- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Statistical physics of social dynamics

Claudio Castellano*, Santo Fortunato†, and Vittorio Loreto‡

Claudio Castellano*

  • SMC, INFM-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy

Santo Fortunato†

  • Complex Networks Lagrange Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Viale S. Severo 65, 10133 Torino, Italy

Vittorio Loreto‡

  • Dipartimento di Fisica, “Sapienza” Università di Roma and SMC, INFM-CNR, Piazzale A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy and Complex Networks Lagrange Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Viale S. Severo 65, 10133 Torino, Italy

  • *Electronic address: claudio.castellano@roma1.infn.it
  • †Electronic address: fortunato@isi.it
  • ‡Electronic address: vittorio.loreto@roma1.infn.it
PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 591 – Published 11 May, 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.81.591

Abstract

Statistical physics has proven to be a fruitful framework to describe phenomena outside the realm of traditional physics. Recent years have witnessed an attempt by physicists to study collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of individuals as elementary units in social structures. A wide list of topics are reviewed ranging from opinion and cultural and language dynamics to crowd behavior, hierarchy formation, human dynamics, and social spreading. The connections between these problems and other, more traditional, topics of statistical physics are highlighted. Comparison of model results with empirical data from social systems are also emphasized.

View figure in article

Article Text

References (552)

  1. Abrams, D., and S. Strogatz, 2003, Nature 424, 900.
  2. Agliari, E., R. Burioni, D. Cassi, and F. M. Neri, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 046138.
  3. Aiello, W., F. Chung, and L. Lu, 2001, Exp. Math. 10, 53.
  4. Albert, R., and A.-L. Barabási, 2002, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 47.
  5. Aldashev, G., and T. Carletti, 2009, Complexity (to be published).
  6. Alder, B. J., and T. E. Wainwright, 1957, J. Chem. Phys. 27, 1208.
  7. Alder, B. J., and T. E. Wainwright, 1959, J. Chem. Phys. 31, 459.
  8. Aleksiejuk, A., J. A. Hołyst, and D. Stauffer, 2002, Physica A 310, 260.
  9. Alfi, V., G. Parisi, and L. Pietronero, 2007, Nat. Phys. 3, 746.
  10. Allee, W. C., 1942, Biol. Symp. 8, 139.
  11. Alves, S. G., N. M. Oliveira Neto, and M. L. Martins, 2002, Physica A 316, 601.
  12. Amblard, F., and G. Deffuant, 2004, Physica A 343, 725.
  13. Anderson, R. M., and R. M. May, 1991, Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).
  14. Andresen, C. A., H. F. Hansen, A. Hansen, G. L. Vasconcelos, and J. S. Andrade, Jr., 2008, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 19, 1647.
  15. Antal, T., S. Redner, and V. Sood, 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 188104.
  16. Araripe, L. E., R. N. Costa Filho, H. J. Herrmann, and J. S. Andrade, 2006, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 17, 1809.
  17. Arrow, K., 2003, Inform. Syst. Front. 5, 5.
  18. Ausloos, M., and F. Petroni, 2007, Europhys. Lett. 77, 38002.
  19. Axelrod, R., 1997, J. Conflict Resolut. 41, 203.
  20. Axelrod, R., 2006, in Handbook of Computational Economics, edited by L. Tesfatsion and K. L. Judd (Elsevier, Amsterdam), Vol. 2, pp. 1565–1584.
  21. Bagnoli, F., A. Berrones, and F. Franci, 2004, Physica A 332, 509.
  22. Bagnoli, F., T. Carletti, D. Fanelli, A. Guarino, and A. Guazzini, 2007, Phys. Rev. E 76, 066105.
  23. Ball, P., 2004, Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads to Another (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, London).
  24. Barabási, A.-L., 2005, Nature 435, 207.
  25. Barabási, A.-L., and R. Albert, 1999, Science 286, 509.
  26. Barabási, A.-L., H. Jeong, Z. Néda, E. Ravasz, A. Schubert, and T. Vicsek, 2002, Physica A 311, 590.
  27. Baronchelli, A., L. Dall’Asta, A. Barrat, and V. Loreto, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 015102.
  28. Baronchelli, A., L. Dall’Asta, A. Barrat, and V. Loreto, 2007, Phys. Rev. E 76, 051102.
  29. Baronchelli, A., M. Felici, V. Loreto, E. Caglioti, and L. Steels, 2006, J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2006, P06014.
  30. Bartolozzi, M., D. B. Leinweber, and A. W. Thomas, 2005, Phys. Rev. E 72, 046113.
  31. Bass, F. M., 1969, Manage. Sci. 15 (5), 215.
  32. Baxter, G. J., R. A. Blythe, W. Croft, and A. J. McKane, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 046118.
  33. Baxter, G. J., R. A. Blythe, and A. J. McKane, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 258701.
  34. Bedogne, C., and G. J. Rodgers, 2007, Physica A 385, 356.
  35. Behera, L., and F. Schweitzer, 2003, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 14, 1331.
  36. Benczik, I. J., S. Z. Benczik, B. Schmittmann, and R. K. P. Zia, 2008, Europhys. Lett. 82, 48006.
  37. Ben-Naim, E., 2005, Europhys. Lett. 69, 671.
  38. Ben-Naim, E., B. Kahng, and J. S. Kim, 2006, J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2006, P07001.
  39. Ben-Naim, E., P. Krapivsky, and S. Redner, 2003, Physica D 183, 190.
  40. Ben-Naim, E., and S. Redner, 2005, J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2005, L11002.
  41. Ben-Naim, E., F. Vázquez, and S. Redner, 2006, Eur. Phys. J. B 49, 531.
  42. Ben-Naim, E., F. Vázquez, and S. Redner, 2007, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 50, 124.
  43. Bernardes, A. T., D. Stauffer, and J. Kertész, 2002, Eur. Phys. J. B 25, 123.
  44. Bettencourt, L., A. Cintrón-Arias, D. I. Kaiser, and C. Castillo-Chávez, 2006, Physica A 364, 513.
  45. Bikhchandani, S., D. Hirshleifer, and I. Welch, 1992, J. Polit. Econ. 100, 992.
  46. Binney, J., N. Dowrick, A. Fisher, and M. Newman, 1992, The Theory of Critical Phenomena: An Introduction to the Renormalization Group (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).
  47. Blanchard, P., and M. Hongler, 2007, Phys. Rev. E 75, 026102.
  48. Blanchard, P., A. Krueger, T. Krueger, and P. Martin, 2005, e-print arXiv:physics/0505031.
  49. Blue, V. J., and J. L. Adler, 1998, Transp. Res. Rec. 1644, 29.
  50. Blue, V. J., and J. L. Adler, 2000, Transp. Res. Rec. 1710, 20.
  51. Blythe, R. A., and A. J. McKane, 2007, J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2007, P07018.
  52. Boccaletti, S., V. Latora, Y. Moreno, M. Chavez, and D. U. Hwang, 2006, Phys. Rep. 424, 175.
  53. Bonabeau, E., G. Theraulaz, and J.-L. Deneubourg, 1995, Physica A 217, 373.
  54. Bonnekoh, J., 2003, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 14, 1231.
  55. Bordogna, C., and E. Albano, 2007, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 19, 065144.
  56. Borghesi, C., and S. Galam, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 066118.
  57. Bornholdt, S., and T. Rohlf, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 6114.
  58. Bouchaud, J.-P., and M. Potters, 2000, Theory of Financial Risks (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  59. Boyer, D., and O. Miramontes, 2003, Phys. Rev. E 67, 035102.
  60. Bray, A., 1994, Adv. Phys. 43, 357.
  61. Brockmann, D., L. Hufnagel, and T. Geisel, 2006, Nature 439, 462.
  62. Bub, G., A. Shrier, and L. Glass, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 058101.
  63. Buchanan, M., 2007, The Social Atom (Bloomsbury, New York).
  64. Burstedde, C., A. Klauck, A. Schadschneider, and J. Zittartz, 2001, Physica A 295, 507.
  65. Buzna, L., K. Peters, and D. Helbing, 2006, Physica A 363, 132.
  66. Caldarelli, G., 2007, Scale-Free Networks (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).
  67. Campos, P., V. de Oliveira, and F. G. B. Moreira, 2003, Phys. Rev. E 67, 026104.
  68. Carletti, T., D. Fanelli, S. Grolli, and A. Guarino, 2006, Europhys. Lett. 74, 222.
  69. Carletti, T., D. Fanelli, A. Guarino, F. Bagnoli, and A. Guazzini, 2008, Eur. Phys. J. B 64, 285.
  70. Castellano, C., 2005, in Modelling Cooperative Behavior in the Social Sciences, edited by P. Garrido, J. Marro, and M. A. Muñoz, AIP Conf. Proc. No. 779 (AIP, New York) pp. 114–120.
  71. Castellano, C., V. Loreto, A. Barrat, F. Cecconi, and D. Parisi, 2005, Phys. Rev. E 71, 066107.
  72. Castellano, C., M. Marsili, and A. Vespignani, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3536.
  73. Castellano, C., D. Vilone, and A. Vespignani, 2003, Europhys. Lett. 63, 153.
  74. Castelló, X., V. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2006, New J. Phys. 8, 308.
  75. Castelló, X., R. Toivonen, V. M. Eguíluz, J. Saramäki, K. Kaski, and M. S. Miguel, 2007, Europhys. Lett. 79, 66006.
  76. Catanzaro, M., M. Boguñá, and R. Pastor-Satorras, 2005, Phys. Rev. E 71, 027103.
  77. Cattuto, C., V. Loreto, and L. Pietronero, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 1461.
  78. Cattuto, C., V. Loreto, and V. Servedio, 2006, Europhys. Lett. 76, 208.
  79. Centola, D., V. M. Eguíluz, and M. Macy, 2007, Physica A 374, 449.
  80. Centola, D., J. C. González-Avella, V. M. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2007, J. Conflict Resolut. 51, 905.
  81. Chakrabarti, B. K., A. Chakraborti, and A. Chatterjee, 2006, Eds., Econophysics and Sociophysics: Trends and Perspectives (Wiley VCH, Weinheim).
  82. Chang, I., 2001, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 12, 1509.
  83. Chase, I. D., 1980, Am. Sociol. Rev. 45, 905.
  84. Chase, I. D., 1982, Behaviour 80, 218.
  85. Chase, I. D., C. Bartolomeo, and L. A. Dugatkin, 1994, Anim. Behav. 48, 393.
  86. Chase, I. D., C. Tovey, D. Spangler-Martin, and M. Manfredonia, 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 5744.
  87. Chatterjee, S., and E. Seneta, 1977, J. Appl. Probab. 14, 89.
  88. Chen, P., and S. Redner, 2005a, J. Phys. A 38, 7239.
  89. Chen, P., and S. Redner, 2005b, Phys. Rev. E 71, 036101.
  90. Chessa, A., and J. Murre, 2004, Physica A 333, 541.
  91. Chessa, A., and J. Murre, 2006, Physica A 366, 539.
  92. Chomsky, N., 1965, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
  93. Chowdhury, D., L. Santen, and A. Schadschneider, 2000, Phys. Rep. 329, 199.
  94. Clifford, P., and A. Sudbury, 1973, Biometrika 60, 581.
  95. Cobham, A., 1954, J. Oper. Res. Soc. Am. 2, 70.
  96. Cohen, J. E., J. Hajnal, and C. M. Newman, 1986, Stochastic Proc. Appl. 22, 315.
  97. Conte, R., R. Hegselmann, and P. Terna, 1997, Simulating Social Phenomena (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  98. Costa Filho, R. N., M. P. Almeida, J. S. Andrade, Jr., and J. E. Moreira, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, 1067.
  99. Cox, J., 1989, Ann. Probab. 17, 1333.
  100. Cox, J., and D. Griffeath, 1986, Ann. Probab. 14, 347.
  101. Croft, W., 2000, Explaining Language Change: An Evolutionary Approach (Longman, London).
  102. Czirók, A., A.-L. Barabási, and T. Vicsek, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 209.
  103. Czirók, A., H. E. Stanley, and T. Vicsek, 1997, J. Phys. A 30, 1375.
  104. Czirók, A., M. Vicsek, and T. Vicsek, 1999, Physica A 264, 299.
  105. Czirók, A., and T. Vicsek, 1999, in Statistical Mechanisms of Biocomplexity, edited by D. Reguera, J. M. G. Vilar, and J. M. Rubí, Lecture Notes in Physics No. 527 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), p. 152.
  106. Czirók, A., and T. Vicsek, 2000, Physica A 281, 17.
  107. da Fontoura Costa, L., 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 1001.
  108. Daley, D. J., and D. G. Kendall, 1964, Nature 204, 1118.
  109. Dall’Asta, L., and A. Baronchelli, 2006, J. Phys. A 39, 14851.
  110. Dall’Asta, L., A. Baronchelli, A. Barrat, and V. Loreto, 2006a, Europhys. Lett. 73, 969.
  111. Dall’Asta, L., A. Baronchelli, A. Barrat, and V. Loreto, 2006b, Phys. Rev. E 74, 036105.
  112. Dall’Asta, L., and C. Castellano, 2007, Europhys. Lett. 77, 60005.
  113. Deffuant, G., 2006, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul. 9 (3), paper 8.
  114. Deffuant, G., F. Amblard, and G. Weisbuch, 2004, e-print arXiv:cond-mat/0410199.
  115. Deffuant, G., F. Amblard, G. Weisbuch, and T. Faure, 2002, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul. 5 (4), paper 1.
  116. Deffuant, G., D. Neau, F. Amblard, and G. Weisbuch, 2000, Adv. Complex Syst. 3, 87.
  117. de la Lama, M. S., J. M. López, and H. S. Wio, 2005, Europhys. Lett. 72, 851.
  118. de la Lama, M. S., I. G. Szendro, J. R. Iglesias, and H. S. Wio, 2006, Eur. Phys. J. B 51, 435.
  119. de Oliveira, M., 2003, Phys. Rev. E 67, 066101.
  120. de Oliveira, M., J. Mendes, and M. Santos, 1993, J. Phys. A 26, 2317.
  121. de Oliveira, M. J., 1992, J. Stat. Phys. 66, 273.
  122. de Oliveira, P., D. Stauffer, F. Lima, A. Sousa, C. Schulze, and S. M. de Oliveira, 2007, Physica A 376, 609.
  123. de Oliveira, V. M., P. R. Campos, M. Gomes, and I. Tsang, 2006, Physica A 368, 257.
  124. de Oliveira, V. M., M. Gomes, and I. Tsang, 2006, Physica A 361, 361.
  125. De Sanctis, L., and T. Galla, 2007, e-print arXiv:0707.3428.
  126. de Saussure, F., 1916, Cours de Linguistique Générale (Bayot, Paris).
  127. Dezsö, Z., E. Almaas, A. Lukács, B. Rácz, I. Szakadát, and A.-L. Barabási, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 066132.
  128. Di Mare, A., and V. Latora, 2007, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 18, 1377.
  129. Dickman, R., and A. Tretyakov, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 52, 3218.
  130. Dodds, P. S., and D. J. Watts, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 218701.
  131. Dornic, I., 1998, Ph.D. thesis, Université de Nice, Sophia-Antipolis.
  132. Dornic, I., H. Chaté, J. Chave, and H. Hinrichsen, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 045701.
  133. Dorogovtsev, S., and J. Mendes, 2002, Adv. Phys. 51, 1079.
  134. Dorogovtsev, S., and J. Mendes, 2003, Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).
  135. Drouffe, J.-M., and C. Godrèche, 1999, J. Phys. A 32, 249.
  136. Droz, M., A. Ferreira, and A. Lipowski, 2003, Phys. Rev. E 67, 056108.
  137. Dugatkin, L. A., M. S. Alfieri, and A. J. Moore, 1994, Ethology 97, 94.
  138. Ebel, H., L.-I. Mielsch, and S. Bornholdt, 2002, Phys. Rev. E 66, 035103.
  139. Eckmann, J., E. Moses, and D. Sergi, 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 14333.
  140. Eguíluz, V. M., and M. G. Zimmermann, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5659.
  141. Ehrhardt, G. C. M. A., M. Marsili, and F. Vega-Redondo, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 74, 036106.
  142. Eigen, M., 1971, Naturwiss. 58, 465.
  143. Eigen, M., and P. Schuster, 1979, The Hypercycle: A Principle of Natural Self-Organization (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  144. Elgazzar, A. S., 2003, Physica A 324, 402.
  145. Epstein, J., and R. Axtell, 1996, Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up (The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.).
  146. Erdös, P., and A. Rényi, 1959, Publ. Math. (Debrecen) 6, 290.
  147. Erdös, P., and A. Rényi, 1960, Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Kutató Int. Közl. 5, 17.
  148. Evans, J. W., and T. R. Ray, 1993, Phys. Rev. E 47, 1018.
  149. Farkas, I., D. Helbing, and T. Vicsek, 2002, Nature 419, 131.
  150. Farkas, I. J., and T. Vicsek, 2006, Physica A 369, 830.
  151. Festinger, L., S. Schachter, and K. Back, 1950, Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing (Harper, New York).
  152. Filho, R. C., M. Almeida, J. Moreira, and J., Andrade, 2003, Physica A 322, 698.
  153. Flache, A., and M. W. Macy, 2006, e-print arXiv:physics/0604196.
  154. Flache, A., and M. W. Macy, 2007, e-print arXiv:physics/0701333.
  155. Forster, D., D. R. Nelson, and M. J. Stephen, 1977, Phys. Rev. A 16, 732.
  156. Fortunato, S., 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 15, 1301.
  157. Fortunato, S., 2005a, Physica A 348, 683.
  158. Fortunato, S., 2005b, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 259.
  159. Fortunato, S., 2005c, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 17.
  160. Fortunato, S., and C. Castellano, 2007, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 138701.
  161. Fortunato, S., V. Latora, A. Pluchino, and A. Rapisarda, 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 1535.
  162. Frachebourg, L., and P. L. Krapivsky, 1996, Phys. Rev. E 53, R3009.
  163. Francis, R. C., 1988, Ethology 78, 223.
  164. Freeman, L., 2004, The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science (BookSurge, Vancouver, Canada).
  165. Friedman, R. D., and M. Friedman, 1984, The Tyranny of the Status Quo (Harcourt Brace, Orlando, FL).
  166. Fukui, M., and Y. Ishibashi, 1999, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 2861.
  167. Gabrielli, A., and G. Caldarelli, 2007, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 208701.
  168. Galam, S., 1986, J. Math. Psychol. 30, 426.
  169. Galam, S., 1990, J. Stat. Phys. 61, 943.
  170. Galam, S., 1999, Physica A 274, 132.
  171. Galam, S., 2000, Physica A 285, 66.
  172. Galam, S., 2002, Eur. Phys. J. B 25, 403.
  173. Galam, S., 2004, Physica A 333, 453.
  174. Galam, S., 2005a, Phys. Rev. E 71, 046123.
  175. Galam, S., 2005b, Europhys. Lett. 70, 705.
  176. Galam, S., B. Chopard, and M. Droz, 2002, Physica A 314, 256.
  177. Galam, S., Y. Gefen, and Y. Shapir, 1982, J. Math. Sociol. 9, 1.
  178. Galam, S., and F. Jacobs, 2007, Physica A 381, 366.
  179. Galam, S., and S. Moscovici, 1991, Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 21, 49.
  180. Galea, E. R., 2003, Ed., Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (CMS, London).
  181. Gallos, L. K., 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 1329.
  182. Galton, F., 1874, English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (MacMillan, London).
  183. Gammaitoni, L., P. Hänggi, P. Jung, and F. Marchesoni, 1998, Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 223.
  184. Gekle, S., L. Peliti, and S. Galam, 2005, Eur. Phys. J. B 45, 569.
  185. Gil, S., and D. H. Zanette, 2006, Phys. Lett. A 356, 89.
  186. Girvan, M., and M. E. Newman, 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 7821.
  187. Glauber, R. J., 1963, J. Math. Phys. 4, 294.
  188. Goffman, W., 1966, Nature 212, 449.
  189. Goffman, W., and V. A. Newill, 1964, Nature 204, 225.
  190. Goh, K.-I., B. Kahng, and D. Kim, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 278701.
  191. Golder, S. A., and B. A. Huberman, 2006, J. Inf. Sci. 32, 198.
  192. González, M. C., C. A. Hidalgo, and A.-L. Barabási, 2008, Nature 453, 779.
  193. González, M. C., A. O. Sousa, and H. J. Herrmann, 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 15, 45.
  194. González, M. C., A. O. Sousa, and H. J. Herrmann, 2006, Eur. Phys. J. B 49, 253.
  195. González-Avella, J., M. Cosenza, K. Klemm, V. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2007, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul. 10 (3), paper 9.
  196. González-Avella, J. C., M. G. Cosenza, and K. Tucci, 2005, Phys. Rev. E 72, 065102.
  197. González-Avella, J. C., V. M. Eguíluz, M. G. Cosenza, K. Klemm, J. L. Herrera, and M. San Miguel, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 046119.
  198. Grabowski, A., and R. A. Kosiński, 2006a, Phys. Rev. E 73, 016135.
  199. Grabowski, A., and R. A. Kosiński, 2006b, Physica A 361, 651.
  200. Granovetter, M., 1973, Am. J. Sociol. 78, 1360.
  201. Granovetter, M., 1983, Sociol. Theory 1, 201.
  202. Granovsky, B., and N. Madras, 1995, Stochastic Proc. Appl. 55, 23.
  203. Greenberg, J. M., and S. P. Hastings, 1978, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 34, 515.
  204. Grinstein, G., and R. Linsker, 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 130201.
  205. Gross, T., and B. Blasius, 2008, J. R. Soc., Interface 5, 259.
  206. Guardiola, X., A. Díaz-Guilera, C. J. Pérez, A. Arenas, and M. Llas, 2002, Phys. Rev. E 66, 026121.
  207. Guhl, A. M., 1968, Anim. Behav. 16, 219.
  208. Haken, H., 1978, Synergetics; An Introduction. Non-equilibrium Phase Transitions and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Springer Verlag, Berlin).
  209. Hammal, O. A., H. Chate, I. Dornic, and M. A. Muñoz, 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230601.
  210. Hankin, B. D., and R. A. Wright, 1958, Oper. Res. 9, 81.
  211. He, M., B. Li, and L. Luo, 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 15, 997.
  212. Hegselmann, R., and U. Krause, 2002, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul. 5 (3), paper 2.
  213. Hegselmann, R., and U. Krause, 2005, Comput. Econ. 25 (4), 381.
  214. Helbing, D., 1991, Quantitative Sociodynamics (Springer, Heidelberg).
  215. Helbing, D., 1993a, Physica A 196, 546.
  216. Helbing, D., 1993b, Physica A 193, 241.
  217. Helbing, D., 1994, J. Math. Sociol. 19, 189.
  218. Helbing, D., 2001, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 1067.
  219. Helbing, D., I. Farkas, P. Molnár, and T. Vicsek, 2002, in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, edited by M. Schreckenberg and S. D. Sharma (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), pp. 19–58.
  220. Helbing, D., I. J. Farkas, and T. Vicsek, 2000a, Nature 407, 487.
  221. Helbing, D., I. J. Farkas, and T. Vicsek, 2000b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1240.
  222. Helbing, D., A. Johansson, and H. Z. Al-Abideen, 2007, Phys. Rev. E 75, 046109.
  223. Helbing, D., and P. Molnár, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 51, 4282.
  224. Henderson, L. F., 1971, Nature 229, 381.
  225. Hendrickx, J. M., 2008, Physica A 387, 5255.
  226. Hewitt, C., 1970, PLANNER: A Language for Manipulating Models and Proving Theorems in a Robot (dspace.mit.edu).
  227. Hidalgo, C. A., 2006, Physica A 369, 877.
  228. Hidalgo, C. A., A. Castro, and C. Rodríguez-Sickert, 2006, New J. Phys. 8, 52.
  229. Hofbauer, J., and K. Sigmund, 1998, Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  230. Hogeweg, P., and B. Hesper, 1983, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12, 271.
  231. Holley, R., and T. Liggett, 1975, Ann. Probab. 3, 643.
  232. Holme, P., 2003, Europhys. Lett. 64, 427.
  233. Holme, P., C. R. Edling, and F. Liljeros, 2004, Soc. Networks 26, 155.
  234. Holme, P., and M. E. J. Newman, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 74, 056108.
  235. Hołyst, J. A., K. Kacperski, and F. Schweitzer, 2000, Physica A 285, 199.
  236. Hołyst, J. A., K. Kacperski, and F. Schweitzer, 2001, Annu. Rev. Comput. Phys. 9, 253.
  237. Huang, K., 1987, Statistical Mechanics (Wiley, New York).
  238. Huberman, B. A., and L. A. Adamic, 2004, in LNP Vol. 650: Complex Networks, edited by E. Ben-Naim, H. Frauenfelder, and Z. Toroczkai (Springer, Berlin), pp. 371–398.
  239. Hurford, J., 1989, Lingua 77, 187.
  240. Indekeu, J. O., 2004, Physica A 333, 461.
  241. Ito, J., and K. Kaneko, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 028701.
  242. Ito, J., and K. Kaneko, 2003, Phys. Rev. E 67, 046226.
  243. Jiang, L.-L., D.-Y. Hua, and T. Chen, 2007, J. Phys. A 40, 11271.
  244. Jiang, L.-L., D.-Y. Hua, J.-F. Zhu, B.-H. Wang, and T. Zhou, 2008, Eur. Phys. J. B 65, 251.
  245. Jin, E. M., M. Girvan, and M. E. J. Newman, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 64, 046132.
  246. Johansen, A., 2001, Physica A 296, 539.
  247. Johansen, A., 2004, Physica A 338, 286.
  248. Johansen, A., and D. Sornette, 2000, Physica A 276, 338.
  249. Kacperski, K., and J. A. Hołyst, 1996, J. Stat. Phys. 84, 169.
  250. Kacperski, K., and J. A. Hołyst, 1997, in Self Organization of Complex Structures, edited by F. Schweitzer (Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam), Vol. II, pp. 367–378.
  251. Kacperski, K., and J. A. Hołyst, 1999, Physica A 269, 511.
  252. Kacperski, K., and J. A. Hołyst, 2000, Physica A 287, 631.
  253. Ke, J., T. Gong, and W.-Y. Wang, 2008, Comm. Comp. Phys. 3, 935, originally presented at the 5th Conference on Language Evolution, Leipzig, Germany, March 2004.
  254. Ke, J., J. Minett, C.-P. Au, and W. S.-Y. Wang, 2002, Complexity 7, 41.
  255. Kermarrec, A.-M., L. Massoulie, and A. Ganesh, 2003, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 14, 248.
  256. Kerner, B., 2004, The Physics of Traffic (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  257. Kirby, S., 2001, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 5, 102.
  258. Kleinberg, J., 2002, Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (ACM, New York).
  259. Klemm, K., V. M. Eguíluz, R. Toral, and M. San Miguel, 2003a, Phys. Rev. E 67, 045101(R).
  260. Klemm, K., V. M. Eguíluz, R. Toral, and M. San Miguel, 2003b, Phys. Rev. E 67, 026120.
  261. Klemm, K., V. M. Eguíluz, R. Toral, and M. San Miguel, 2003c, Physica A 327, 1.
  262. Klemm, K., V. M. Eguíluz, R. Toral, and M. San Miguel, 2005, J. Econ. Dyn. Control 29, 321.
  263. Klietsch, N., 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 577.
  264. Klimek, P., R. Lambiotte, and S. Thurner, 2008, Europhys. Lett. 82, 28008.
  265. Kohring, G. A., 1996, J. Phys. I 6, 301.
  266. Komarova, N., P. Niyogi, and M. Nowak, 2001, J. Theor. Biol. 209, 43.
  267. Komarova, N. L., and M. A. Nowak, 2001, Bull. Math. Biol. 63, 451.
  268. Komarova, N. L., and P. Niyogi, 2004, Artif. Intell. 154, 1.
  269. Kondrat, G., and K. Sznajd-Weron, 2008, Phys. Rev. E 77, 021127.
  270. Kosmidis, K., J. M. Halley, and P. Argyrakis, 2005, Physica A 353, 595.
  271. Kosterlitz, J. M., and D. J. Thouless, 1973, J. Phys. C 6, 1181.
  272. Kozma, B., and A. Barrat, 2008, Phys. Rev. E 77, 016102.
  273. Krapivsky, P. L., 1992, Phys. Rev. A 45, 1067.
  274. Krapivsky, P. L., and S. Redner, 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 238701.
  275. Krauss, M., 1992, Language 68, 4.
  276. Kubo, R., M. Toda, and N. Hashitsume, 1985, Statistical Physics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  277. Kuperman, M. N., 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 046139.
  278. Kuperman, M. N., and D. H. Zanette, 2002, Eur. Phys. J. B 26, 387.
  279. Kuramoto, Y., 1975, in Mathematical Problems in Theoretical Physics, edited by H. Araki, Lecture Notes in Physics No. 39 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), pp. 420–422.
  280. Lacasa, L., and B. Luque, 2006, Physica A 366, 472.
  281. Laguna, M. F., G. Abramson, and D. H. Zanette, 2003, Physica A 329, 459.
  282. Laguna, M. F., G. Abramson, and D. H. Zanette, 2004, Complexity Archive 9, 31.
  283. Laguna, M. F., S. Risau Gusman, G. Abramson, S. Gonçalves, and J. R. Iglesias, 2005, Physica A 351, 580.
  284. Lambiotte, R., 2007, Europhys. Lett. 78, 68002.
  285. Lambiotte, R., and M. Ausloos, 2007, J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2007, P08026.
  286. Lambiotte, R., M. Ausloos, and J. A. Hołyst, 2007, Phys. Rev. E 75, 030101.
  287. Lambiotte, R., and S. Redner, 2007, J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2007, L10001.
  288. Lambiotte, R., and S. Redner, 2008, Europhys. Lett. 82, 18007.
  289. Lambiotte, R., S. Thurner, and R. Hanel, 2007, Phys. Rev. E 76, 046101.
  290. Landau, D., and K. Binder, 2005, A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulations in Statistical Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  291. Landau, H. G., 1951a, Bull. Math. Biophys. 13, 1.
  292. Landau, H. G., 1951b, Bull. Math. Biophys. 13, 245.
  293. Langton, C., 1996, Artificial Life (Addison-Wesley Longman, Boston).
  294. Latané, B., 1981, Am. Psychol. 36, 343.
  295. Lenaerts, T., B. Jansen, K. Tuyls, and B. de Vylder, 2005, J. Theor. Biol. 235, 566.
  296. Leone, M., A. Vázquez, A. Vespignani, and R. Zecchina, 2002, Eur. Phys. J. B 28, 191.
  297. Leskovec, J., L. Adamic, and B. Huberman, 2006, EC 06: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (ACM, New York), pp. 228–237.
  298. Lewenstein, M., A. Nowak, and B. Latané, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 45, 763.
  299. Lewis, D., 1969, Convention: A Philosophical Study (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
  300. Li, P.-P., D.-F. Zheng, and P. M. Hui, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 056128.
  301. Lieberman E., C. Hauert, and M. A. Nowak, 2005, Nature 433, 312.
  302. Lieberman, E., J.-B. Michel, J. Jackson, T. Tang, and M. A. Nowak, 2007, Nature 449, 713.
  303. Liggett, T. M., 1985, Interacting Particle Systems (Springer-Verlag, New York).
  304. Liggett, T. M., 1999, Stochastic Interacting Systems: Contact, Voter and Exclusion Processes (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  305. Liljeros, F., C. Edling, A. L, E. Stanley, and Y. Åberg, 2001, Nature 411, 907.
  306. Lima, F. W. S., A. O. Sousa, and M. A. Sumuor, 2008, Physica A 387, 3503.
  307. Lind, P. G., L. R. da Silva, J. J. S. Andrade, and H. J. Herrmann, 2007, Phys. Rev. E 76, 036117.
  308. Lind, P., L. da Silva, J. A., Jr., and H. Herrmann, 2007, Europhys. Lett. 78, 68005.
  309. Lipowski, A., and D. Lipowska, 2008, e-print arXiv:0801.1658.
  310. Liu, Z., Y.-C. Lai, and N. Ye, 2003, Phys. Rev. E 67, 031911.
  311. Llas, M., P. M. Gleiser, J. M. López, and A. Díaz-Guilera, 2003, Phys. Rev. E 68, 066101.
  312. Lloyd, A., and R. May, 2001, Science 292, 1316.
  313. Lorenz, J., 2005a, Physica A 355, 217.
  314. Lorenz, J., 2005b, e-print arXiv:0708.3293.
  315. Lorenz, J., 2006a, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul. 9 (1), paper 8.
  316. Lorenz, J., 2006b, Eur. J. Econ. Soc. Syst. 19, 213.
  317. Lorenz, J., 2007, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 18, 1819.
  318. Lorenz, J., 2008a, in Managing Complexity: Insights, Concepts, Applications, edited by D. Helbing (Springer, Berlin).
  319. Lorenz, J., 2008b, e-print arXiv:0801.1399.
  320. Lorenz, J., and D. Urbig, 2007, Adv. Complex Syst. 10, 251.
  321. Loreto, V., and L. Steels, 2007, Nat. Phys. 3, 758.
  322. Lu, Q., G. Korniss, and B. K. Szymanski, 2008, Phys. Rev. E 77, 016111.
  323. Lux, T., 2007, URL http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/research/wfri/wpaperseries/wf06/256.pdf.
  324. Lyra, M. L., U. M. S. Costa, R. N. C. Filho, and J. S. Andrade, Jr., 2003, Europhys. Lett. 62, 131.
  325. Macy, M., and R. Willer, 2002, Annu. Rev. Sociol. 28, 143.
  326. Maes, P., 1991, Designing Autonomous Agents: Theory and Practice from Biology to Engineering and Back (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
  327. Majorana, E., 1942, Scientia 36, 58.
  328. Majorana, E., 2005, Quant. Finance5, 133.
  329. Maki, D. P., and M. Thompson, 1973, Mathematical Models and Applications, With Emphasis on the Social, Life, and Management Sciences (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
  330. Malarz, K., D. Stauffer, and K. Kułakowski, 2006, Eur. Phys. J. B 50, 195.
  331. Maniccam, S., 2003, Physica A 321, 653.
  332. Mantegna, R. N., and H. E. Stanley, 1999, Introduction to Econophysics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  333. Marsili, M., 1994, J. Stat. Phys. 77, 733.
  334. Martins, A. C. R., 2008a, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 19, 617.
  335. Martins, A. C. R., 2008b, Phys. Rev. E 78, 036104.
  336. Matsuda, H., N. Ogita, A. Sasaki, and K. Sato, 1992, Prog. Theor. Phys. 88, 1035.
  337. May, R., 2006, Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 394.
  338. Mazzitello, K. I., J. Candia, and V. Dossetti, 2007, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 18, 1475.
  339. McCarthy, J., 1959, Proceedings of the Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes (Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London), pp. 75–91.
  340. Meakin, P., and D. J. Scalapino, 1987, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 731.
  341. Mermin, N. D., and H. Wagner, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1133.
  342. Metropolis, N., A. Rosenbluth, M. Rosenbluth, A. Teller, and E. Teller, 1953, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1087.
  343. Meyer, J.-A., and S. W. Wilson, 1990, Eds., From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
  344. Mézard, M., G. Parisi, and M. Virasoro, 1987, Spin Glass Theory and Beyond (World Scientific, Singapore).
  345. Michard, Q., and J.-P. Bouchaud, 2005, Eur. Phys. J. B 47, 151.
  346. Milgram, S., 1967, Psychol. Today 1, 60.
  347. Minett, J. W., and W. S.-Y. Wang, 2008, Lingua 118, 19.
  348. Minsky, M., 1961, Proc. IRE 49, 8.
  349. Mira, J., and Á. Paredes, 2005, Europhys. Lett. 69, 1031.
  350. Mitzenmacher, M., 2004, Internet Math. 1, 226.
  351. Mobilia, M., 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 028701.
  352. Mobilia, M., and I. T. Georgiev, 2005, Phys. Rev. E 71, 046102.
  353. Mobilia, M., A. Petersen, and S. Redner, 2007, J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2007, P08029.
  354. Mobilia, M., and S. Redner, 2003, Phys. Rev. E 68, 046106.
  355. Molloy, M., and B. Reed, 1995, Random Struct. Algorithms 6, 161.
  356. Molloy, M., and B. Reed, 1998, Combinatorics, Probab. Comput. 7, 295.
  357. Morales-Matamoros, O., M. A. Martínez-Cruz, and R. Tejeida-Padilla, 2006, in 50th Annual Meeting of the ISSS.
  358. Moreira, A. A., J. S. Andrade, and D. Stauffer, 2001, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 12, 39.
  359. Moreno, J., 1934, Who shall survive? A New Approach to the Problem of Human Interrelations, Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series Vol. 58 (Nervous and Mental Disease, Washington, D.C.).
  360. Moreno, Y., M. Nekovee, and A. Pacheco, 2004, Phys. Rev. E 69, 066130.
  361. Moreno, Y., M. Nekovee, and A. Vespignani, 2004, Phys. Rev. E 69, 055101.
  362. Muramatsu, M., T. Irie, and T. Nagatani, 1999, Physica A 267, 487.
  363. Muramatsu, M., and T. Nagatani, 2000, Physica A 286, 377.
  364. Nagatani, T., 2002, Rep. Prog. Phys. 65, 1331.
  365. Nakayama, S., and Y. Nakamura, 2004, Physica A 337, 625.
  366. Nardini, C., B. Kozma, and A. Barrat, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 158701.
  367. Nash, J., 1950, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 36, 48.
  368. Néda, Z., A. Nikitin, and T. Vicsek, 2003, Physica A 321, 238.
  369. Néda, Z., E. Ravasz, Y. Brechet, T. Vicsek, and A.-L. Barabási, 2000, Nature 403, 849.
  370. Néda, Z., E. Ravasz, T. Vicsek, Y. Brechet, and A. L. Barabási, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 61, 6987.
  371. Nekovee, M., Y. Moreno, G. Bianconi, and M. Marsili, 2007, Physica A 374, 457.
  372. Nettle, D., 1999a, Lingua 108, 95.
  373. Nettle, D., 1999b, Lingua 108, 119.
  374. Neumann, J. V., 1966, Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, (University of Illinois Press, Champaign, IL).
  375. Newman, M., 2001a, Phys. Rev. E 64, 016131.
  376. Newman, M., 2001b, Phys. Rev. E 64, 016132.
  377. Newman, M., 2003a, SIAM Rev. 45, 167.
  378. Newman, M., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 5200.
  379. Newman, M., S. Forrest, and J. Balthrop, 2002, Phys. Rev. E 66, 035101.
  380. Newman, M., and J. Park, 2003, Phys. Rev. E 68, 036122.
  381. Newman, M., and D. Watts, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, 7332.
  382. Newman, M. E. J., 2003b, Phys. Rev. E 67, 026126.
  383. Newman, M. E. J., 2005, Contemp. Phys. 46, 323.
  384. Niyogi, P., 2006, The Computational Nature of Language Learning and Evolution (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
  385. Nowak, A., J. Szamrej, and B. Latané, 1990, Psychol. Rev. 97, 362.
  386. Nowak, M., 2006, Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring the Equations of Life (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
  387. Nowak, M., and D. Krakauer, 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 8028.
  388. Nowak, M., D. Krakauer, and A. Dress, 1999, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 266, 2131.
  389. Nowak, M., J. Plotkin, and D. Krakauer, 1999, J. Theor. Biol. 200, 147.
  390. Ochrombel, R., 2001, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 12, 1091.
  391. Odagaki, T., and M. Tsujiguchi, 2006, Physica A 367, 435.
  392. Oliphant, M., 1997, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, San Diego.
  393. Oliphant, M., and J. Batali, 1996, The Newsletter of the Center for Research on Language 11 (1).
  394. Oliveira, J. G., and A. L. Barabási, 2005, Nature 437, 1251.
  395. Onnela, J., J. Saramäki, J. Hyvönen, G. Szabó, D. Lazer, K. Kaski, J. Kertész, and A. L. Barabási, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 7332.
  396. O’Reilly, T., 2005, URL http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6228.
  397. Osborne, M., and A. Rubinstein, 1994, A Course in Game Theory (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
  398. Palla, G., A.-L. Barabási, and T. Vicsek, 2007, Nature 446, 664.
  399. Parravano, A., H. Rivera-Ramírez, and M. G. Cosenza, 2006, Physica A 379, 241.
  400. Parrish, J. K., and W. H. Hamner, 1997, Animal Groups in Three Dimensions (Cambridge University Press, New York).
  401. Pastor-Satorras, R., A. Vázquez, and A. Vespignani, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 258701.
  402. Pastor-Satorras, R., and A. Vespignani, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3200.
  403. Pastor-Satorras, R., and A. Vespignani, 2004, Evolution and Structure of the Internet: A Statistical Physics Approach (Cambridge University Press, New York).
  404. Patriarca, M., and T. Leppänen, 2004, Physica A 338, 296.
  405. Pereira, L. F., and F. G. Moreira, 2005, Phys. Rev. E 71, 016123.
  406. Pinasco, J., and L. Romanelli, 2006, Physica A 361, 355.
  407. Pinker, S., and P. Bloom, 1990, Behav. Brain Sci. 13, 707.
  408. Plotkin, J., and M. Nowak, 2000, J. Theor. Biol. 205, 147.
  409. Pluchino, A., S. Boccaletti, V. Latora, and A. Rapisarda, 2006, Physica A 372, 316.
  410. Pluchino, A., V. Latora, and A. Rapisarda, 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 515.
  411. Porfiri, M., E. M. Bollt, and D. J. Stilwell, 2007, Eur. Phys. J. B 57, 481.
  412. Rapoport, A., 1953, Bull. Math. Biophys. 15, 523.
  413. Redner, S., 2001, A Guide to First-passage Processes (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  414. Ridley, M., 2003, Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human (Fourth Estate, London).
  415. Rodrigues, F. A., and L. da Fontoura Costa, 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 1785.
  416. Roehner, B., 2007, Driving Forces in Physical, Biological and Socio-Economic Phenomena (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  417. Roehner, B. M., D. Sornette, and J. V. Andersen, 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 15, 809.
  418. Rogers, E. M., 2003, Diffusion of Innovations, 5th ed. (Free Press, New York).
  419. Sabatelli, L., and P. Richmond, 2003, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 14, 1223.
  420. Sabatelli, L., and P. Richmond, 2004, Physica A 334, 274.
  421. Saloma, C., G. J. Perez, G. Tapang, M. Lim, and C. Palmes-Saloma, 2003, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 11947.
  422. Sánchez, A. D., J. M. López, and M. A. Rodríguez, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 048701.
  423. Schadschneider, A., W. Klingsch, H. Kluepfel, T. Kretz, C. Rogsch, and A. Seyfried, 2008, e-print arXiv:0802.1620.
  424. Schelling, T. C., 1971, J. Math. Sociol. 1, 143.
  425. Scheucher, M., and H. Spohn, 1988, J. Stat. Phys. 53, 279.
  426. Schneider, J. J., 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 15, 659.
  427. Schneider, J. J., and C. Hirtreiter, 2005a, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 157.
  428. Schneider, J. J., and C. Hirtreiter, 2005b, Physica A 353, 539.
  429. Schneider, J. J., and C. Hirtreiter, 2005c, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 1165.
  430. Schreckenberg, M., and S. D. Sharma, 2001, Eds., Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  431. Schulze, C., 2003a, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 14, 95.
  432. Schulze, C., 2003b, Physica A 324, 717.
  433. Schulze, C., 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 15, 569.
  434. Schulze, C., and D. Stauffer, 2005a, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 781.
  435. Schulze, C., and D. Stauffer, 2005b, in Modeling Cooperative Behavior in the Social Sciences, edited by P. Garrido, J. Marro, and M. A. Muñoz, AIP Conf. Proc. No. 779 (AIP, New York), pp. 49–55.
  436. Schulze, C., and D. Stauffer, 2006, Adv. Complex Syst. 9, 183.
  437. Schulze, C., D. Stauffer, and S. Wichmann, 2008, Comm. Comp. Phys. 3, 271.
  438. Schwämmle, V., 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 1519.
  439. Schweitzer, F., 2003, Brownian Agents and Active Particles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
  440. Schweitzer, F., and J. A. Hołyst, 2000, Eur. Phys. J. B 15, 723.
  441. Scott, J., 2000, Social Network Analysis: A Handbook (SAGE, London).
  442. Sethna, J. P., K. A. Dahmen, and C. R. Myers, 2001, Nature 410, 242.
  443. Shibanai, Y., S. Yasuno, and I. Ishiguro, 2001, J. Conflict Resolut. 45, 80.
  444. Sinha, S., and R. K. Pan, 2006, in Econophysics & Sociophysics: Trends & Perspectives, edited by B. K. Chakrabarti, A. Chakraborti, and A. Chatterjee (Wiley VCH, Weinheim), p. 417.
  445. Sire, C., and S. N. Majumdar, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 52, 244.
  446. Situngkir, H., 2004, e-print arXiv:nlin/0405002.
  447. Slanina, F., and H. Lavička, 2003, Eur. Phys. J. B 35, 279.
  448. Slanina, F., K. Sznajd-Weron, and P. Przybyła, 2008, Europhys. Lett. 82, 18006.
  449. Smith, J. M., 1982, Evolution and the Theory of Games (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  450. Smith, K., H. Brighton, and S. Kirby, 2003, Adv. Complex Syst. 6, 537.
  451. Sood, V., T. Antal, and S. Redner, 2008, Phys. Rev. E 77, 041121.
  452. Sood, V., and S. Redner, 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 178701.
  453. Sousa, A. O., 2005, Physica A 348, 701.
  454. Sousa, A. O., and J. Sánchez, 2006, Physica A 361, 319.
  455. Sousa, A. O., 2004, e-print arXiv:cond-mat/0406766.
  456. Sousa, A. O., and D. Stauffer, 2000, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 11, 1063.
  457. Stark, H.-U., C. J. Tessone, and F. Schweitzer, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 018701.
  458. Stauffer, D., 2002a, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 13, 975.
  459. Stauffer, D., 2002b, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 13, 315.
  460. Stauffer, D., 2003a, in The Monte Carlo Method in the Physical Sciences, edited by J. E. Gubernatis, AIP Conf. Proc. No. 690 (AIP, New York), pp. 147–155.
  461. Stauffer, D., 2003b, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 14, 237.
  462. Stauffer, D., 2004, J. Math. Sociol. 28, 25.
  463. Stauffer, D., X. Castelló, V. M. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2007, Physica A 374, 835.
  464. Stauffer, D., and P. M. C. de Oliveira, 2002, e-print arXiv:cond-mat/0208296.
  465. Stauffer, D., M. Hohnisch, and S. Pittnauer, 2006, Physica A 370, 734.
  466. Stauffer, D., and H. Meyer-Ortmanns, 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 15, 241.
  467. Stauffer, D., S. Moss de Oliveira, P. de Oliveira, and J. Sá Martins, 2006, Biology, Sociology, Geology by Computational Physicists (Elsevier, Amsterdam).
  468. Stauffer, D., and J. S. Sá Martins, 2003, Adv. Complex Syst. 6, 559.
  469. Stauffer, D., and J. S. Sá Martins, 2004, Physica A 334, 558.
  470. Stauffer, D., C. Schulze, F. Lima, S. Wichmann, and S. Solomon, 2006, Physica A 371, 719.
  471. Stauffer, D., A. O. Sousa, and S. M. de Oliveira, 2000, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 11, 1239.
  472. Stauffer, D., A. O. Sousa, and C. Schulze, 2004, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul. 7 (3), paper 7.
  473. Steels, L., 1995, Artif. Life 2, 319.
  474. Steels, L., 1996, in Artificial Life V: Proceeding of the Fifth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, edited by C. Langton and T. Shimohara (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp. 179–184.
  475. Steels, L. 2003, Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 308.
  476. Steels, L., 2005, Connect. Sci. 17, 213.
  477. Stone, M., 1961, Ann. Math. Stat. 32, 1339.
  478. Strogatz, S. H., 1994, in Frontiers in Mathematical Biology, edited by S. A. Levin, Lecture Notes in Biomathematics No. 100 (Springer, Berlin), p. 122.
  479. Strogatz, S. H., and I. Stewart, 1993, Sci. Am. 269, 102.
  480. Suchecki, K., V. M. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2005a, Europhys. Lett. 69, 228.
  481. Suchecki, K., V. M. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2005b, Phys. Rev. E 72, 036132.
  482. Sudbury, A., 1985, J. Appl. Probab. 22, 443.
  483. Sutherland, W. J., 2003, Nature 423, 276.
  484. Szabó, G., and G. Fáth, 2007, Phys. Rep. 446, 97.
  485. Sznajd-Weron, K., 2002, Phys. Rev. E 66, 046131.
  486. Sznajd-Weron, K., 2004, Phys. Rev. E 70, 037104.
  487. Sznajd-Weron, K., 2005a, Phys. Rev. E 71, 046110.
  488. Sznajd-Weron, K., 2005b, Acta Phys. Pol. B 36, 2537.
  489. Sznajd-Weron, K., and J. Sznajd, 2000, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 11, 1157.
  490. Sznajd-Weron, K., and J. Sznajd, 2005, Physica A 351, 593.
  491. Sznajd-Weron, K., and R. Weron, 2002, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 13, 115.
  492. Sznajd-Weron, K., and R. Weron, 2003, Physica A 324, 437.
  493. Tavares, J. M., M. M. Telo da Gama, and A. Nunes, 2008, Phys. Rev. E 77, 046108.
  494. Tessone, C. J., and R. Toral, 2005, Physica A 351, 106.
  495. Tessone, C. J., R. Toral, P. Amengual, H. S. Wio, and M. San Miguel, 2004, Eur. Phys. J. B 39, 535.
  496. Theraulaz, G., E. Bonabeau, and J.-L. Deneubourg, 1995, J. Theor. Biol. 174, 313.
  497. Toner, J., and Y. Tu, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4326.
  498. Toner, J., and Y. Tu, 1998, Phys. Rev. E 58, 4828.
  499. Toral, R., and C. J. Tessone, 2007, Comm. Comp. Phys. 2, 177.
  500. Toscani, G., 2006, Commun. Math. Sci. 4, 481.
  501. Traulsen, A., J. C. Claussen, and C. Hauert, 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 238701.
  502. Travieso, G., and L. da Fontoura Costa, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 74, 036112.
  503. Tsujiguchi, M., and T. Odagaki, 2007, Physica A 375, 317.
  504. Tu, Y.-S., A. O. Sousa, L.-J. Kong, and M.-R. Liu, 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 16, 1149.
  505. Ulam, S., 1960, A Collection of Mathematical Problems (Interscience, New York).
  506. Urbig, D., and J. Lorenz, 2004, e-print arXiv:0708.3334.
  507. Varela, F. J., and P. Bourgine, 1992, Eds., Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
  508. Vázquez, A., 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 248701.
  509. Vázquez, A., J. G. Oliveira, Z. Dezsö, K.-I. Goh, I. Kondor, and A.-L. Barabási, 2006, Phys. Rev. E 73, 036127.
  510. Vázquez, F., V. M. Eguíluz, and M. S. Miguel, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 108702.
  511. Vázquez, F., J. C. González-Avella, V. M. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2007, Phys. Rev. E 76, 046120.
  512. Vázquez, F., P. L. Krapivsky, and S. Redner, 2003, J. Phys. A 36, L61.
  513. Vázquez, F., and S. Redner, 2004, J. Phys. A 37, 8479.
  514. Vázquez, F., and S. Redner, 2007, Europhys. Lett. 78, 18002.
  515. Vicsek, T., A. Czirók, E. Ben-Jacob, I. Cohen, and O. Shochet, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1226.
  516. Vilone, D., and C. Castellano, 2004, Phys. Rev. E 69, 016109.
  517. Vilone, D., A. Vespignani, and C. Castellano, 2002, Eur. Phys. J. B 30, 399.
  518. Vogels, W., R. van Renesse, and K. Birman, 2003, Comput. Commun. Rev. 33, 131.
  519. von Ahn, L., and L. Dabbish, 2004, CHI ’04: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (ACM, New York), pp. 319–326.
  520. von Neumann, J., and O. Morgenstern, 1947, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).
  521. Wang, W. S.-Y., and J. W. Minett, 2005, Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 263.
  522. Wasserman, S., and K. Faust, 1994, Social Network Analysis (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  523. Watts, D., and S. Strogatz, 1998, Nature (London) 393, 440.
  524. Watts, D. J., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 5766.
  525. Weidlich, W., 1971, Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 24, 251.
  526. Weidlich, W., 1991, Phys. Rep. 204, 1.
  527. Weidlich, W., 2002, Sociodynamics: A Systematic Approach to Mathematical Modelling in Social Sciences (Taylor and Francis, London).
  528. Weisbuch, G., 2004, Eur. Phys. J. B 38, 339.
  529. Weisbuch, G., G. Deffuant, and F. Amblard, 2005, Physica A 353, 555.
  530. Weisbuch, G., G. Deffuant, F. Amblard, and J. P. Nadal, 2002, in Interacting Agents and Continuous Opinions Dynamics, edited by G. Fandel and W. Trockel, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems No. 521 (Springer Verlag, Berlin), pp. 225–242.
  531. Weiss, G., 1999, Ed., Multiagent Systems: A Modern Approach to Distributed Artificial Intelligence (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
  532. Wichmann, S., 2008, Lang. Linguist. Compass. 2, 442.
  533. Wichmann, S., D. Stauffer, F. W. S. Lima, and C. Schulze, 2006, Trans. Philol. Soc. 105, 126.
  534. Wilkinson, D., and J. F. Willemsen, 1983, J. Phys. A 16, 3365.
  535. Wilson, E. O., 1971, The Insect Societies (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
  536. Wio, H. S., M. S. de la Lama, and J. M. López, 2006, Physica A 371, 108.
  537. Wittgenstein, L., 1953a, Philosophical Investigations (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK) (translated by Anscombe, G.E.M.).
  538. Wittgenstein, L., 1953b, Philosophische Untersuchungen (Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Germany).
  539. Wooldridge, M., 2002, Introduction to MultiAgent Systems (Wiley, Chichester, UK).
  540. Wu, F., 1982, Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 235.
  541. Wu, F., and B. A. Huberman, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 17599.
  542. Wu, F., B. Huberman, L. Adamic, and J. Tyler, 2004, Physica A 337, 327.
  543. Zanette, D., and M. Montemurro, 2005, J. Quant. Linguist. 12, 29.
  544. Zanette, D. H., 2001, Phys. Rev. E 64, 050901.
  545. Zanette, D. H., 2002, Phys. Rev. E 65, 041908.
  546. Zanette, D. H., 2008a, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 19, 569.
  547. Zanette, D. H., 2008b, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 19, 237.
  548. Zanette, D. H., and S. Gil, 2006, Physica D 224, 156.
  549. Zillio, T., I. Volkov, J. R. Banavar, S. P. Hubbell, and A. Maritan, 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 098101.
  550. Zimmermann, M. G., V. M. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2001, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Economics with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, edited by J. B. Zimmerman and A. Kirman (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), p. 73.
  551. Zimmermann, M. G., V. M. Eguíluz, and M. San Miguel, 2004, Phys. Rev. E 69, 065102.
  552. Zipf, G. K., 1949, Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA).

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 591– Published 11 May, 2009

    © 2009 American Physical Society

    Sign In to Your Journals Account

    Filter

    Filter

    Article Lookup

    Enter a citation