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Nonperturbative QCD simulations with 2+1 flavors of improved staggered quarks

A. Bazavov, D. Toussaint, C. Bernard, J. Laiho, C. DeTar, L. Levkova, M. B. Oktay, Steven Gottlieb, U. M. Heller et al.

A. Bazavov and D. Toussaint

  • Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

C. Bernard and J. Laiho

  • Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA

C. DeTar, L. Levkova, and M. B. Oktay

  • Physics Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA

Steven Gottlieb

  • Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA

U. M. Heller

  • American Physical Society, One Research Road, Ridge, New York 11961, USA

J. E. Hetrick

  • Physics Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA

P. B. Mackenzie

  • Theoretical Physics Department, MS 106, Fermilab, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510-0500, USA

R. Sugar

  • Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA

R. S. Van de Water

  • Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1349 – Published 6 May, 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1349

Abstract

Dramatic progress has been made over the last decade in the numerical study of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) through the use of improved formulations of QCD on the lattice (improved actions), the development of new algorithms, and the rapid increase in computing power available to lattice gauge theorists. In this article simulations of full QCD are described using the improved staggered quark formalism, “asqtad” fermions. These simulations were carried out with two degenerate flavors of light quarks (up and down) and with one heavier flavor, the strange quark. Several light quark masses, down to about three times the physical light quark mass, and six lattice spacings have been used. These enable controlled continuum and chiral extrapolations of many low energy QCD observables. The improved staggered formalism is reviewed, emphasizing both advantages and drawbacks. In particular, the procedure for removing unwanted staggered species in the continuum limit is reviewed. Then the asqtad lattice ensembles created by the MILC Collaboration are described. All MILC lattice ensembles are publicly available, and they have been used extensively by a number of lattice gauge theory groups. The physics results obtained with them are reviewed, and the impact of these results on phenomenology is discussed. Topics include the heavy quark potential, spectrum of light hadrons, quark masses, decay constants of light and heavy-light pseudoscalar mesons, semileptonic form factors, nucleon structure, scattering lengths, and more.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1349– Published 6 May, 2010

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