracks in Modern Physics Vol. 111 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
Rafferty, B., and L. M. Brown, 1998, “Direct and indirect transitions in the region of the band gap using electron-energy-loss spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 58, 10326–10337.
Rang, M., A. C. Jones, F. Zhou, Z. Y. Li, B. J. Wiley, Y. Xia, and M. B. Raschke, 2008, “Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanoprisms,” Nano Lett. 8, 3357–3363.
Rapoport, W. R., and C. P. Khattak, 1988, “Titanium sapphire laser characteristics,” Appl. Opt. 27, 2677–2684.
Reed, B. W., J. M. Chen, N. C. MacDonald, J. Silcox, and G. F. Bertsch, 1999, “Fabrication and STEM/EELS measurements of nanometer-scale silicon tips and filaments,” Phys. Rev. B 60, 5641–5652.
Righini, M., G. Volpe, C. Girard, D. Petrov, and R. Quidant, 2008, “Surface plasmon optical tweezers: Tunable optical manipulation in the femtonewton range,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 186804.
Ritchie, R. H., 1957, “Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films,” Phys. Rev. 106, 874–881.
Ritchie, R. H., E. T. Arakawa, J. J. Cowan, and R. N. Hamm, 1968, “Surface-plasmon resonance effect in grating diffraction,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 1530–1533.
Ritchie, R. H., J. C. Ashley, and L. C. Emerson, 1964, “Optical bremsstrahlung and transition radiation from irradiated media,” Phys. Rev. 135, A759–A763.
Ritchie, R. H., and H. B. Eldridge, 1962, “Optical emission from irradiated foils. I,” Phys. Rev. 126, 1935–1947.
Ritchie, R. H., and A. Howie, 1988, “Inelastic-scattering probabilities in scanning-transmission electron-microscopy,” Philos. Mag. A 58, 753–767.
Ritchie, R. H., and A. L. Marusak, 1966, “The surface plasmon dispersion relation for an electron gas,” Surf. Sci. 4, 234–240.
Rivacoba, A., N. Zabala, and J. Aizpurua, 2000, “Image potential in scanning transmission electron microscopy,” Prog. Surf. Sci. 65, 1–64.
Rivacoba, A., N. Zabala, and P. M. Echenique, 1992, “Theory of energy loss in scanning transmission electron microscopy of supported small particles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3362–3365.
Rocca, M., 1995, “Low-energy EELS investigation of surface electronic excitations on metals,” Surf. Sci. Rep. 22, 1–71.
Rodríguez-Lorenzo, L., R. A. Álverez-Puebla, I. Pastoriza-Santos, S. Mazzucco, O. Stéphan, M. Kociak, L. M. Liz-Marzán, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2009, “Zeptomol detection through controlled ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 4616–4618.
Rodt, S., A. Schliwa, K. Pötschke, F. Guffarth, and D. Bimberg, 2005, “Correlation of structural and few-particle properties of self-organized $In As ∕ Ga As$ quantum dots,” Phys. Rev. B 71, 155325.
Rogacheva, A. V., V. A. Fedotov, A. S. Schwanecke, and N. I. Zheludev, 2006, “Giant gyrotropy due to electromagnetic-field coupling in a bilayered chiral structure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 177401.
Rojas, R., F. Claro, and R. Fuchs, 1988, “Nonlocal response of a small coated sphere,” Phys. Rev. B 37, 6799–6807.
Romero, I., J. Aizpurua, G. W. Bryant, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2006, “Plasmons in nearly touching metallic nanoparticles: Singular response in the limit of touching dimers,” Opt. Express 14, 9988–9999.
Rösler, M., and W. Brauer, 1991, Particle Induced Electron Emission I, Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Vol. 122 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), pp. 1–65.
Ruppin, R., 1978, “Plasmon frequencies of small metal spheres,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 39, 233–237.
Ruppin, R., 1982, “Surface modes of two spheres,” Phys. Rev. B 26, 3440–3444.
Ruska, E., 1987, “The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 627–638.
Ruthermann, G., 1948, “Diskrete energieverluste mittelschneller elektronen beim durchgang durch dunne folien,” Ann. Phys. 2, 113–134.
Ružička, J., and V. P. Zrelov, 1993, “Optical transition radiation in a transparent medium and its relation to the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation,” Czech. J. Phys. 43, 551–567.
Saito, Y., H. Shinohara, and A. Ohshita, 1991, “Bulk plasmons in solid $C_{60}$ ,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 30, L1068–L1070.
Salisbury, W. W., 1970, “Generation of light from free electrons,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1279–1284.
Sánchez-Iglesias, A., I. Pastoriza-Santos, J. Pérez-Juste, B. Rodríguez-González, F. J. García de Abajo, and L. M. Liz-Marzán, 2006, “Synthesis and optical properties of gold nanodecahedra with size control,” Adv. Mater. 18, 2529–2534.
Sander, M. S., R. Gronsky, Y. M. Lin, and M. S. Dresselhaus, 2001, “Plasmon excitation modes in nanowire arrays,” J. Appl. Phys. 89, 2733–2736.
Sarid, D., 1981, “Long-range surface-plasma waves on very thin metal films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1927–1930.
Sauer, R., H. Sternschulte, S. Wahl, K. Thonke, and T. R. Anthony, 2000, “Revised fine splitting of excitons in diamond,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4172–4175.
Schaffer, B., U. Hohenester, A. Trügler, and F. Hofer, 2009, “High-resolution surface plasmon imaging of gold nanoparticles by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 79, 041401(R).
Schattschneider, P., F. Födermayr, and D. S. Su, 1987, “Coherent double-plasmon excitation in aluminum,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 724–727.
Schattschneider, P., S. Rubino, C. Hébert, J. Rusz, J. Kuneš, P. Novák, E. Carlino, M. Fabrizioli, G. Panaccione, and G. Rossi, 2006, “Detection of magnetic circular dichroism using a transmission electron microscope,” Nature (London) 441, 486–488.
Schattschneider, P., and W. S. M. Werner, 2005, “Coherence in electron energy loss spectrometry,” J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 143, 81–95.
Scheinfein, M., A. Muray, and M. Isaacson, 1985, “Electron energy loss spectroscopy across a metal-insulator interface at sub-nanometer spatial resolution,” Ultramicroscopy 16, 233–239.
Scheinfein, M. R., J. Drucker, and J. K. Weiss, 1993, “Secondary-electron production pathways determined by coincidence electron spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 47, 4068–4071.
Schieber, D., and L. Schächter, 1998, “Reaction forces on a relativistic point charge moving above a dielectric or a metallic half-space,” Phys. Rev. E 57, 6008–6015.
Schieber, J., D. Krinsley, and L. Riciputi, 2000, “Diagenetic origin of quartz silt in mudstones and implications for silica cycling,” Nature (London) 406, 981–985.
Schilling, J., and H. Raether, 1973, “Energy gain of fast electrons interacting with surface plasmons,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 6, L358–L360.
Schmeits, M., 1989, “Surface-plasmon coupling in cylindrical pores,” Phys. Rev. B 39, 7567–7577.
Schmeits, M., and L. Dambly, 1991, “Fast-electron scattering by bispherical surface-plasmon modes,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 12706–12712.
Schuster, S. C., R. V. Swanson, L. A. Alex, R. B. Bourret, and M. I. Simon, 1993, “Assembly and function of a quaternary signal-transduction complex monitored by surface-plasmon resonance,” Nature (London) 365, 343–347.
Shibata, Y., S. Hasebe, K. Ishi, S. Ono, M. Ikezawa, T. Nakazato, M. Oyamada, S. Urasawa, T. Takahashi, T. Matsuyama, K. Kobayashi, and Y. Fujita, 1998, “Coherent Smith-Purcell radiation in the millimeter-wave region from a short-bunch beam of relativistic electrons,” Phys. Rev. E 57, 1061–1074.
Shieh, S. Y., and R. H. Ritchie, 1970, “Simultaneous generation of transition radiation and bremsstrahlung from a thin foil. I,” Phys. Rev. B 2, 1646–1651.
Shiles, E., T. Sasaki, M. Inokuti, and D. Y. Smith, 1980, “Self-consistency and sum-rule tests in the Kramers-Kronig analysis of optical data: Applications to aluminum,” Phys. Rev. B 22, 1612–1628.
Shubina, T. V., et al., 2004, “Mie resonances, infrared emission, and the band gap of InN,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 117407.
Sigle, W., J. Nelayah, C. T. Koch, and P. A. van Aken, 2009, “Electron energy losses in Ag nanoholes from localized surface plasmon resonances to rings of fire,” Opt. Lett. 34, 2150–2152.
Simonsen, A. C., F. Yubero, and S. Tougaard, 1997, “Quantitative model of electron energy loss in XPS,” Phys. Rev. B 56, 1612–1619.
Skryabin, D. V., F. Luan, J. C. Knight, and P. S. J. Russell, 2003, “Soliton self-frequency shift cancellation in photonic crystal fibers,” Science 301, 1705–1708.
Smith, N. V., 1985, “Phase analysis of image states and surface states associated with nearly-free-electron band gaps,” Phys. Rev. B 32, 3549–3555.
Smith, S. J., and E. M. Purcell, 1953, “Visible light from localized surface charges moving across a grating,” Phys. Rev. 92, 1069.
Sonderegger, S., E. Feltin, M. Merano, A. Crottini, J. F. Carlin, R. Sachot, B. Deveaud, N. Grandjean, and J. D. Ganière, 2006, “High spatial resolution picosecond cathodoluminescence of InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 232109.
Sosa, I. O., C. I. Mendoza, and R. G. Barrera, 2001, “Calculation of electron-energy-loss spectra of composites and self-similar structures,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 144201.
Stefanou, N., V. Yannopapas, and A. Modinos, 2000, “MULTEM 2: A new version of the program for transmission and band-structure calculations of photonic crystals,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 132, 189–196.
Steinmann, W., 1960, “Experimental verification of radiation of plasma oscillations in thin silver films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 470–472.
Stéphan, O., D. Taverna, M. Kociak, K. Suenaga, L. Henrard, and C. Colliex, 2002, “Dielectric response of isolated carbon nanotubes investigated by spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy: From multiwalled to single-walled nanotubes,” Phys. Rev. B 66, 155422.
Stern, E. A., and R. A. Ferrell, 1960, “Surface plasma oscillations of a degenerate electron gas,” Phys. Rev. 120, 130–136.
Stevens, T. E., J. K. Wahlstrand, J. Kuhl, and R. Merlin, 2001, “Cherenkov radiation at speeds below the light threshold: Phonon-assisted phase matching,” Science 291, 627–630.
Stöckli, T., J. M. Bonard, P. A. Stadelmann, and A. Châtelain, 1997, “EELS investigation of plasmon excitations in aluminum nanospheres and carbon nanotubes,” Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 40, 425–428.
Stöger-Pollach, M., 2008, “Optical properties and bandgaps from low loss EELS: Pitfalls and solutions,” Micron 39, 1092–1110.
Stöger-Pollach, M., H. Franco, P. Schattschneider, S. Lazar, B. Schaffer, W. Grogger, and H. W. Zandbergen, 2006, “Cherenkov losses: A limit for bandgap determination and Kramers-Kronig analysis,” Micron 37, 396–402.
Stöger-Pollach, M., A. Laister, and P. Schattschneider, 2008, “Treating retardation effects in valence EELS spectra for Kramers-Kronig analysis,” Ultramicroscopy 108, 439–444.
Stöger-Pollach, M., and P. Schattschneider, 2007, “The influence of relativistic energy losses on bandgap determination using valence EELS,” Ultramicroscopy 107, 1178–1185.
Stolojan, V., P. Moreau, M. J. Goringe, and S. R. P. Silva, 2006, “Subnanometer-resolved measurement of the tunneling effective mass using bulk plasmons,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 122109.
Su, D. S., H. W. Zandbergen, P. C. Tiemeijer, G. Kothleitner, M. Hävecker, C. Hébert, A. Knop-Gericke, B. H. Freitag, F. Hofer, and R. Schlögl, 2003, “High resolution EELS using monochromator and high performance spectrometer: Comparison of $V_{2} O_{5}$ ELNES with NEXAFS and band structure calculations,” Micron 34, 235–238.
Sun, S., S. Shi, and R. Leapman, 1993, “Water distributions of hydrated biological specimens by valence electron energy loss spectroscopy,” Ultramicroscopy 50, 127–139.
Talley, C. E., J. B. Jackson, C. Oubre, N. K. Grady, C. W. Hollars, S. M. Lane, T. R. Huser, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, 2005, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from individual Au nanoparticles and nanoparticle dimer substrates,” Nano Lett. 5, 1569–1574.
Tamm, I., 1939, “Radiation emitted by uniformly moving electrons,” J. Phys. (Moscow) 1, 439–454.
Tanuma, S., C. J. Powell, and D. R. Penn, 1994, “Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. V. Data for 14 organic compounds over the $50 - 2000 eV$ range,” Surf. Interface Anal. 21, 165–176.
Taverna, D., M. Kociak, V. Charbois, and L. Henrard, 2002, “Electron energy-loss spectrum of an electron passing near a locally anisotropic nanotube,” Phys. Rev. B 66, 235419.
Temkin, R., 1998, “Scanning with ease through the far infrared,” Science 280, 854.
Teng, Y. Y., and E. A. Stern, 1967, “Plasma radiation from metal grating surfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 511–514.
Ter-Mikaelian, M. L., 1972, High-Energy Electromagnetic Processes in Condensed Media (Wiley, New York).
Terauchi, M., M. Tanaka, K. Tsuno, and M. Ishida, 1999, “Development of a high energy resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy microscope,” J. Microsc. 194, 203–209.
Tomaš, M. S., A. A. Lucas, and M. Šunjić, 1972, “Emission of radiation by charged particles reflected from solid surfaces,” Solid State Commun. 10, 1181–1184.
Tomaš, M. S., A. A. Lucas, M. Šunjić, and D. Juretić, 1974, “Coherent surface bremsstrahlung in low-energy-electron diffraction and reflection-high-energy-electron diffraction,” Phys. Rev. B 9, 1489–1498.
Tomita, S., S. Yoda, R. Uchiyama, S. Ishii, K. Sasa, T. Kaneko, and H. Kudo, 2006, “Nonadditivity of convoy- and secondary-electron yields in the forward-electron emission from thin carbon foils under irradiation of fast carbon-cluster ions,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 060901(R).
Toraldo di Francia, G., 1960, “On the theory of some Cherenkovian effects,” Nuovo Cimento 16, 61–77.
Trügler, A., and U. Hohenester, 2008, “Strong coupling between a metallic nanoparticle and a single molecule,” Phys. Rev. B 77, 115403.
Tu, Y. H., C. M. Kwei, and C. J. Tung, 2006, “Inelastic interactions of electrons with cylindrical interfaces,” Surf. Sci. 600, 820–824.
Ugarte, D., C. Colliex, and P. Trebbia, 1992, “Surface- and interface-plasmon modes on small semiconducting spheres,” Phys. Rev. B 45, 4332–4343.
Uhlemann, S., and M. Haider, 1998, “Residual wave aberrations in the first spherical aberration corrected transmission electron microscope,” Ultramicroscopy 72, 109–119.
Ulrich, R., and M. Tacke, 1973, “Submillimeter waveguiding on periodic metal structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 251–253.
Urata, J., M. Goldstein, M. F. Kimmitt, A. Naumov, C. Platt, and J. E. Walsh, 1998, “Superradiant Smith-Purcell emission,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 516–519.
van Attekum, P. M. T. M., and J. M. Trooster, 1978, “Bulk- and surface-plasmon-loss intensities in photoelectron, Auger, and electron-energy-loss spectra of Al metal,” Phys. Rev. B 18, 3872–3883.
van Benthem, K., C. Elsässer, and R. H. French, 2001, “Bulk electronic structure of $Sr Ti O_{3}$ : Experiment and theory,” J. Appl. Phys. 90, 6156–6164.
van de Hulst, H. C., 1981, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Dover, New York).
van den Berg, P. M., 1973, “Smith-Purcell radiation from a point charge moving parallel to a reflection grating,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 1588–1597.
van den Berg, P. M., and T. H. Tan, 1974, “Smith-Purcell radiation from a line charge moving parallel to a reflection grating with rectangular profile,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64, 325–328.
Van Hove, L., 1953, “The occurrence of singularities in the elastic frequency distribution of a crystal,” Phys. Rev. 89, 1189–1193.
van Wijngaarden, J. T., E. Verhagen, A. Polman, C. E. Ross, H. J. Lezec, and H. A. Atwater, 2006, “Direct imaging of propagation and damping of near-resonance surface plasmon polaritons using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 221111.
Varela, M., S. D. Findlay, A. R. Lupini, H. M. Christen, A. Y. Borisevich, N. Dellby, O. L. Krivanek, P. D. Nellist, M. P. Oxley, L. J. Allen, and S. J. Pennycook, 2004, “Spectroscopic imaging of single atoms within a bulk solid,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 095502.
Varela, M., M. P. Oxley, K. G. Roberts, J. Garcia-Barriocanal, A. R. Lupini, S. N. Rashkeev, C. Leon, K. M. Krishnan, J. Santamaria, S. T. Pantelides, and S. J. Pennycook, 2007, “Spectroscopic imaging of oxide interfaces with aberration corrected probes,” Microsc. Microanal. 13, 142–143.
Vast, N., L. Reining, V. Olevano, P. Schattschneider, and B. Jouffrey, 2002, “Local field effects in the electron energy loss spectra of rutile $Ti O_{2}$ ,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 037601.
Verbeeck, J., 2006, “Interpretation of ‘Energy-filtered electron-diffracted beam holography’ by R. A. Herring,” Ultramicroscopy 106, 461–465.
Verbeeck, J., G. Bertoni, and P. Schattschneider, 2008, “The Fresnel effect of a defocused biprism on the fringes in inelastic holography,” Ultramicroscopy 108, 263–269.
Veselago, V. G., 1968, “Electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of sigma and mu,” Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509–514.
Vesseur, E. J. R., R. de Waele, M. Kuttge, and A. Polman, 2007, “Direct observation of plasmonic modes in Au nanowires using high-resolution cathodoluminescence spectroscopy,” Nano Lett. 7, 2843–2846.
Vesseur, E. J. R., R. de Waele, H. J. Lezec, H. A. Atwater, F. J. García de Abajo, and A. Polman, 2008, “Surface plasmon polariton modes in a single-crystal Au nanoresonator fabricated using focused-ion-beam milling,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 083110.
Vesseur, E. J. R., F. J. García de Abajo, and A. Polman, 2009, “Modal decomposition of surface-plasmon whispering gallery resonators,” Nano Lett. 9, 3147–3150.
Vincent, R., and J. Silcox, 1973, “Dispersion of radiative surface plasmons in aluminum films by electron scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 1487–1490.
Von Festenberg, C., and E. Kröger, 1968, “Retardation effects for the electron energy loss probability in GaP and Si,” Phys. Lett. 26A, 339–340.
Wagner, D., 1966, “Oberflachenwellen im Elektronenplasma,” Z. Naturforsch. A 21, 634.
Walls, M. G., and A. Howie, 1989, “Dielectric theory of localised valence energy loss spectroscopy,” Ultramicroscopy 28, 40–42.
Walsh, C. A., 1991, “An analytical expression for the energy-loss of fast electrons traveling parallel to the axis of a cylindrical interface,” Philos. Mag. B 63, 1063–1078.
Wang, P., A. J. D’Alfonso, S. D. Findlay, L. J. Allen, and A. L. Bleloch, 2008, “Contrast reversal in atomic-resolution chemical mapping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 236102.
Wang, X., X. G. Zhang, Q. Yu, and B. N. Harmon, 1993, “Multiple-scattering theory for electromagnetic waves,” Phys. Rev. B 47, 4161–4167.
Wang, Z. L., 1996, “Valence electron excitations and plasmon oscillations in thin films, surfaces, interfaces and small particles,” Micron 27, 265–299.
Wang, Z. L., H. L. W. Chan, H. L. Li, and J. H. Hao, 2008, “Highly efficient low-voltage cathodoluminescence of $La F_{3} : {Ln}^{3 +}$ $(Ln = {Eu}^{3 +}, {Ce}^{3 +}, {Tb}^{3 +})$ spherical particles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 141106.
Wang, Z. L., and J. M. Cowley, 1987a, “Excitation of the supported metal particle surface plasmon with external electron beam,” Ultramicroscopy 21, 335–345.
Wang, Z. L., and J. M. Cowley, 1987b, “Generation of surface plasmon excitation of supported metal particles by an external electron beam,” Ultramicroscopy 21, 347–365.
Wang, Z. L., and J. M. Cowley, 1987c, “Size and shape dependence of the surface plasmon frequencies for supported metal particle systems,” Ultramicroscopy 23, 97–107.
Wang, Z. L., and J. M. Cowley, 1987d, “Surface plasmon excitation for supported metal particles,” Ultramicroscopy 21, 77–93.
Wang, Z. L., and J. M. Cowley, 1988, “Reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS): A technique for the study of surfaces,” Surf. Sci. 193, 501–512.
Ward, B. W., J. A. Notte, and N. P. Economou, 2006, “Helium ion microscope: A new tool for nanoscale microscopy and metrology,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 24, 2871–2874.
Warmack, R. J., R. S. Becker, V. E. Anderson, R. H. Ritchie, Y. T. Chu, J. Little, and T. L. Ferrell, 1984, “Surface-plasmon excitation during aloof scattering of low-energy electrons in micropores in a thin metal foil,” Phys. Rev. B 29, 4375–4381.
Watanabe, H., 1956, “Experimental evidence for the collective nature of the characteristic energy loss of electrons in solids—Studies on the dispersion relation of plasma frequency,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 11, 112–119.
Went, M. R., M. Vos, and W. S. M. Werner, 2008, “Extracting the Ag surface and volume loss functions from reflection electron energy loss spectra,” Surf. Sci. 602, 2069–2077.
Werner, W. S. M., 2006, “Dielectric function of Cu, Ag, and Au obtained from reflection electron energy loss spectra, optical measurements, and density functional theory,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 213106.
Werner, W. S. M., M. R. Went, and M. Vos, 2007, “Surface plasmon excitation at a Au surface by $150 - 40000 eV$ electrons,” Surf. Sci. 601, L109–L113.
Williams, P., C. Lévy-Clément, A. Albu-Yaron, N. Brun, and C. Colliex, 2000, “Near-field electron energy loss spectroscopy in porous silicon,” J. Porous Mater. 7, 159–163.
Winter, H., 2002, “Collisions of atoms and ions with surfaces under grazing incidence,” Phys. Rep. 367, 387–582.
Winther, A., and K. Alder, 1979, “Relativistic Coulomb excitation,” Nucl. Phys. A 319, 518–532.
Woods, K. J., J. E. Walsh, R. E. Stoner, H. G. Kirk, and R. C. Fernow, 1995, “Forward directed Smith-Purcell radiation from relativisitic electrons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3808–3811.
Xi, S., H. Chen, T. Jiang, L. Ran, J. Huangfu, B. I. Wu, J. A. Kong, and M. Chen, 2009, “Experimental verification of reversed Cherenkov radiation in left-handed metamaterial,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 194801.
Xu, H., E. J. Bjerneld, M. Käll, and L. Börjesson, 1999, “Spectroscopy of single hemoglobin molecules by surface enhanced Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4357–4360.
Xu, J., Y. Dong, and X. Zhang, 2008, “Electromagnetic interactions between a fast electron beam and metamaterial cloaks,” Phys. Rev. E 78, 046601.
Xu, J., and X. Zhang, 2008, “Relativistic energy loss and induced photon emission in the interaction of a left-handed sphere with an external electron beam,” Phys. Lett. A 372, 1129–1134.
Yacobi, B. G., and D. B. Holt, 1986, “Cathodoluminescence scanning electron-microscopy of semiconductors,” J. Appl. Phys. 59, R1–R24.
Yamaguti, S., J. Inoue, O. Haeberlé, and K. Ohtaka, 2002, “Photonic crystals versus diffraction gratings in Smith-Purcell radiation,” Phys. Rev. B 66, 195202.
Yamamoto, K., et al., 2004, “Observation of millimeter-wave radiation generated by the interaction between an electron beam and a photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. E 69, 045601(R).
Yamamoto, N., K. Araya, and F. J. García de Abajo, 2001, “Photon emission from silver particles induced by a high-energy electron beam,” Phys. Rev. B 64, 205419.
Yamamoto, N., K. Araya, A. Toda, and H. Sugiyama, 2001, “Light emission from surfaces, thin films and particles induced by high-energy electron beam,” Surf. Interface Anal. 31, 79–86.
Yamamoto, N., S. Bhunia, and Y. Watanabe, 2006, “Polarized cathodoluminescence study of InP nanowires by transmission electron microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 153106.
Yamamoto, N., M. Nakano, and T. Suzuki, 2006, “Light emission by surface plasmons on nanostructures of metal surfaces induced by high-energy electron beams,” Surf. Interface Anal. 38, 1725–1730.
Yamamoto, N., H. Sugiyama, and A. Toda, 1996, “Cherenkov and transition radiation from thin plate crystals detected in the transmission electron microscope,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 452, 2279–2301.
Yamamoto, N., and T. Suzuki, 2008, “Conversion of surface plasmon polaritons to light by a surface step,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 093114.
Yamamoto, N., A. Toda, and K. Araya, 1996, “Imaging of transition radiation from thin films on a silicon substrate using a light detection system combined with TEM,” J. Electron Microsc. 45, 64–72.
Yurtsever, A., M. Couillard, and D. A. Muller, 2008, “Formation of guided Cherenkov radiation in silicon-based nanocomposites,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 217402.
Zabala, N., and P. M. Echenique, 1990, “Energy loss of fast electrons moving near plane boundaries with dispersive media,” Ultramicroscopy 32, 327–335.
Zabala, N., A. Rivacoba, and P. M. Echenique, 1989, “Energy loss of electrons travelling through cylindrical holes,” Surf. Sci. 209, 465–480.
Zabala, N., A. Rivacoba, and P. M. Echenique, 1997, “Coupling effects in the excitations by an electron beam near close particles,” Phys. Rev. B 56, 7623–7635.
Zaremba, E., 1985, “Van der Waals interaction between an atom and a surface defect,” Surf. Sci. 151, 91–102.
Zhang, L., R. Erni, J. Verbeeck, and G. Van Tendeloo, 2008, “Retrieving the dielectric function of diamond from valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 77, 195119.
Zhao, Z., and B. Lü, 2008, “Acceleration of electrons by a Bessel-Gaussian beam in vacuum,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 40, 615–622.
Zheludev, N. I., 2008, “What diffraction limit?,” Nature Mater. 7, 420–422.
Zia, R., J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, 2006, “Plasmonics: The next chip-scale technology,” Mater. Today 9, 20–27.
Ziegler, J. F., 1999, “Stopping of energetic light ions in elemental matter,” J. Appl. Phys. 85, 1249–1272.
Zrelov, V. P., and J. Ružička, 1989, “Analysis of Tamm’s problem on charge radiation at its uniform motion over a finite trajectory,” Czech. J. Phys., Sect. B 39, 368–383.
Zuloaga, J., E. Prodan, and P. Nordlander, 2009, “Quantum description of the plasmon resonances of a nanoparticle dimer,” Nano Lett. 9, 887–891.

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Optical excitations in electron microscopy

Abstract

Article Text

References (531)

Outline

Information

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation