- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Structural properties of nanoclusters: Energetic, thermodynamic, and kinetic effects

Francesca Baletto* and Riccardo Ferrando†

Francesca Baletto* and Riccardo Ferrando†

  • INFM and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy

  • *Present address: The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, I34014 Trieste, Italy. Electronic address: baletto@ictp.trieste.it
  • †Electronic address: ferrando@fisica.unige.it
PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 371 – Published 24 May, 2005

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.77.371

Abstract

The structural properties of free nanoclusters are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the interplay of energetic, thermodynamic, and kinetic factors in the explanation of cluster structures that are actually observed in experiments. The review starts with a brief summary of the experimental methods for the production of free nanoclusters and then considers theoretical and simulation issues, always discussed in close connection with the experimental results. The energetic properties are treated first, along with methods for modeling elementary constituent interactions and for global optimization on the cluster potential-energy surface. After that, a section on cluster thermodynamics follows. The discussion includes the analysis of solid-solid structural transitions and of melting, with its size dependence. The last section is devoted to the growth kinetics of free nanoclusters and treats the growth of isolated clusters and their coalescence. Several specific systems are analyzed.

View figure in article

Article Text

References (489)

  1. Ahlrichs, R., and S. D. Elliott, 1999, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1, 13.
  2. Ajayan, P. M., and L. D. Marks, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 585.
  3. Akola, J., and M. Manninen, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 63, 193410.
  4. Ala-Nissila, T., R. Ferrando, and S. C. Ying, 2002, Adv. Phys. 51, 949.
  5. Alameddin, G., J. Hunter, D. Cameron, and M. M. Kappes, 1992, Chem. Phys. Lett. 192, 122.
  6. Alivisatos, A. P., 2001, Sci. Am. (Int. Ed.) 285, 66.
  7. Alivisatos, A. P., K. P. Johnsson, X. G. Peng, T. E. Wilson, C. J. Loweth, M. P. Bruchez, and P. G. Schultz, 1996, Nature (London) 382, 609.
  8. Alonso, J. A., 2000, Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.) 100, 637.
  9. Alvarez, M. M., J. T. Khoury, T. G. Schaaff, M. Shafigullin, I. Vezmar, and R. L. Whetten, 1997, Chem. Phys. Lett. 266, 91.
  10. Amar, F. G., and R. S. Berry, 1986, J. Chem. Phys. 85, 5943.
  11. Amara, P., D. Hsu, and J. E. Straub, 1993, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 6715.
  12. Anderson, J. B., and J. B. Fenn, 1985, Phys. Fluids 8, 780.
  13. Andriotis, A. N., and M. Menon, 2004, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 230.
  14. Aprà, E., F. Baletto, R. Ferrando, and A. Fortunelli, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 065502.
  15. Ascencio, J. A., C. Gutiérrez-Wing, M. E. Espinosa, M. Marín, S. Tehuacanero, C. Zorrilla, and M. José-Yacamán, 1998, Surf. Sci. 396, 349.
  16. Ascencio, J. A., M. Pérez, and M. José-Yacamán, 2000, Surf. Sci. 447, 73.
  17. Ashcroft, N. W., and N. D. Mermin, 1976, Solid State Physics (Saunders College, Orlando).
  18. Aziz, R. A., F. R. W. McCourt, and C. C. K. Wong, 1987, Mol. Phys. 61, 1487.
  19. Bacelo, D. E., R. C. Binning, and Y. Ishikawa, 1999, J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 4631.
  20. Bachels, T., H. J. Güntherodt, and R. Schäfer, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1250.
  21. Bachels, T., and R. Schäfer, 2000, Chem. Phys. Lett. 324, 365.
  22. Baguenard, B., M. Pellarin, J. Lermé, J. L. Vialle, and M. Broyer, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 754.
  23. Bailey, M. S., N. T. Wilson, C. Roberts, and R. L. Johnston, 2003, Eur. Phys. J. D 25, 41.
  24. Baletto, F., 2003, Ph.D. thesis (Universita di Genova).
  25. Baletto, F., J. P. K. Doye, and R. Ferrando, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 075503.
  26. Baletto, F., J. P. K. Doye, C. Mottet, and R. Ferrando, 2003, Surf. Sci. 532, 898.
  27. Baletto, F., and R. Ferrando, 2001, Surf. Sci. 490, 361.
  28. Baletto, F., R. Ferrando, A. Fortunelli, F. Montalenti, and C. Mottet, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 3856.
  29. Baletto, F., C. Mottet, and R. Ferrando, 2000a, Surf. Sci. 446, 31.
  30. Baletto, F., C. Mottet, and R. Ferrando, 2000b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5544.
  31. Baletto, F., C. Mottet, and R. Ferrando, 2001a, Phys. Rev. B 63, 155408.
  32. Baletto, F., C. Mottet, and R. Ferrando, 2001b, Eur. Phys. J. D 16, 25.
  33. Baletto, F., C. Mottet, and R. Ferrando, 2002, Chem. Phys. Lett. 354, 82.
  34. Baletto, F., C. Mottet, and R. Ferrando, 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 135504.
  35. Baletto, F., A. Rapallo, G. Rossi, and R. Ferrando, 2004, Phys. Rev. B 69, 235421.
  36. Barranco, M., J. Navarro, and A. Poves, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4729.
  37. Barreteau, C., M. C. Desjonquères, and D. Spanjaard, 2000, Eur. Phys. J. D 11, 395.
  38. Barreteau, C., R. Guirado-López, D. Spanjaard, M. C. Desjonquères, and A. M. Oleś, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 61, 7781.
  39. Bartell, L. S., 1992, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 108.
  40. Bauschlicher, C. W., 1989, Chem. Phys. Lett. 156, 91.
  41. Bauschlicher, C. W., S. R. Langhoff, and H. Partridge, 1989, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 2412.
  42. Bauschlicher, C. W., S. R. Langhoff, and H. Partridge, 1990, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 8133.
  43. Bauschlicher, C. W., S. R. Langhoff, and P. R. Taylor, 1988, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 1041.
  44. Bazterra, V. E., O. Oña, M. C. Caputo, M. B. Ferraro, P. Fuentealba, and J. C. Facelli, 2004, Phys. Rev. A 69, 053202.
  45. Beck, T. L., and R. S. Berry, 1988, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 3910.
  46. Becke, A. D., 1988, Phys. Rev. A 38, 3098.
  47. Becke, A. D., 1996, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 5648.
  48. Becker, O. M., and M. Karplus, 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 1495.
  49. Berry, R. S., T. L. Beck, H. L. Davis, and J. Jellinek, 1988, Evolution of Size Effects in Chemical Dynamics (Wiley, New York), p. 75.
  50. Berry, R. S., J. Jellinek, and G. Natanson, 1984, Phys. Rev. A 30, 919.
  51. Bilgram, J. H., 1987, Phys. Rep. 153, 1.
  52. Binns, C., 2001, Surf. Sci. Rep. 44, 1.
  53. Biswas, R., and D. R. Hamann, 1986, Phys. Rev. B 34, 895.
  54. Bixon, M., and J. Jortner, 1989, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1631.
  55. Bjørnholm, S., J. Borggreen, O. Echt, K. Hansen, J. Pedersen, and H. D. Rasmussen, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1627.
  56. Bjørnholm, S., J. Borggreen, O. Echt, K. Hansen, J. Pedersen, and H. D. Rasmussen, 1991, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 19, 47.
  57. Blaisten-Barojas, E., I. L. Garzón, and M. Avalos-Borja, 1987, Phys. Rev. B 36, 8447.
  58. Blaisten-Barojas, E., and D. Levesque, 1986, Phys. Rev. B 34, 3910.
  59. Bobadova-Parvanova, P., K. A. Jackson, S. Srinivas, M. Horoi, C. Köhler, and G. Seifert, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 3576.
  60. Bonacić-Koutecký, V., J. Burda, R. Mitrić, M. Ge, G. Zampella, and P. Fantucci, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 117, 3120.
  61. Bonacić-Koutecký, V., L. Cespiva, P. Fantucci, and J. Koutecký, 1993, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 7981.
  62. Bonacić-Koutecký, V., L. Cespiva, P. Fantucci, J. Pittner, and J. Koutecký, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 490.
  63. Bonacić-Koutecký, V., P. Fantucci, C. Fuchs, C. Gatti, J. Pittner, and S. Polezzo, 1993, Chem. Phys. Lett. 213, 522.
  64. Bonacić-Koutecký, V., P. Fantucci, and J. Koutecký, 1988, Phys. Rev. B 37, 4369.
  65. Bonacić-Koutecký, V., P. Fantucci, and J. Koutecký, 1991, Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.) 91, 1035.
  66. Borgia, I., B. Brunetti, I. Mariani, A. Sgamellotti, F. Cariati, P. Fermo, M. Mellini, C. Viti, and G. Padeletti, 2002, Appl. Surf. Sci. 185, 206.
  67. Boustani, I., W. Pewestorf, P. Fantucci, V. Bonacić-Koutecký, and J. Koutecký, 1987, Phys. Rev. B 35, 9437.
  68. Boyukata, M., Z. B. Güvenc, S. Ozcelik, P. Durmus, and J. Jellinek, 2001, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 84, 208.
  69. Brack, M., 1993, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 677.
  70. Branz, W., 2001, Ph.D. thesis (University of Stuttgart).
  71. Branz, W., N. Malinowski, A. Enders, and T. P. Martin, 2002, Phys. Rev. B 66, 094107.
  72. Branz, W., N. Malinowski, H. Schaber, and T. P. Martin, 2000, Chem. Phys. Lett. 328, 245.
  73. Bravo-Pérez, G., I. L. Garzón, and O. Novaro, 1999a, J. Mol. Struct.: THEOCHEM 493, 225.
  74. Bravo-Pérez, G., I. L. Garzón, and O. Novaro, 1999b, Chem. Phys. Lett. 313, 655.
  75. Breaux, G. A., R. C. Benirschke, T. Sugai, B. S. Kinnear, and M. F. Jarrold, 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 215508.
  76. Briant, C. L., and J. J. Burton, 1975, J. Chem. Phys. 63, 2045.
  77. Brühl, R., R. Guardiola, A. Kalinin, O. Kornilov, J. Navarro, T. Savas, and J. P. Toennies, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 185301.
  78. Buck, U., and I. Ettischer, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 6974.
  79. Buffat, P., and J.-P. Borel, 1976, Phys. Rev. A 13, 2287.
  80. Buffat, P.-A., M. Flueli, R. Spycher, P. Stadelmann, and J.-P. Borel, 1991, Faraday Discuss. 92, 173.
  81. Caccamo, C., D. Costa, and A. Fucile, 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 255.
  82. Callegari, C., K. K. Lehmann, R. Schmied, and G. Scoles, 2001, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 10 090.
  83. Calvo, F., and C. Guet, 2000, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 1315.
  84. Calvo, F., J. P. Neirotti, D. L. Freeman, and J. D. Doll, 2000, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 10 350.
  85. Calvo, F., and F. Spiegelman, 2000, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 2888.
  86. Calvo, F., and F. Spiegelman, 2004, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 9684.
  87. Calvo, F., F. Spiegelman, and M.-C. Heitz, 2003, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 8739.
  88. Car, R., and M. Parrinello, 1985, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2471.
  89. Castleman, A. W., and K. H. Bowen, 1996, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 12 911.
  90. Ceperley, D. M., 1994, Rev. Mod. Phys. 67, 279.
  91. Chacko, S., K. Joshi, D. G. Kanhere, and S. A. Blundell, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 135 506.
  92. Cheng, H.-P., R. N. Barnett, and U. Landman, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 48, 1820.
  93. Cheng, L., W. Cai, and X. Shao, 2004, Chem. Phys. Lett. 389, 309.
  94. Chin, S. A., and E. Krotscheck, 1992, Phys. Rev. B 45, 852.
  95. Chin, S. A., and E. Krotscheck, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 52, 10 405.
  96. Christensen, O. B., and M. L. Cohen, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 47, 13 643.
  97. Chuang, F.-C., C. Z. Wang, S. Ögüt, J. R. Chelikowsky, and K. M. Ho, 2004, Phys. Rev. B 69, 165 408.
  98. Chushak, Y., and L. S. Bartell, 2001a, Eur. Phys. J. D 16, 43.
  99. Chushak, Y. G., and L. S. Bartell, 2001b, J. Phys. Chem. B105, 11 605.
  100. Clemenger, K., 1985, Phys. Rev. B 32, 1359.
  101. Cleveland, C. L., and U. Landman, 1991, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 7376.
  102. Cleveland, C. L., and U. Landman, 1994, J. Phys. Chem. 98, 6272.
  103. Cleveland, C. L., U. Landman, T. G. Schaaff, M. N. Shafigullin, P. W. Stephens, and R. L. Whetten, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1873.
  104. Cleveland, C. L., W. D. Luedtke, and U. Landman, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2036.
  105. Cleveland, C. L., W. D. Luedtke, and U. Landman, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 60, 5065.
  106. Coleman, T., and D. Shalloway, 1994, J. Global Optim. 4, 171.
  107. Combe, N., P. Jensen, and A. Pimpinelli, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 110.
  108. Cottancin, E., J. Lermé, M. Gaudry, M. Pellarin, J.-L. Vialle, M. Broyer, B. Prével, M. Treilleux, and P. Mélinon, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 5179.
  109. Cox, H., R. L. Johnston, and J. N. Murrell, 1999, J. Solid State Chem. 145, 517.
  110. Dai, D., and K. Balasubramanian, 1995, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 648.
  111. Darby, S., T. V. Mortimer-Jones, R. L. Johnston, and C. Roberts, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 1536.
  112. Davis, H. L., J. Jellinek, and R. S. Berry, 1987, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 6456.
  113. Daw, M. S., and M. I. Baskes, 1984, Phys. Rev. B 29, 6443.
  114. Deaven, D. M., and K. M. Ho, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 288.
  115. Deaven, D. M., M. Tit, J. R. Morris, and K. M. Ho, 1996, Chem. Phys. Lett. 256, 195.
  116. de Heer, W. A., 1993, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 611.
  117. Desjonqueres, M. C., and D. Spanjaard, 1998, Concepts in Surface Physics (Springer, Berlin).
  118. Dietz, T. G., M. A. Duncan, D. E. Powers, and R. E. Smalley, 1981, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6511.
  119. Doye, J. P. K., 2003, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 1136.
  120. Doye, J. P. K., 2004, unpublished.
  121. Doye, J. P. K., and F. Calvo, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3570.
  122. Doye, J. P. K., and F. Calvo, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 8307.
  123. Doye, J. P. K., and F. Calvo, 2003, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 12 680.
  124. Doye, J. P. K., A. Dullweber, and D. J. Wales, 1997, Chem. Phys. Lett. 269, 408.
  125. Doye, J. P. K., and S. C. Hendy, 2003, Eur. Phys. J. D 22, 99.
  126. Doye, J. P. K., and D. J. Wales, 1995, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 9659.
  127. Doye, J. P. K., and D. J. Wales, 1996a, Science 271, 484.
  128. Doye, J. P. K., and D. J. Wales, 1996b, Chem. Phys. Lett. 262, 167.
  129. Doye, J. P. K., and D. J. Wales, 1998a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1357.
  130. Doye, J. P. K., and D. J. Wales, 1998b, New J. Chem. 22, 733.
  131. Doye, J. P. K., and D. J. Wales, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5719.
  132. Doye, J. P. K., D. J. Wales, and R. S. Berry, 1995, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 4234.
  133. Doye, J. P. K., D. J. Wales, W. Branz, and F. Calvo, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 64, 235409.
  134. Doye, J. P. K., D. J. Wales, and M. A. Miller, 1998, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 8143.
  135. Efremenko, I., 2001, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 173, 19.
  136. Efremenko, I., and M. Sheintuck, 2000, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 160, 445.
  137. Efremov, M. Y., F. Schiettekatte, M. Zhang, E. A. Olson, A. T. Kwan, R. S. Berry, and L. H. Allen, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3560.
  138. Ehbrecht, M., and F. Huisken, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 2975.
  139. Ehbrecht, M., B. Kohn, F. Huisken, M. A. Laguna, and V. Paillard, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 6958.
  140. Ercolessi, F., W. Andreoni, and E. Tosatti, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 911.
  141. Ercolessi, F., M. Parrinello, and E. Tosatti, 1988, Philos. Mag. A 58, 213.
  142. Erkoç, S., and T. Yilmaz, 1999, Physica E (Amsterdam)5, 1.
  143. Ervin, K. M., J. Ho, and W. C. Lineberger, 1988, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 4514.
  144. Etters, R. D., and J. Kaelberer, 1975, Phys. Rev. A 11, 1068.
  145. Etters, R. D., and J. Kaelberer, 1977, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 5112.
  146. Even, U., N. Ben-Horin, and J. Jortner, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 140.
  147. Faken, D., and H. Jónsson, 1994, Comput. Mater. Sci. 2, 279.
  148. Farges, J., M.-F. de Feraudy, B. Raoult, and G. Torchet, 1981, Surf. Sci. 106, 95.
  149. Farges, J., M. F. de Feraudy, B. Raoult, and G. Torchet, 1983, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 5067.
  150. Farges, J., M. F. de Feraudy, B. Raoult, and G. Torchet, 1985, Surf. Sci. 156, 370.
  151. Farges, J., M. F. de Feraudy, B. Raoult, and G. Torchet, 1986, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 3491.
  152. Farges, J., M.-F. de Feraudy, B. Raoult, and G. Torchet, 1988, Adv. Chem. Phys. 70, 45.
  153. Ferreira, A. L. C., J. M. Pacheco, and J. P. Prates-Ramalho, 2000, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 738.
  154. Finnila, A. B., M. A. Gomez, C. Sebenik, C. Stenson, and J. D. Doll, 1994, Chem. Phys. Lett. 219, 343.
  155. Finnis, M. W., and J. E. Sinclair, 1984, Philos. Mag. A 50, 45.
  156. Fortunelli, A., 1999, J. Mol. Struct.: THEOCHEM 493, 233.
  157. Fortunelli, A., and E. Aprà, 2003, J. Phys. Chem. 107, 2934.
  158. Fortunelli, A., and A. M. Velasco, 2004, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 99, 654.
  159. Fournier, R., 2001, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 2165.
  160. Fournier, R., S. B. Sinnott, and A. E. DePristo, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 4149.
  161. Frantz, D. D., 1995, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 3747.
  162. Frantz, D. D., 2001, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 6136.
  163. Frantz, D. D., D. L. Freeman, and J. D. Doll, 1990, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 2769.
  164. Freeman, D. L., and J. D. Doll, 1985, J. Chem. Phys. 82, 462.
  165. Freeman, D. L., and J. D. Doll, 1996, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 47, 43.
  166. Frenkel, D., and B. Smit, 1996, Understanding Molecular Simulations (Academic Press, San Diego).
  167. Fthenakis, Z., A. N. Andriotis, and M. Menon, 2003, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 10 911.
  168. Fujima, N., and T. Yamaguchi, 1989, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 58, 1334.
  169. Fuke, K., K. Tsukamoto, F. Misaizu, and M. Sanekata, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 7807.
  170. Ganteför, G., and W. Eberhardt, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4975.
  171. Ganteför, G., M. Gauss, K. H. Meiwes-Broer, and H. Lutz, 1990, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 86, 2483.
  172. Garcia-Rodeja, J., C. Rey, and L. J. Gallego, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 6466.
  173. Garcia-Rodeja, J., C. Rey, L. J. Gallego, and J. A. Alonso, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8495.
  174. Garzón, I. L., M. R. Beltrán, G. Gonzalez, I. Gutierrez-Gonzalez, K. Michaelian, J. A. Reyes-Nava, and J. I. Rodriguez-Hernandez, 2003, Eur. Phys. J. D 24, 105.
  175. Garzón, I. L., and J. Jellinek, 1991, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 20, 235.
  176. Garzón, I. L., and J. Jellinek, 1993, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 26, 316.
  177. Garzón, I. L., I. G. Kaplan, R. Santamaria, and O. Novaro, 1998, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 2176.
  178. Garzón, I. L., K. Michaelian, M. R. Beltrán, A. Posada-Amarillas, P. Ordejón, E. Artacho, D. Sánchez-Portal, and J. M. Soler, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1600.
  179. Garzón, I. L., K. Michaelian, M. R. Beltrán, A. Posada-Amarillas, P. Ordejón, E. Artacho, D. Sánchez-Portal, and J. M. Soler, 1999, Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 211.
  180. Garzón, I. L., and A. Posada-Amarillas, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 54, 11 796.
  181. Garzón, I. L., J. A. Reyes-Nava, J. J. Rodriguez-Hernandez, I. Sigal, M. R. Beltrán, and K. Michaelian, 2002, Phys. Rev. B 66, 073403.
  182. Ghayal, M. R., and E. Curotto, 2000, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 4298.
  183. Gilb, S., P. Weis, F. Furche, R. Ahlrichs, and M. M. Kappes, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 4094.
  184. Girifalco, L. A., 1992, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 858.
  185. Girifalco, L. A., and V. G. Weizer, 1959, Phys. Rev. 114, 687.
  186. Grisenti, R. E., W. Schöllkopf, J. P. Toennies, G. C. Hegerfeldt, T. Köhler, and M. Stoll, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2284.
  187. Grönbeck, H., and W. Andreoni, 2000, Chem. Phys. 262, 1.
  188. Grossman, J. C., and L. Mitás, 1995a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1323.
  189. Grossman, J. C., and L. Mitás, 1995b, Phys. Rev. B 52, 16735.
  190. Grygorian, V. G., and M. Springborg, 2003, Chem. Phys. Lett. 375, 219.
  191. Guardiola, R., 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 3416.
  192. Guardiola, R., and J. Navarro, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1144.
  193. Guardiola, R., and J. Navarro, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 193401.
  194. Guillopé, M., and B. Legrand, 1989, Surf. Sci. 215, 577.
  195. Guirado-López, R., M. C. Desjonquères, and D. Spanjaard, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 13 188.
  196. Gupta, R. P., 1981, Phys. Rev. B 23, 6265.
  197. Güvenc, Z. B., J. Jellinek, and A. F. Voter, 1992, in Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, edited by P. Jena, S. N. Khanna, and B. K. Rao (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 411.
  198. Haberland, H., 1994, in Clusters of Atoms and Molecules, edited by H. Haberland (Springer, Berlin), p. 374.
  199. Haberland, H., 2002, Atomic Clusters and Nanoparticles: Les Houches Session LXXIII, 2-28 July 2000 (Springer, Berlin), p. 31.
  200. Häberlen, O. D., S.-C. Chung, M. Stener, and N. Rösch, 1996, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 5189.
  201. Hagen, M. H. J., E. J. Meijer, G. C. A. M. Mooij, D. Frenkel, and H. N. W. Lekkerkerker, 1993, Nature (London) 365, 425.
  202. Häkkinen, H., and U. Landman, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, R2287.
  203. Häkkinen, H., M. Moseler, and U. Landman, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 033401.
  204. Hall, B. D., M. Flüeli, R. Monot, and J.-P. Borel, 1991, Phys. Rev. B 43, 3906.
  205. Hanszen, K. J., 1960, Z. Phys. 157, 523.
  206. Harris, I. A., R. S. Kidwell, and J. A. Northby, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2390.
  207. Hartke, B., 1993, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 9973.
  208. Hartke, B., 1999, J. Comput. Chem. 20, 1752.
  209. Hartke, B., 2000, Z. Phys. Chem. (Munich) 214, 1251.
  210. Hartke, B., 2002, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 41, 1468.
  211. Hartke, B., 2003, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 275.
  212. Hendy, S., S. A. Brown, and B. D. Hall, 2003, Phys. Rev. B 68, 241403.
  213. Hendy, S. C., and B. D. Hall, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 64, 085425.
  214. Henry, C. R., 1998, Surf. Sci. Rep. 31, 235.
  215. Hill, T. L., 1964, Thermodynamics of Small Systems, Parts I and II (Benjamin, Amsterdam).
  216. Ho, J., K. M. Ervin, and W. C. Lineberger, 1990, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 6987.
  217. Ho, J., K. M. Ervin, M. L. Polak, M. K. Gilles, and W. C. Lineberger, 1991, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 4845.
  218. Ho, K. M., A. A. Shvartsburg, B. G. Pan, Z. Y. Lu, C. Z. Wang, J. G. Wacker, J. L. Fye, and M. F. Jarrold, 1998, Nature (London) 392, 582.
  219. Hoare, M. R., and J. McInnes, 1976, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 61, 12.
  220. Hoare, M. R., and P. Pal, 1975, Adv. Phys. 24, 645.
  221. Hohenberg, P., and W. Kohn, 1964, Phys. Rev. 136, B864.
  222. Honeycutt, J. D., and H. C. Andersen, 1987, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 4950.
  223. Hovick, J. W., and L. S. Bartell, 1997, J. Mol. Struct. 413, 615.
  224. Huang, S. P., and P. B. Balbuena, 2002, J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 7225.
  225. Hudgins, R. R., M. Imai, M. F. Jarrold, and P. Dugourd, 1999, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 7865.
  226. Hyslop, M., A. Wurl, S. A. Brown, B. D. Hall, and R. Monot, 2001, Eur. Phys. J. D 16, 233.
  227. Ikeshoji, T., B. Hafskjold, Y. Hashi, and Y. Kawazoe, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1792.
  228. Ikeshoji, T., G. Torchet, M.-F. de Feraudy, and K. Koga, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 63, 031101.
  229. Imry, Y., 1980, Phys. Rev. B 21, 2042.
  230. Ino, S., 1969, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 941.
  231. Ishikawa, Y., Y. Sugita, T. Nishikawa, and Y. Okamoto, 2001, Phys. Lett. A 333, 199.
  232. Jackschath, C., I. Rabin, and W. Schulze, 1992, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 22, 517.
  233. Jacobsen, K. W., J. K. Nørskov, and M. J. Puska, 1987, Phys. Rev. B 35, 7423.
  234. Jarrold, M. F., and J. E. Bower, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 9180.
  235. Jarrold, M. F., and V. A. Constant, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2994.
  236. Jarrold, M. F., and E. C. Honea, 1991, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 9181.
  237. Jellinek, J., 1999, Theory of Atomic and Molecular Clusters (Springer, Berlin).
  238. Jellinek, J., T. L. Beck, and R. S. Berry, 1986, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 2783.
  239. Jellinek, J., V. Bonacić-Koutecký, P. Fantucci, and M. Wiechert, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 10 092.
  240. Jellinek, J., and I. L. Garzón, 1991, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 20, 239.
  241. Jennison, D. R., P. A. Schultz, and M. P. Sears, 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 1856.
  242. Jensen, P., 1999, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 1695.
  243. Johnston, R. L., 2002, Atomic and Molecular Clusters (Taylor & Francis, London).
  244. Johnston, R. L., 2003, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4193.
  245. Jones, R. O., 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 224.
  246. Jones, R. O., 1993, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 1194.
  247. Jones, R. O., and G. Seifert, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 7564.
  248. Jortner, J., 1992, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 24, 247.
  249. Jortner, J., 2003, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11 335.
  250. José-Yacamán, M., J. A. Ascencio, H. B. Liu, and J. Gardea-Torresdey, 2001, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 19, 1091.
  251. José-Yacamán, M., M. Marín-Almazo, and J. A. Ascencio, 2001, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 173, 61.
  252. Joshi, K., D. G. Kanhere, and S. A. Blundell, 2002, Phys. Rev. B 66, 155329.
  253. Joshi, K., D. G. Kanhere, and S. A. Blundell, 2003, Phys. Rev. B 67, 235413.
  254. Jug, K., B. Zimmermann, P. Calaminici, and A. M. Köster, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 4497.
  255. Jug, K., B. Zimmermann, and A. M. Köster, 2002, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 90, 594.
  256. Kallinteris, G. C., N. I. Papanicolaou, G. A. Evangelakis, and D. A. Papaconstantopoulos, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 55, 2150.
  257. Kaxiras, E., and K. Jackson, 1993a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 727.
  258. Kaxiras, E., and K. Jackson, 1993b, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 26, 346.
  259. Kirkpatrick, S., C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi, 1983, Science 220, 671.
  260. Knight, W. D., K. Clemenger, W. A. de Heer, W. A. Saunders, M. Y. Chou, and M. L. Cohen, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2141.
  261. Kofman, R., P. Cheyssac, A. Aouaj, Y. Lereah, G. Deutscher, T. Ben-David, J. M. Penisson, and A. Bourret, 1994, Surf. Sci. 303, 231.
  262. Koga, K., T. Ikeshoji, and K. Sugawara, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 115507.
  263. Koga, K., and K. Sugawara, 2003, Surf. Sci. 529, 23.
  264. Kohn, W., and L. J. Sham, 1965, Phys. Rev. 140, A1133.
  265. Krivov, S. V., 2002, Phys. Rev. E 66, 025701.
  266. Kruger, S., S. Vent, F. Nörtemann, M. Staufer, and N. Rösch, 2001, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 2082.
  267. Kumar, V., and R. Car, 1991, Phys. Rev. B 44, 8243.
  268. Kumar, V., and Y. Kawazoe, 2002, Phys. Rev. B 66, 144413.
  269. Kusche, R., T. Hippler, M. Schmidt, B. von Issendorff, and H. Haberland, 1999, Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 1.
  270. Labastie, P., and R. L. Whetten, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1567.
  271. Lai, S. K., P. J. Hsu, K. L. Wu, W. K. Liu, and M. Iwamatsu, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 117, 10 715.
  272. Lai, S. L., J. Y. Guo, V. Petrova, G. Ramanath, and L. H. Allen, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 99.
  273. Lathiotakis, N. N., A. N. Andriotis, M. Menon, and J. Connolly, 1996, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 992.
  274. Leary, R. H., and J. P. K. Doye, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, R6320.
  275. Ledoux, G., O. Guillois, D. Porterat, C. Reynaud, F. Huisken, B. Kohn, and V. Paillard, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 15 942.
  276. Lee, J., I.-H. Lee, and J. Lee, 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 080201.
  277. Lee, J. K., J. A. Barker, and F. F. Abraham, 1973, J. Chem. Phys. 58, 3166.
  278. Lee, Y. H., and B. J. Berne, 2000, J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 86.
  279. Lee, Y. J., R. M. Nieminen, E.-K. Lee, and S. Kim, 2001, Comput. Phys. Commun. 142, 201.
  280. Lermé, J., M. Pellarin, J. L. Vialle, B. Baguenard, and M. Broyer, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2818.
  281. Levi, A. C., and R. Mazzarello, 2001, J. Low Temp. Phys. 122, 75.
  282. Lewerenz, M., 1996, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 4596.
  283. Lewis, L. J., P. Jensen, and J.-L. Barrat, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 2248.
  284. Li, B. X., P. L. Cao, and M. Jiang, 2000, Phys. Status Solidi B 218, 399.
  285. Li, B. X., M. Qiu, and P. L. Cao, 1999, Phys. Lett. A 256, 386.
  286. Li, J., X. Li, H.-J. Zhai, and L.-S. Wang, 2003, Science 299, 864.
  287. Li, T. X., Y. J. Ji, S. W. Yu, and G. H. Wang, 2000, Solid State Commun. 116, 547.
  288. Li, T. X., S. M. Lee, S. J. Han, and G. H. Wang, 2002, Phys. Lett. A 300, 86.
  289. Li, T. X., S. Y. Yin, Y. L. Ji, B. L. Wang, G. H. Wang, and J. J. Zhao, 2000, Phys. Lett. A 267, 403.
  290. Li, Y., E. Blaisten-Barojas, and D. A. Papaconstantopoulos, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, 15 519.
  291. Li, Z., and H. A. Scheraga, 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 6611.
  292. Lim, H. S., C. K. Ong, and F. Ercolessi, 1992, Surf. Sci. 270, 1109.
  293. Lim, H. S., C. K. Ong, and F. Ercolessi, 1994, Comput. Mater. Sci. 2, 495.
  294. Liu, H. B., J. A. Ascencio, M. Pérez-Alvarez, and M. José-Yacamán, 2001, Surf. Sci. 491, 88.
  295. Liu, H. B., R. Perez, G. Canizal, and J. A. Ascencio, 2002, Surf. Sci. 518, 14.
  296. Liu, P., and B. J. Berne, 2003, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 2999.
  297. Lloyd, L. D., R. L. Johnston, S. Sahli, and N. T. Wilson, 2004, J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 1691.
  298. Locatelli, M., and F. Schoen, 2003, Comput. Optim. Appl. 26, 173.
  299. López, M. J., and J. Jellinek, 1999, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 8899.
  300. Lowen, H., 1994, Phys. Rep. 237, 249.
  301. Luo, F., G. C. McBane, G. Kim, G. F. Giese, and W. R. Gentry, 1993, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 3564.
  302. Luo, J., U. Landman, and J. Jortner, 1987, in Physics and Chemical of Small Clusters, edited by P. Jena, B. K. Rao, and S. N. Khanna (Plenum, New York), p. 201.
  303. Lynden-Bell, R. M., and D. J. Wales, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 1460.
  304. Ma, J. P., and J. E. Straub, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 533.
  305. Mackay, A. L., 1962, Acta Crystallogr. 15, 916.
  306. Manninen, K., J. Akola, and M. Manninen, 2003, Phys. Rev. B 68, 235412.
  307. Manninen, K., and M. Manninen, 2002, Eur. Phys. J. D 20, 243.
  308. Maranas, C. D., and C. A. Floudas, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 7667.
  309. Marks, L. D., 1984, Philos. Mag. A 49, 81.
  310. Marks, L. D., 1994, Rep. Prog. Phys. 57, 603.
  311. Martin, T. P., 1996, Phys. Rep. 273, 199.
  312. Martin, T. P., 2000, Solid State Ionics 131, 3.
  313. Martin, T. P., T. Bergmann, H. Gohlich, and T. Lange, 1991a, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 19, 25.
  314. Martin, T. P., T. Bergmann, H. Gohlich, and T. Lange, 1991b, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 6421.
  315. Martin, T. P., U. Näher, and H. Schaber, 1992, Chem. Phys. Lett. 199, 470.
  316. Martin, T. P., U. Näher, H. Schaber, and U. Zimmermann, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3079.
  317. Martin, T. P., U. Näher, H. Schaber, and U. Zimmermann, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 2322.
  318. Massen, C., T. V. Mortimer-Jones, and R. L. Johnston, 2002, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 2002, 4375.
  319. Massobrio, C., A. Pasquarello, and R. Car, 1995, Chem. Phys. Lett. 238, 215.
  320. Matsuoka, H., T. Hirokawa, M. Matsui, and M. Doyama, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 297.
  321. Matulis, V. E., O. A. Ivashkevich, and V. S. Gurin, 2003, J. Mol. Struct.: THEOCHEM 664-665, 291.
  322. Matveentsev, A., A. Lyalin, I. A. Solov’yov, A. V. Solov’yov, and W. Greiner, 2003, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 12, 81.
  323. Mazzone, A. M., 2000, Philos. Mag. B 80, 95.
  324. Mélinon, P., P. Keghelian, B. Prével, V. Dupuis, A. Perez, B. Champagnon, Y. Guyot, M. Pellarin, J. Lermé, M. Broyer, J. L. Rousset, and P. Délichere, 1998, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 4607.
  325. Mélinon, P., P. Keghelian, B. Prével, A. Perez, G. Guiraud, J. LeBrusq, J. Lermé, M. Pellarin, and M. Broyer, 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 10 278.
  326. Meunier, I., 2001, Ph.D. thesis (University of Aix-Marseille II).
  327. Michaelian, K., 1998, Chem. Phys. Lett. 293, 202.
  328. Michaelian, K., N. Rendón, and I. L. Garzón, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 60, 2000.
  329. Milani, P., and S. Iannotta, 1999, Cluster Beam Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials (Springer, Berlin).
  330. Mirkin, C. A., R. L. Letsinger, R. C. Mucic, and J. J. Storhoff, 1996, Nature (London) 382, 607.
  331. Mitás, L., J. C. Grossman, I. Stich, and J. Tobik, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1479.
  332. Montalenti, F., and R. Ferrando, 1999a, Phys. Rev. B 59, 5881.
  333. Montalenti, F., and R. Ferrando, 1999b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1498.
  334. Morse, P. M., 1929, Phys. Rev. 34, 57.
  335. Moseler, M., H. Häkkinen, R. N. Barnett, and U. Landman, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2545.
  336. Mottet, C., J. Goniakowski, F. Baletto, R. Ferrando, and G. Tréglia, 2004, Phase Transitions 77, 101.
  337. Mottet, C., G. Tréglia, and B. Legrand, 1997, Surf. Sci. 383, L719.
  338. Nalwa, H. S., 2004, Ed., Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (American Scientific, New York).
  339. Nam, H.-S., N. M. Hwang, B. D. Yu, and J.-K. Yoon, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 275502.
  340. Natanson, G., F. Amar, and R. S. Berry, 1983, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 399.
  341. Nautchil, V. V., and A. J. Petsin, 1980, Mol. Phys. 40, 1341.
  342. Nava, P., M. Sierka, and R. Ahlrichs, 2003, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 3372.
  343. Nayak, S. K., B. Reddy, B. K. Rao, S. N. Khanna, and P. Jena, 1996, Chem. Phys. Lett. 253, 390.
  344. Neirotti, J. P., F. Calvo, D. L. Freeman, and J. D. Doll, 2000, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 10 340.
  345. Nelson, D. R., and F. Spaepen, 1989, Solid State Phys. 42, 1.
  346. Nichols, F. A., and W. W. Mullins, 1965, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1826.
  347. Nishioka, H., K. Hansen, and B. R. Mottelson, 1990, Phys. Rev. B 42, 9377.
  348. Northby, J. A., 1987, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 6166.
  349. Northby, J. A., 2001, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 10 065.
  350. Northby, J. A., J. Xie, D. L. Freeman, and J. D. Doll, 1989, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 12, 69.
  351. Nygren, M. A., P. E. M. Siegbahn, U. Wahlgren, and H. Akeby, 1992, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 3633.
  352. Oviedo, J., and R. E. Palmer, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9548.
  353. Pacheco, J. M., and J. P. Prates-Ramalho, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3873.
  354. Padeletti, G., and P. Fermo, 2003, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 76, 515.
  355. Parks, E. K., K. P. Kerns, and S. J. Riley, 1998, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 10 207.
  356. Parks, E. K., G. C. Nieman, K. P. Kerns, and S. J. Riley, 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 1861.
  357. Parks, E. K., L. Zhu, J. Ho, and S. J. Riley, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 7206.
  358. Parks, E. K., L. Zhu, J. Ho, and S. J. Riley, 1995, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 7377.
  359. Parravicini, G. B., A. Stella, P. Tognini, P. G. Merli, A. Migliori, P. Cheyssac, and R. Kofman, 2003a, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1461.
  360. Parravicini, G. B., A. Stella, M. C. Ungureanu, P. G. Merli, A. Migliori, and R. Kofman, 2003b, Phys. Status Solidi B 237, 374.
  361. Patil, A. N., D. Y. Paithankar, N. Otsuka, and R. P. Andres, 1993, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 26, 135.
  362. Pawlow, P., 1909, Z. Phys. Chem., Stoechiom. Verwandtschaftsl. 65, 1.
  363. Perdew, J. P., K. Burke, and Y. Wang, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 54, 16 533.
  364. Perdew, J. P., J. A. Chevary, S. H. Vosko, K. A. Jackson, M. R. Pederson, D. J. Singh, and C. Fiolhais, 1992, Phys. Rev. B 46, 6671.
  365. Perdew, J. P., and Y. Wang, 1986, Phys. Rev. B 33, 8800.
  366. Peters, K. F., J. B. Cohen, and Y.-W. Chung, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, 13 430.
  367. Pillardy, J., and L. Piela, 1995, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 11 805.
  368. Pimpinelli, A., and J. Villain, 1998, Physics of Crystal Growth (Cambridge University, Cambridge).
  369. Polak, W., and A. Patrykiejew, 2003, Phys. Rev. B 67, 115402.
  370. Poteau, R., and F. Spiegelmann, 1993, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6540.
  371. Qi, Y., T. Cagin, W. L. Johnson, and W. A. Goddard III, 2001, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 385.
  372. Quirke, N., and P. Sheng, 1984, Chem. Phys. Lett. 110, 63.
  373. Raghavachari, K., and V. Logovinsky, 1985, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2853.
  374. Raghavachari, K., and C. McMichael-Rohlfing, 1988, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 2219.
  375. Ramakrishna, M. V., and A. Bahel, 1996, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 9833.
  376. Raoult, B., and J. Farges, 1973, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 430.
  377. Raoult, B., J. Farges, M. F. de Feraudy, and G. Torchet, 1989a, Philos. Mag. B 60, 5067.
  378. Raoult, B., J. Farges, M. F. de Feraudy, and G. Torchet, 1989b, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 12, 85.
  379. Rata, I., A. A. Shvartsburg, M. Horoi, T. Frauenheim, K. W. M. Siu, and K. A. Jackson, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 546.
  380. Reddy, B. V., S. N. Khanna, and B. I. Dunlap, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3323.
  381. Reinhard, D., B. D. Hall, P. Berthoud, S. Valkealahti, and R. Monot, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1459.
  382. Reinhard, D., B. D. Hall, P. Berthoud, S. Valkealahti, and R. Monot, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 58, 4917.
  383. Reinhard, D., B. D. Hall, D. Ugarte, and R. Monot, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 55, 7868.
  384. Reiss, H., P. Mirabel, and R. L. Whetten, 1988, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 7241.
  385. Reiss, H., and I. B. Wilson, 1948, J. Colloid Sci. 3, 551.
  386. Reuse, F. A., and S. N. Khanna, 1995, Chem. Phys. Lett. 234, 77.
  387. Reuse, F. A., S. N. Khanna, and S. Bernel, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 52, R11 650.
  388. Rey, C., L. J. Gallego, and J. A. Alonso, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8491.
  389. Rey, C., G. García-Rodeja, and L. J. Gallego, 2004, Phys. Rev. B 69, 073404.
  390. Rey, C., J. García-Rodeja, and L. J. Gallego, 1997, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 40, 395.
  391. Reyes-Nava, J. A., I. L. Garzón, M. R. Beltrán, and K. Michaelian, 2002, Rev. Mex. Fis. 48, 450.
  392. Romero, G., C. Barrón, and S. Gómez, 1999, Comput. Phys. Commun. 123, 87.
  393. Roques, J., C. Lacaze-Dufaure, and C. Mijoule, 2001, Surf. Sci. 479, 231.
  394. Rosato, V., M. Guillopé, and B. Legrand, 1989, Philos. Mag. A 59, 321.
  395. Rossi, G., A. Rapallo, C. Mottet, A. Fortunelli, F. Baletto, and R. Ferrando, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 105503.
  396. Röthlisberger, U., and W. Andreoni, 1991, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 8129.
  397. Röthlisberger, U., W. Andreoni, and P. Giannozzi, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 1248.
  398. Rousset, J. L., A. M. Cadrot, F. S. Aires, A. Renouprez, P. Melinon, A. Pérez, M. Pellarin, J. L. Vialle, and M. Broyer, 1996, Surf. Rev. Lett. 3, 1171.
  399. Rytkönen, A., H. Häkkinen, and M. Manninen, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3940.
  400. Rytkönen, A., H. Häkkinen, and M. Manninen, 1999, Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 451.
  401. Rytkönen, A., S. Valkealahti, and M. Manninen, 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 1888.
  402. Rytkönen, A., S. Valkealahti, and M. Manninen, 1998, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 5826.
  403. Sachdev, A., R. I. Masel, and J. B. Adams, 1992, Catal. Lett. 15, 57.
  404. Saha, D. K., K. Koga, and H. Takeo, 1997, Nanostruct. Mater. 8, 1139.
  405. Saha, D. K., K. Koga, and H. Takeo, 1999, Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 539.
  406. Sambles, J. R., 1971, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 324, 339.
  407. Santamaria, R., I. G. Kaplan, and O. Novaro, 1994, Chem. Phys. Lett. 218, 395.
  408. Sattler, K., J. Mühlback, and E. Recknagel, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 821.
  409. Schaaff, T. G., and R. L. Whetten, 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 2630.
  410. Schmidt, M., J. Donges, T. Hippler, and H. Haberland, 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 103401.
  411. Schmidt, M., R. Kusche, T. Hippler, J. Donges, W. Kronmüller, B. von Issendorff, and H. Haberland, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1191.
  412. Schmidt, M., R. Kusche, W. Kronmüller, B. von Issendorff, and H. Haberland, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 99.
  413. Schmidt, M., R. Kusche, B. von Issendorff, and H. Haberland, 1998, Nature (London) 393, 238.
  414. Schmude, R. W., Q. Ran, and K. A. Gingerich, 1993, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 7998.
  415. Schmude, R. W., Q. Ran, K. A. Gingerich, and J. E. Kingcade, 1995, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 2574.
  416. Scoles, G., and K. K. Lehmann, 2000, Science 287, 2429.
  417. Sebetci, A., and Z. B. Güvenc, 2003, Surf. Sci. 525, 66.
  418. Shah, P., S. Roy, and C. Chakravarty, 2003, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 10 671.
  419. Shao, X., H. Jiang, and W. Cai, 2004, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 44, 193.
  420. Shvartsburg, A. A., and M. F. Jarrold, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2530.
  421. Soler, J. M., M. R. Beltrán, K. Michaelian, I. L. Garzón, P. Ordejón, D. Sánchez-Portal, and E. Artacho, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 61, 5771.
  422. Soler, J. M., I. L. Garzón, and J. D. Joannopoulos, 2001, Solid State Commun. 117, 621.
  423. Solov’yov, I. A., A. V. Solov’yov, and W. Greiner, 2002, Phys. Rev. A 65, 053203.
  424. Solov’yov, I. A., A. V. Solov’yov, and W. Greiner, 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 13, 697.
  425. Solov’yov, I. A., A. V. Solov’yov, W. Greiner, A. Koshelev, and A. Shutovich, 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 053401.
  426. Spiegelman, F., R. Poteau, B. Montag, and P.-G. Reinhard, 1998, Phys. Lett. A 242, 163.
  427. Stave, M. S., and A. E. DePristo, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 3386.
  428. Steinhardt, P. J., D. R. Nelson, and M. Ronchetti, 1983, Phys. Rev. B 28, 784.
  429. Stillinger, F. H., and T. A. Weber, 1982, Phys. Rev. A 25, 978.
  430. Stillinger, F. H., and T. A. Weber, 1985, Phys. Rev. B 31, 5262.
  431. Sun, Q., Q. Wang, P. Jena, S. Waterman, and Y. Kawazoe, 2003, Phys. Rev. A 67, 063201.
  432. Sung, M.-W., R. Kawai, and J. H. Weare, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3552.
  433. Sutton, A. P., and J. Chen, 1990, Philos. Mag. Lett. 61, 139.
  434. Swendsen, R. H., and J.-S. Wang, 1986, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2607.
  435. Takagi, M., 1954, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 9, 359.
  436. Tchofo-Dinda, P., G. Vlastou-Tsinganos, N. Flyzanis, and A. D. Mistriotis, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 13 697.
  437. Tekin, A., and B. Hartke, 2004, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 503.
  438. Toennies, J. P., and A. F. Vilesov, 1998, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 49, 1.
  439. Tomanek, D., A. A. Aligia, and C. A. Balseiro, 1985, Phys. Rev. B 32, 5051.
  440. Tsai, C. J., and K. D. Jordan, 1993, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 11 227.
  441. Turner, G. W., R. L. Johnston, and N. T. Wilson, 2000, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 4773.
  442. Uppenbrink, J., and D. J. Wales, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 8520.
  443. Valerio, G., and H. Toulhoat, 1996, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 10 827.
  444. Valerio, G., and H. Toulhoat, 1997, J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 1969.
  445. Valkealahti, S., and M. Manninen, 1993, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 26, 255.
  446. Valkealahti, S., and M. Manninen, 1997, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 9, 4041.
  447. Valkealahti, S., and M. Manninen, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, 15 533.
  448. Valkealahti, S., U. Näher, and M. Manninen, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 11 039.
  449. van de Waal, B. W., 1989, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 3407.
  450. van de Waal, B. W., 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1083.
  451. van de Waal, B. W., G. Torchet, and M.-F. de Feraudy, 2000, Chem. Phys. Lett. 331, 57.
  452. Vanfleet, R. R., and J. M. Mochel, 1995, Surf. Sci. 341, 40.
  453. Vlachos, D. G., L. D. Schmidt, and R. Aris, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 6880.
  454. Voter, A. F., 1993, Los Alamos Unclassified Technical Report LA-UR 93, 3901.
  455. Wales, D. J., 1994a, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 90, 1061.
  456. Wales, D. J., 1994b, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 3750.
  457. Wales, D. J., 2003, Energy Landscapes with Applications to Clusters, Biomolecules and Glasses (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England).
  458. Wales, D. J., and J. P. K. Doye, 1997, J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 5111.
  459. Wales, D. J., J. P. K. Doye, M. A. Miller, P. N. Mortenson, and T. R. Walsh, 2000, Adv. Chem. Phys. 111, 1.
  460. Wales, D. J., and M. P. Hodges, 1998, Chem. Phys. Lett. 286, 65.
  461. Wang, G. M., E. Blastein-Barojas, A. E. Roitberg, and T. P. Martin, 2001, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 3640.
  462. Wang, J., G. Wang, and J. Zhao, 2003, Chem. Phys. Lett. 380, 716.
  463. Wang, J. L., G. H. Wang, F. Ding, H. Lee, W. F. Shen, and J. J. Zhao, 2001, Chem. Phys. Lett. 341, 529.
  464. Wang, J. L., G. H. Wang, and J. J. Zhao, 2002, Phys. Rev. B 66, 035418.
  465. Wang, L., Y. Zhang, X. Bian, and Y. Chen, 2003, Phys. Lett. A 310, 197.
  466. Watari, N., and S. Ohnishi, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 58, 1665.
  467. Westergren, J., H. Grönbeck, A. Rosen, and S. Nordholm, 1998, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 9848.
  468. Westergren, J., and S. Nordholm, 2003, Chem. Phys. 290, 189.
  469. Westergren, J., S. Nordholm, and A. Rosen, 2003, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 136.
  470. Wetzel, T. L., and A. E. DePristo, 1996, J. Chem. Phys. 105, 572.
  471. Whaley, K. B., 1994, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 13, 41.
  472. Whetten, R. L., J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmar, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, and U. Landman, 1996, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 5, 428.
  473. Wille, L. T., 1987, Chem. Phys. Lett. 133, 405.
  474. Wille, L. T., and J. Vennik, 1985, J. Phys. A 18, L419.
  475. Wilson, N. T., and R. L. Johnston, 2000, Eur. Phys. J. D 12, 161.
  476. Xiao, Y., and D. E. Williams, 1993, Chem. Phys. Lett. 215, 17.
  477. Xie, J., J. A. Northby, D. L. Freeman, and J. D. Doll, 1989, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 612.
  478. Xue, G. L., 1994, J. Global Optim. 4, 425.
  479. Yang, S. H., D. A. Drabold, J. B. Adams, P. Ordejón, and K. Glassford, 1997, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 9, L39.
  480. Yu, D. K., R. Q. Zhang, and S. T. Lee, 2002, Phys. Rev. B 65, 245417.
  481. Zacarias, A. G., M. Castro, J. M. Tour, and J. M. Seminario, 1999, J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 7692.
  482. Zanchet, D., B. D. Hall, and D. Ugarte, 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 11 013.
  483. Zeiri, Y., 1995, Phys. Rev. E 51, R2769.
  484. Zhang, W., Q. Ge, and L. Wang, 2003, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 5793.
  485. Zhao, J., Y. Luo, and G. Wang, 2001, Eur. Phys. J. D 14, 309.
  486. Zhao, J., J. L. Yang, and J. G. Hou, 2003, Phys. Rev. B 67, 085404.
  487. Zhou, Y., M. Karplus, K. D. Ball, and R. S. Berry, 2002, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 2323.
  488. Zhu, H., 1996, Philos. Mag. Lett. 73, 27.
  489. Zickfeld, K., M. E. García, and K. H. Bennemann, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 13 422.

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 371– Published 24 May, 2005

    © 2005 American Physical Society

    Sign In to Your Journals Account

    Filter

    Filter

    Article Lookup

    Enter a citation