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Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications

Francesco Giazotto*, Tero T. Heikkilä†, Arttu Luukanen, Alexander M. Savin, and Jukka P. Pekola

Francesco Giazotto*

  • Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland and NEST CNR-INFM and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy

Tero T. Heikkilä†

  • Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland

Arttu Luukanen

  • National Institute of Standards and Technology, Quantum Electrical Metrology Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA and Millimetre-Wave Laboratory of Finland–Millilab, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland

Alexander M. Savin and Jukka P. Pekola

  • Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland

  • *Electronic address: F.Giazotto@sns.it
  • †Electronic address: Tero.T.Heikkila@hut.fi
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Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 217 – Published 17 March, 2006Erratum Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1351 (2009)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217

Abstract

This review presents an overview of the thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. The discussion is based on the concept of electron energy distribution, and, in particular, on controlling and probing it. The temperature of an electron gas is determined by this distribution: refrigeration is equivalent to narrowing it, and thermometry is probing its convolution with a function characterizing the measuring device. Temperature exists, strictly speaking, only in quasiequilibrium in which the distribution follows the Fermi-Dirac form. Interesting nonequilibrium deviations can occur due to slow relaxation rates of the electrons, e.g., among themselves or with lattice phonons. Observation and applications of nonequilibrium phenomena are also discussed. The focus in this paper is at low temperatures, primarily below 4K, where physical phenomena on mesoscopic scales and hybrid combinations of various types of materials, e.g., superconductors, normal metals, insulators, and doped semiconductors, open up a rich variety of device concepts. This review starts with an introduction to theoretical concepts and experimental results on thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. Then thermometry and refrigeration are examined with an emphasis on experiments. An immediate application of solid-state refrigeration and thermometry is in ultrasensitive radiation detection, which is discussed in depth. This review concludes with a summary of pertinent fabrication methods of presented devices.

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Erratum

Erratum: Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications [Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 217 (2006)]

Francesco Giazotto, Tero T. Heikkilä, Arttu Luukanen, Alexander M. Savin, and Jukka P. Pekola
Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1351 (2009)

Article Text

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 217– Published 17 March, 2006

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