- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Structure and fluctuations of smectic membranes

Wim H. de Jeu, Boris I. Ostrovskii, and Arcadi N. Shalaginov

Wim H. de Jeu

  • FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Boris I. Ostrovskii

  • Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117333 Moscow, Russia

Arcadi N. Shalaginov

  • Department of Physics and Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada

PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 181 – Published 5 February, 2003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.75.181

Abstract

Smectic membranes are perfect model systems for studying low-dimensional phase transitions and the associated fluctuations. During the last two decades we have seen important progress in the understanding of the structure and fluctuation behavior of these systems, driven by both new experimental techniques and theoretical developments. Phase transitions are reviewed involving liquid, hexatic, and crystalline layers, which provide several types of model system for low-dimensional melting. The authors discuss the influence of the surfaces on the physical properties of the membranes as well as the crossover from three- to two-dimensional behavior. The layer-displacement fluctuations in smectic membranes have been investigated by specular and diffuse x-ray reflectivity. Theoretical and experimental aspects of the displacement-displacement correlation function are discussed. Of special interest is the quenching or enhancement of fluctuations at surfaces, which is directly related to the phenomenon of surface ordering. The authors consider the conditions under which fluctuations are conformal throughout a membrane, and then the dynamic aspects of the layer-displacement correlation function, which include the effects of finite size, surface tension, and viscous dissipation. This leads in smectic membranes to a discrete spectrum of elastic and viscous relaxation modes, which have been studied experimentally with coherent x rays at third-generation synchrotron sources. The fluctuating character of crystalline-B membranes is also considered. Finally, the article looks briefly at thinning transitions, smectic membranes of chiral molecules, smectic films on substrates, and applications to biologically relevant systems. Open questions and future trends in the field are discussed.

View figure in article

References (316)

  1. Abernathy, D. L., G. Grübel, S. Brauer, I. McNulty, G. B. Stephenson, S. G. J. Mochrie, A. R. Sandy, N. Mulders, and N. Sutton, 1998, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 5, 37.
  2. Aeppli, G., and R. Bruinsma, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2133.
  3. Aharony, A., R. J. Birgeneau, J. D. Brock, and J. D. Litster, 1986, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1012.
  4. Aharony, A., and M. Kardar, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2855.
  5. Ajdari, A., L. Peliti, and J. Prost, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1481.
  6. Akizuki, T., K. Miyashi, Y. Takanishi, K. Ishikawa, H. Takezoe, and A. Fukuda, 1999, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 38, 4832.
  7. Aksenova, E. V., A. Y. Val’kov, W. H. de Jeu, and I. Sikharulidze, 2002, 19th International Liquid Crystal Conference, Edinburgh, UK.
  8. Alexander, S., and J. McTague, 1978, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 702.
  9. Als-Nielsen, J., 1980, in Ordering in Strongly Fluctuating Condensed Systems, edited by T. Riste (Plenum, New York), p. 57.
  10. Als-Nielsen, J., 1986, in Structure and Dynamics of Surfaces II, edited by W. Schommers and P. von Blanckenhagen, Topics in Current Physics No. 43 (Springer, Berlin), Chap. 5, p. 181.
  11. Als-Nielsen, J., F. Christensen, and P. S. Pershan, 1982, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1107.
  12. Als-Nielsen, J., D. Jacquemain, K. Kjaer, F. Leveiller, M. Lahav, and L. Leiserowitz, 1994, Phys. Rep. 246, 251.
  13. Als-Nielsen, J., J. D. Litster, R. J. Birgeneau, M. Kaplan, C. R. Safinya, A. Lindegaard-Andersen, and S. Mathiesen, 1980, Phys. Rev. B 22, 312.
  14. Als-Nielsen, J., and D. McMorrow, 2000, Elements of Modern X-ray Physics (Wiley, Chichester).
  15. Amador, S. M., and P. S. Pershan, 1990, Phys. Rev. A 41, 4326.
  16. Amador, S., P. S. Pershan, H. Stragier, B. D. Swanson, D. Tweet, L. B. Sorensen, E. B. Sirota, G. E. Ice, and A. Habenschuss, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 39, 2703.
  17. Andreeva, P. O., V. K. Dolganov, C. Gors, R. Fouret, and E. I. Kats, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 59, 4143.
  18. Artzner, F., R. Zantl, G. Rapp, and J. O. Rädler, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5015.
  19. Attwood, D., K. Halbach, and K.-J. Kim, 1985, Science 228, 1265.
  20. Bagchi, K., H. C. Andersen, and W. Swope, 1996, Phys. Rev. E 53, 3794.
  21. Bahr, C., 1994, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 8, 3051.
  22. Bahr, C., C. J. Booth, D. Fliegner, and J. W. Goodby, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1083.
  23. Bahr, C., and D. Fliegner, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1842.
  24. Baron, A. Q. R., 2000, Hyperfine Interact. 125, 29.
  25. Bates, M. A., and D. Frenkel, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 61, 5223.
  26. Benattar, J. J., J. Doucet, M. Lambert, and A. M. Levelut, 1979, Phys. Rev. A 20, 2505.
  27. Ben-Shaul, A., W. Gelbart, and D. Roux, 1994, Eds., Membranes, Microemulsions and Monolayers (Springer, New York).
  28. Benzekri, M., J. P. Marcerou, H. T. Nguyen, and J. C. Rouillon, 1990, Phys. Rev. B 41, 9032.
  29. Berezinskii, V. L., 1972, Sov. Phys. JETP 34, 610.
  30. Binder, K., 1986, in Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, edited by C. Domb and J. L. Lebowitz (Academic, London), Vol. 8, p. 1.
  31. Birgeneau, R. J., and J. D. Litster, 1978, J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 39, L399.
  32. Bishop, D. J., W. O. Sprenger, R. Pindak, and M. E. Neubert, 1982, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1861.
  33. Bladon, P., and D. Frenkel, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2519.
  34. Blinov, L. M., and V. G. Chigrinov, 1994, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystalline Materials (Springer, New York).
  35. Born, M., and E. Wolf, 1959, Principles of Optics (Pergamon, Oxford).
  36. Böttger, A., D. Frenkel, J. G. H. Joosten, and G. Krooshof, 1988, Phys. Rev. A 38, 6316.
  37. Böttger, A., and J. G. H. Joosten, 1987, Europhys. Lett. 4, 1297.
  38. Brand, H. R., P. E. Cladis, and H. Pleiner, 1998, Eur. Phys. J. B 6, 347.
  39. Brauer, S., G. B. Stephenson, M. Sutton, R. Bruning, E. Dufresne, S. G. J. Mochrie, G. Grübel, J. Als-Nielsen, and D. L. Abernathy, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2010.
  40. Brazovskii, S. A., 1975, Sov. Phys. JETP 41, 85.
  41. Brock, J. D., A. Aharony, R. J. Birgeneau, K. W. Evans-Lutterode, J. D. Litster, P. M. Horn, G. B. Stephenson, and A. R. Tajbakhsh, 1986, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 98.
  42. Brock, J. D., D. Y. Noh, B. R. McClain, J. D. Litster, R. J. Birgeneau, A. Aharony, P. M. Horn, and J. C. Liang, 1989, Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter 74, 197.
  43. Bruinsma, R., and D. R. Nelson, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 23, 402.
  44. Cagnon, M., and G. Durand, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1418.
  45. Caillé, A., 1972, C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. B 247, 891.
  46. Čepič, M., and B. Žekš, 1995, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. A 263, 61.
  47. Chaikin, P. M., and T. C. Lubensky, 1995, Principles of Condensed Matter Physics (Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK).
  48. Chao, C. Y., C. F. Chou, J. T. Ho, S. W. Hui, A. Jin, and C. C. Huang, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2750.
  49. Chao, C. Y., S. W. Hui, J. E. Maclennan, C. F. Chou, and J. T. Ho, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2581.
  50. Chao, C. Y., Y. H. Liu, T. C. Pan, B. N. Chang, and J. T. Ho, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 64, 050703.
  51. Chao, C. Y., T. C. Pan, C. F. Chou, and J. T. Ho, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 62, R1485.
  52. Chen, H. Y., and D. Jasnow, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 61, 493.
  53. Cheng, M., J. T. Ho, S. W. Hui, J. W. Goodby, R. Pindak, R. Geer, and C. C. Huang, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 44, R7891.
  54. Cheng, M., J. T. Ho, S. W. Hui, and R. Pindak, 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1112.
  55. Cheng, M., J. T. Ho, S. W. Hui, and R. Pindak, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 550.
  56. Chikina, I. V., N. Limodin, A. Langlois, M. Brazovskaia, C. Even, and P. Pieranski, 1998, Eur. Phys. J. B 3, 189.
  57. Chou, C. F., J. T. Ho, and S. W. Hui, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 56, 592.
  58. Chou, C. F., J. T. Ho, S. W. Hui, and V. Surendrath, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4556.
  59. Chou, C. F., A. J. Jin, C. Y. Chao, S. W. Hui, C. C. Huang, and J. T. Ho, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 55, R6337.
  60. Chou, T., and D. R. Nelson, 1996, Phys. Rev. E 53, 2560.
  61. Chu, B., 1991, Laser Light Scattering: Basic Principles and Practice (Academic, San Diego).
  62. Collett, J., P. S. Pershan, E. B. Sirota, and L. B. Sorensen, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 356.
  63. Collett, J., L. B. Sorensen, P. S. Pershan, and J. Als-Nielsen, 1985, Phys. Rev. A 32, 1036.
  64. Daillant, J., and O. Bélorgey, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 5824.
  65. Daillant, J., and A. Gibaud, 1999, Eds., X-Ray and Neutron Reflectivity: Principles and Applications (Springer, Berlin).
  66. Davey, S. C., J. Budai, J. W. Goodby, R. Pindak, and D. E. Moncton, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2129.
  67. Davidson, P., and A. M. Levelut, 1992, Liq. Cryst. 11, 469.
  68. de Boer, D. K. G., 1999, Phys. Rev. E 59, 1880.
  69. de Gennes, P. G., 1966, Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys (Benjamin, New York).
  70. de Gennes, P. G., 1990, Langmuir 6, 1448.
  71. de Gennes, P. G., and J. Prost, 1993, The Physics of Liquid Crystals (Clarendon, Oxford).
  72. de Jeu, W. H., and W. A. P. Claassen, 1977, J. Chem. Phys. 67, 3704.
  73. de Jeu, W. H., A. Fera, B. I. Ostrovskii, and O. Konovalov, 2003, Phys. Rev. E (to be published).
  74. Decher, G., J. Maclennan, J. Reiber, and U. Sohling, 1991, Adv. Mater. 3, 617.
  75. Decher, G., J. Reibel, M. Honig, I. G. Voigt-Martin, A. Dittrich, H. Ringsdorf, H. Poths, and R. Zentel, 1993, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 97, 1386.
  76. Demikhov, E. I., 1995, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. A 265, 403.
  77. Demikhov, E. I., V. K. Delganov, and K. P. Meletov, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 52, R1285.
  78. Demirel, A. M., and B. Jérôme, 1999, Europhys. Lett. 45, 58.
  79. Diele, S., D. Demus, and H. Sackmann, 1980, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 56, 217.
  80. Diele, S., S. Grande, H. Kruth, C. Lischka, G. Pelzl, and I. Wirth, 1998, Ferroelectrics 212, 169.
  81. Dierker, S. B., 1995, NSLS Newslett. July, p. 1.
  82. Dierker, S. B., R. Pindak, R. M. Fleming, I. K. Robinson, and L. Berman, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 449.
  83. Dietrich, S., 1988, in Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, edited by C. Domb and J. L. Lebowitz, (Academic, London), Vol. 12, p. 1.
  84. Doerr, A. K., M. Tolan, W. Prange, J.-P. Schlomka, T. Seydel, and W. Press, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3470.
  85. Dosch, H., 1992, Critical Phenomena at Surfaces and Interfaces (Springer, Berlin).
  86. Dubois-Violette, E., B. Pansu, P. Davidson, and A. M. Levelut, 1993, J. Phys. II 3, 395.
  87. Fera, A., I. P. Dolbnya, G. Grübel, H. G. Muller, B. I. Ostrovskii, A. N. Shalagionv, and W. H. de Jeu, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2316.
  88. Fera, A., I. P. Dolbnya, Ṙ. Opitz, B. I. Ostrovskii, and W. H. de Jeu, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 63, 020601.
  89. Fera, A., R. Opitz, W. H. de Jeu, B. I. Ostrovskii, D. Schlauf, and C. Bahr, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 64, 021702.
  90. Fera, A., B. I. Ostrovskii, D. Sentenac, I. Samoilenko, and W. H. de Jeu, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, R5033.
  91. Fisch, M. R., P. S. Pershan, and L. B. Sorensen, 1984, Phys. Rev. A 29, 2741.
  92. Fradin, C., A. Braslau, D. Luzet, D. Smilgies, M. Alba, M. Boudet, K. Mecke, and J. Daillant, 2000, Nature (London) 4032, 871.
  93. Friedel, G., 1922, Ann. Phys. (Paris) 18, 273.
  94. Fukuda, A., Y. Takanishi, T. Isozaki, K. Ishikawa, and H. Takezoe, 1994, J. Mater. Chem. 4, 997.
  95. Gane, P. A. C., A. J. Leadbetter, J. J. Benattar, F. Moussa, and M. Lambert, 1981, Phys. Rev. A 24, 2694.
  96. Gang, O., B. M. Ocko, X. Z. Wu, E. B. Sirota, and M. Deutsch, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1264.
  97. Geer, R. E., S. B. Qadri, R. Shashidar, A. F. Thibodeaux, and R. S. Duran, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 52, 671.
  98. Geer, R. E., and R. Shashidar, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 51, R8.
  99. Geer, R., T. Stoebe, and C. C. Huang, 1992, Phys. Rev. B 45, 13055.
  100. Geer, R., T. Stoebe, and C. C. Huang, 1993, Phys. Rev. E 48, 408.
  101. Geminard, J. C., R. Holyst, and P. Oswald, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1924.
  102. Gierlotka, S., P. Lambooy, and W. H. de Jeu, 1990, Europhys. Lett. 12, 341.
  103. Glaser, M. A., and N. A. Clark, 1990, Phys. Rev. A 41, 4585.
  104. Glaser, M. A., and N. A. Clark, 1993, Advances in Chemical Physics (Wiley, London), Vol. 83, p. 543.
  105. Glattli, D. C., E. Y. Andrei, and F. I. B. Williams, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 420.
  106. Goetz, R., G. Gomper, and R. Lipowsky, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 221.
  107. Golubović, L., and M. Golubović, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4341.
  108. Goodby, J. W., R. Blinc, N. A. Clark, S. T. Lagerwall, M. A. Osipov, S. A. Pikin, T. Sakurai, K. Yoshino, and B. Žekš, 1991, Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Principles, Properties and Applications (Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia).
  109. Górecka, E., L. Chen, W. Pyzuk, A. Krówczynski, and S. Kumar, 1994, Phys. Rev. E 50, 2863.
  110. Gorodetskii, E. E., E. S. Pikina, and V. E. Podnek, 1999, Sov. Phys. JETP 88, 35.
  111. Gramsbergen, E. F., and W. H. de Jeu, 1988, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 84, 1015.
  112. Gramsbergen, E. F., W. H. de Jeu, and J. Als-Nielsen, 1986, J. Phys. (Paris) 47, 711.
  113. Gray, G. W., and J. W. Goodby, 1984, Smectic Liquid Crystals; Textures and Structures (Leonard Hill, Glasgow).
  114. Grübel, G., and D. L. Abernathy, 1997, Proc. SPIE 3154, 103.
  115. Grübel, G., D. L. Abernathy, D. O. Riese, W. L. Vos, and G. H. Wegdam, 2000, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 33, 424.
  116. Gunther, L., Y. Imry, and J. Lajzerowicz, 1980, Phys. Rev. A 22, 1733.
  117. Halperin, B. I., T. C. Lubensky, and S. Ma, 1974, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 292.
  118. Halperin, B. I., and D. R. Nelson, 1978, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 121.
  119. Heinekamp, S., R. A. Pelcovits, E. Fontes, E. Y. Chen, R. Pindak, and R. B. Meyer, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1017.
  120. Heiney, P. A., P. W. Stephens, R. J. Birgeneau, P. M. Horn, and D. E. Moncton, 1983, Phys. Rev. B 28, 6416.
  121. Herminghaus, S., K. Jacobs, K. Mecke, J. Bishof, A. Fery, M. Ibn-Elhaj, and S. Schlagowski, 1998, Science 282, 916.
  122. Hirn, R., R. Benz, and T. M. Bayerl, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 59, 5987.
  123. Holý, V., U. Pietsch, and T. Baumbach, 1999, High-Resolution X-ray Scattering from Thin Films and Multilayers (Springer, Berlin).
  124. Hołyst, R., 1991, Phys. Rev. A 44, 3692.
  125. Hołyst, R., 1992, Phys. Rev. B 46, 15 542.
  126. Hołyst, R., D. J. Tweet, and L. B. Sorensen, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2153.
  127. Huang, C. C., J. M. Viner, R. Pindak, and J. W. Goodby, 1981, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1289.
  128. Imry, Y., and L. Gunther, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 3, 3939.
  129. Isozaki, T., T. Fujikawa, H. Takezoe, A. Fukuda, Y. Suzuki, and I. Kawamura, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 48, 13 439.
  130. Jaster, A., 1999, Phys. Rev. E 59, 2594.
  131. Jin, A. J., M. R. Bjurstrom, and M. H. W. Chan, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1372.
  132. Jin, A. J., T. Stoebe, and C. C. Huang, 1994, Phys. Rev. E 49, R4791.
  133. Jin, A. J., M. Veum, T. Stoebe, C. F. Chou, J. T. Ho, S. W. Hui, V. Surendranath, and C. C. Huang, 1996, Phys. Rev. E 53, 3639.
  134. Johnson, P. M., P. Mach, E. D. Wedell, F. Lintgen, M. Neubert, and C. C. Huang, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 55, 4386.
  135. Johnson, P. M., D. A. Olson, S. Pankratz, T. Nguyen, J. W. Goodby, M. Hird, and C. C. Huang, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4870.
  136. Kaganer, V. M., G. Brezesinski, H. Möhwald, P. B. Howes, and K. Kjaer, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 59, 2141.
  137. Kaganer, V. M., and E. B. Loginov, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 51, 2237.
  138. Kaganer, V. M., H. Möhwald, and P. Dutta, 1999, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 779.
  139. Kaganer, V. M., B. I. Ostrovskii, and W. H. de Jeu, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 44, 8158.
  140. Kaganer, V. M., I. R. Peterson, R. M. Kenn, M. C. Shih, M. Durbin, and P. Dutta, 1995, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 9412.
  141. Kats, E. I., and J. Lajzerowicz, 1996, Sov. Phys. JETP 83, 495.
  142. Kats, E. I., and V. V. Lebedev, 1993, Dynamics of Liquid Crystals (Springer, Berlin).
  143. Kats, E. I., V. V. Lebedev, and A. R. Muratov, 1993a, Phys. Rep. 228, 1.
  144. Kats, E. I., V. V. Lebedev, and A. R. Muratov, 1993b, JETP Lett. 58, 653.
  145. Kellogg, G. J., P. S. Pershan, E. H. Kawamoto, and W. Foster, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 51, 4709.
  146. Koltover, I., J. O. Rädler, T. Salditt, K. J. Rothschild, and C. R. Safinya, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3184.
  147. Koltover, I., T. Salditt, J. O. Rädler, and C. R. Safinya, 1998, Science 281, 78.
  148. Kosterlitz, J. M., and D. J. Thouless, 1973, J. Phys. C 6, 1181.
  149. Kusner, R. E., J. A. Mann, J. Kerins, and A. J. Dahm, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3113.
  150. Lagerwall, L. T., 1999, Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim).
  151. Lal, J., D. Abernathy, L. Auvray, O. Diat, and G. Grübel, 2001, Eur. Phys. J. E 4, 263.
  152. Lambooy, P., S. Gierlotka, and W. H. de Jeu, 1992, in Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals, edited by S. Martellucci and A. N. Chester (Plenum, New York), Chap. 17, p. 239.
  153. Landau, L. D., 1937, Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 11, 545.
  154. Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshitz, 1986, Theory of Elasticity (Pergamon, Oxford).
  155. Landau, L. D., E. M. Lifschitz, and L. P. Pitaevskii, 1980, Statistical Physics (Pergamon, New York).
  156. Leadbetter, A. J., J. C. Frost, and M. A. Mazid, 1979, J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 40, L325.
  157. Lei, N., C. Safinya, and R. F. Bruinsma, 1995, J. Phys. II 5, 1155.
  158. Lengeler, B., 2001, Naturwissenschaften 88, 249.
  159. Levelut, A.-M., and B. Pansu, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, 6803.
  160. Lindahl, E., and O. Edholm, 2000, Biophys. J. 79, 426.
  161. Link, D. R., N. A. Clark, B. I. Ostrovskii, and E. A. Soto Bustamante, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 61, R37.
  162. Link, D. R., G. Natale, N. A. Clark, J. E. MacLennan, M. Walsh, S. S. Keast, and M. E. Neubert, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2508.
  163. Lipowsky, R., 1991, Nature (London) 349, 475.
  164. Lobko, T. A., B. I. Ostrovskii, A. I. Pavluchenko, and S. N. Sulianov, 1993, Liq. Cryst. 15, 361.
  165. Lorman, V. L., 1995, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. A 262, 437.
  166. Lubensky, T. C., 1983, J. Chim. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 80, 31.
  167. Lucht, R., and C. Bahr, 1997a, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 101, 968.
  168. Lucht, R., and C. Bahr, 1997b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3487.
  169. Lucht, R., P. Marczuk, C. Bahr, and G. H. Findenegg, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 63, 041704.
  170. Lumma, D., L. B. Lurio, M. A. Borthwick, P. Falus, and S. G. J. Mochrie, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 62, 8258.
  171. Lurio, L. B., D. Lumma, A. R. Sandy, M. A. Borthwick, P. Falus, S. G. J. Mochrie, J. P. Pelletier, M. Sutton, L. Regan, A. Malik, and G. B. Stephenson, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 785.
  172. Mach, P., S. Grantz, D. A. Debe, T. Stoebe, and C. C. Huang, 1995, J. Phys. II 5, 217.
  173. Mach, P., C. C. Huang, T. Stoebe, E. D. Wedell, T. Nguyen, W. H. de Jeu, F. Guittard, J. Nacri, R. Shashidar, N. Clark, I. M. Jiang, F. J. Kao, H. Lui, and H. Nohira, 1998, Langmuir 14, 4330.
  174. Mach, P., R. Pindak, A.-M. Levelut, P. Barois, H. T. Nguyen, H. Baltes, M. Hird, K. Toyne, A. Seed, J. W. Goodby, C. C. Huang, and L. Furenlid, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, 6793.
  175. Mach, P., R. Pindak, A.-M. Levelut, P. Barois, H. T. Nguyen, C. C. Huang, and L. Furenlid, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1015.
  176. Maclennan, J. E., G. Decher, and U. Sohling, 1991, Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 917.
  177. Madsen, A., J. Als-Nielsen, and G. Grübel, 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett., in press.
  178. Manneville, J.-B., P. Bassereau, D. Levy, and J. Prost, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4356.
  179. Marcus, A. H., and S. A. Rice, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2577.
  180. Martin, P. C., O. Parodi, and P. S. Pershan, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 6, 2401.
  181. Martínez-Ratón, Y., A. M. Somoza, L. Mederos, and D. E. Sullivan, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 55, 2030.
  182. Meyer, R. B., L. Liebert, L. Strelecki, and P. Keller, 1975, J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 36, L69.
  183. Millet, F., J. J. Benatter, and P. Perrin, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, 2045.
  184. Mirantsev, L. V., 1996, Liq. Cryst. 20, 417.
  185. Mochrie, S. G. J., A. M. Mayes, A. R. S. and M. Sutton, S. Brauer, G. B. Stephenson, D. L. Abernathy, and G. Grübel, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1275.
  186. Mol, E. A. L., J. D. Shindler, A. N. Shalaginov, and W. H. de Jeu, 1996, Phys. Rev. E 54, 536.
  187. Mol, E. A. L., G. C. L. Wong, J.-M. Petit, F. Rieutord, and W. H. de Jeu, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3439.
  188. Mol, E. A. L., G. C. L. Wong, J.-M. Petit, F. Rieutord, and W. H. de Jeu, 1998, Physica B 248, 191.
  189. Moncton, D. E., and R. Pindak, 1979, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 701.
  190. Moncton, D. E., R. Pindak, S. C. Davey, and G. S. Brown, 1982, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1865.
  191. Murray, C. A., and D. H. van Winkle, 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1200.
  192. Nachaliel, E., E. N. Keller, D. Davidov, and C. Boeffel, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 43, 2897.
  193. Nallet, F., D. Roux, and J. Prost, 1989, J. Phys. (Paris) 50, 3147.
  194. Nelson, D. R., 1983, in Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, edited by C. Domb and J. L. Lebowitz (Academic, London), Vol. 7, p. 1.
  195. Nelson, D. R., and B. I. Halperin, 1979, Phys. Rev. B 19, 2457.
  196. Nelson, D. R., and B. I. Halperin, 1980, Phys. Rev. B 21, 5312.
  197. Nelson, D. R., and L. Peliti, 1987, J. Phys. (Paris) 48, 1085.
  198. Nelson, D. R., and J. Toner, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 363.
  199. Nielsen, M., J. Als-Nielsen, J. Bohr, J. P. McTague, D. E. Moncton, and P. W. Stephens, 1987, Phys. Rev. B 35, 1419.
  200. Niori, T., T. Sekine, J. Wanatabe, and H. Takezoe, 1996, J. Mater. Chem. 6, 1231.
  201. Noh, D. Y., J. D. Brock, J. O. Fossum, J. P. Hill, W. J. Nuttal, J. D. Lister, and R. J. Birgeneau, 1991, Phys. Rev. B 43, 842.
  202. Ocko, B. M., 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2160.
  203. Ocko, B. M., A. Braslau, P. S. Pershan, J. Als-Nielsen, and M. Deutsch, 1986, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 94.
  204. Ocko, B. M., P. S. Pershan, C. R. Safinya, and L. Y. Chiang, 1987, Phys. Rev. A 35, 1868.
  205. Ocko, B. M., X. Z. Wu, E. B. Sirota, S. K. Sinha, and M. Deutsch, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 242.
  206. Ocko, B. M., X. Z. Wu, E. B. Sirota, S. K. Sinha, O. Gang, and M. Deutsch, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 55, 3164.
  207. O’Hern, C. S., and T. C. Lubensky, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4345.
  208. Olbrich, E., O. Marinov, and D. Davidov, 1993, Phys. Rev. E 48, 2713.
  209. Ostrovskii, B. I., 1999, in Structure and Bonding, Liquid Crystals I, edited by D. M. P. Mingos (Springer, New York/Heidelberg), p. 199.
  210. Ostrovskii, B. I., D. Sentenac, I. I. Samoilenko, and W. H. de Jeu, 2001, Eur. Phys. J. E 6, 287.
  211. Oswald, P., 1987, J. Phys. (Paris) 48, 897.
  212. Oswald, P., and P. Pieranski, 2002, Les Cristeaux Liquides (Gordon and Breach), Vol. 2, Chap. C.VIII.
  213. Oswald, P., P. Pieranski, F. Picano, and R. Hołyst, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 015503.
  214. Overney, R., E. Meyer, J. Frommer, H.-J. Guntherodt, G. Decher, J. Reibel, and U. Sohling, 1993, Langmuir 9, 341.
  215. Paczuski, M., and M. Kardar, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 861.
  216. Pang, J., and N. A. Clark, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2332.
  217. Pankratz, S., P. M. Johnson, R. Hołyst, and C. C. Huang, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, R2456.
  218. Pankratz, S., P. M. Johnson, H. T. Nguyen, and C. C. Huang, 1998, Phys. Rev. E 58, R2721.
  219. Pankratz, S., P. M. Johnson, A. Paulson, and C. C. Huang, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 61, 6689.
  220. Parrat, L. G., 1954, Phys. Rev. 95, 359.
  221. Peierls, R. E., 1934, Helv. Phys. Acta 7, supplement II, 81.
  222. Pershan, P. S., 1988, Structures of Liquid Crystals (World Scientific, Singapore).
  223. Pershan, P. S., G. Aeppli, J. D. Litster, and R. J. Birgeneau, 1981, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 67, 205.
  224. Pershan, P. S., and J. Als-Nielsen, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 759.
  225. Pershan, P. S., A. Braslau, A. H. Weiss, and J. Als-Nielsen, 1987, Phys. Rev. A 35, 4800.
  226. Petrache, H. I., N. Gouliaev, S. Tristram-Nagle, R. Zhang, R. M. Suter, and J. F. Nagle, 1998, Phys. Rev. E 57, 7014.
  227. Picano, F., R. Holyst, and P. Oswald, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 62, 3747.
  228. Picano, F., P. Oswald, and E. I. Kats, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 63, 021705.
  229. Pieranski, P., L. Beliard, J.-Ph. Tournellec, X. Leoncini, C. Furtlehner, H. Dumoulin, E. Riou, B. Jouvin, J.-P. Fenerol, Ph. Palaric, J. Heuving, B. Cartier, and I. Kraus, 1993, Physica A 194, 364.
  230. Pindak, R., 1992, in Solitons in Liquid Crystals, edited by L. Lam and J. Prost (Springer, New York/Berlin), Chap. 7.
  231. Pindak, R., D. J. Bishop, and W. O. Sprenger, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1461.
  232. Pindak, R., and D. E. Moncton, 1982, Phys. Today 35 (5), 57.
  233. Pindak, R., D. E. Moncton, S. C. Davey, and J. W. Goodby, 1981, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1135.
  234. Pitchford, T., G. Nounesis, S. Dumrongrattana, J. M. Viner, C. C. Huang, and J. W. Goodby, 1985, Phys. Rev. A 32, 1938.
  235. Poniewierski, A., and R. Hołyst, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 47, 9840.
  236. Poniewierski, A., R. Hołyst, A. C. Price, and L. B. Sorensen, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 59, 3048.
  237. Poniewierski, A., R. Hołyst, A. C. Price, L. B. Sorenson, S. D. Kelvan, and J. Toner, 1998, Phys. Rev. E 58, 2027.
  238. Price, A. C., L. B. Sorensen, S. D. Kevar, J. Toner, A. Ponierewski, and R. Hołyst, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 755.
  239. Prost, J., 1984, Adv. Phys. 33, 1.
  240. Rädler, J. O., I. Koltover, T. Salditt, and C. Safinya, 1997, Science 275, 810.
  241. Ramaswamy, S., J. Toner, and J. Prost, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3494.
  242. Rand, R. P., and V. A. Parsegian, 1989, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 988, 351.
  243. Reed, M., and B. Simon, 1972, Methods of Mathematical Physics (Academic, Cambridge), Vol. 2.
  244. Reibel, J., M. Brehmer, R. Zentel, and G. Decher, 1995, Adv. Mater. 7, 849.
  245. Reiter, G., A. Sharmna, R. Khanna, A. Casoli, and M.-O. David, 1999, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 214, 126.
  246. Rieker, T. P., and E. J. Janulis, 1994, Liq. Cryst. 17, 681.
  247. Rieker, T. P., and E. J. Janulis, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 52, 2688.
  248. Riese, D. O., W. L. Vos, G. H. Wegdam, F. J. Poelwijk, D. L. Abernathy, and G. Grübel, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 61, 1676.
  249. Robinson, I. K., R. Pindak, R. M. Flemimg, S. B. Dierker, K. Ploog, G. Grübel, D. L. Abernathy, and J. Als-Nielsen, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 52, 9917.
  250. Romanov, V. P., and A. N. Shalaginov, 1992, Sov. Phys. JETP 75, 483.
  251. Romanov, V. P., and S. V. Ul’yanov, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 63, 031706.
  252. Rosenblatt, C., and N. Amer, 1980, Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 432.
  253. Rosenblatt, C., R. Pindak, N. A. Clark, and R. B. Meyer, 1979, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1220.
  254. Roux, D., and C. R. Safinya, 1988, J. Phys. (Paris) 49, 307.
  255. Rowlinson, J. S., and B. Widom, 1982, Molecular Theory of Capillarity (Clarendon, Oxford).
  256. Russell, T. P., 1990, Mater. Sci. Rep. 5, 171.
  257. Safinya, C. R., D. Roux, G. S. Smith, S. K. Sinha, P. Dimon, N. A. Clark, and A. M. Belloq, 1986, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2718.
  258. Safinya, C. R., E. B. Sirota, D. Roux, and G. S. Smith, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1134.
  259. Safran, S. A., 1994, Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Membranes (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA).
  260. Salditt, T., I. Koltover, J. O. Rädler, and C. R. Safinya, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2582.
  261. Samoilenko, I. I., O. V. Konovalov, L. A. Feigin, B. M. Shchedrin, and L. G. Yanusova, 1999, Crystallogr. Rep. 44, 310.
  262. Samoilenko, I. I., B. M. Shchedrin, and L. A. Feigin, 1996, Physica B 221, 542.
  263. Sanyal, M. K., S. K. Sinha, K. G. Huang, and B. M. Ocko, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 628.
  264. Schick, M., 1990, in Liquids at Interfaces, edited by J. Charvolin, J. F. Joanny, and J. Zinn-Justin (Elsevier, Amsterdam), p. 417.
  265. Selinger, J. V., 1988, J. Phys. (Paris) 49, 1387.
  266. Selinger, J. V., and D. R. Nelson, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 39, 3135.
  267. Sentenac, D., and J. Benattar, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 160.
  268. Sentenac, D., A. Fera, R. Opitz, B. I. Ostrovskii, O. Bunk, and W. H. de Jeu, 2000, Physica B 283, 232.
  269. Sentenac, D., A. N. Shalaginov, A. Fera, and W. H. de Jeu, 2000, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 33, 130.
  270. Seydel, T., A. Madsen, M. Tolan, G. Grübel, and W. Press, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 63, 073409.
  271. Shalaginov, A. N., and V. P. Romanov, 1993, Phys. Rev. E 48, 1073.
  272. Shalaginov, A. N., and D. E. Sullivan, 2000, Phys. Rev. E 62, 699.
  273. Shalaginov, A. N., and D. E. Sullivan, 2001, Phys. Rev. E 63, 031704.
  274. Shi, Y., B. Cull, and S. Kumar, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2773.
  275. Shindler, J. D., E. A. L. Mol, A. N. Shalaginov, and W. H. de Jeu, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 722.
  276. Sikharulidze, I., I. D. Dolbnya, A. Fera, A. Madsen, B. I. Ostrovskii, and W. H. de Jeu, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 115503.
  277. Sinha, S. K., 1991, Physica B 173, 25.
  278. Sinha, S. K., E. B. Sirota, S. Garoff, and H. B. Stanley, 1988, Phys. Rev. B 38, 2297.
  279. Sirota, E. B., P. S. Pershan, S. Amador, and L. B. Sorensen, 1987a, Phys. Rev. A 35, 2283.
  280. Sirota, E. B., P. S. Pershan, L. B. Sorensen, and J. Collett, 1985, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2039.
  281. Sirota, E. B., P. S. Pershan, L. B. Sorensen, and J. Collett, 1987b, Phys. Rev. A 36, 2890.
  282. Smith, G. S., C. R. Safinya, D. Roux, and N. A. Clark, 1987, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 144, 235.
  283. Smith, G. S., E. B. Sirota, C. R. Safinya, and N. A. Clark, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 813.
  284. Smith, G. S., E. B. Sirota, C. R. Safinya, R. J. Plocno, and N. A. Clark, 1990, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 4519.
  285. Sonin, A. A., 1998, Freely Suspended Liquid Crystalline Films (Wiley, Chichester).
  286. Soto Bustamante, E. A., S. V. Yablonski, B. I. Ostrovskii, L. A. Beresnev, L. M. Blinov, and W. H. Haase, 1996, Chem. Phys. Lett. 260, 447.
  287. Sprunt, S., M. S. Spector, and J. D. Litster, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 45, 7355.
  288. Stanley, H., 1971, Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena (Oxford University, New York).
  289. Stannarius, R., and C. Cremer, 1998, Europhys. Lett. 42, 43.
  290. Stoebe, T., R. Geer, C. C. Huang, and J. W. Goodby, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2090.
  291. Stoebe, T., and C. C. Huang, 1995, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 9, 2285.
  292. Stoebe, T., P. Mach, and C. C. Huang, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1384.
  293. Strandburg, K. J., 1988, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 161.
  294. Strandburg, K. J., 1992, Bond-orientational Order in Condensed Systems (Springer, New York/Berlin).
  295. Swanson, B. D., H. Stragier, D. J. Tweet, and L. B. Sorensen, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 909.
  296. Takanishi, Y., A. Ikeda, H. Takezoe, and A. Fukuda, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 51, 400.
  297. Tarczon, J. C., and K. Miyano, 1981, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 119.
  298. Thiriet, Y., and P. Martinoty, 1982, J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 43, 137.
  299. Thurn-Albrecht, T., G. Meier, P. Müller-Buschbaum, A. Patkowski, W. Steffen, G. Grübel, D. L. Abernathy, O. Diat, M. Winter, M. G. Koch, and M. T. Reetz, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 59, 642.
  300. Thurtell, J. H., M. M. T. da Gama, and K. E. Gubbins, 1985, Mol. Phys. 54, 321.
  301. Tidswell, I. M., T. A. Rabedeau, P. S. Pershan, and S. D. Kosowsky, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2108.
  302. Tjipto-Margo, B., A. K. Sen, L. Mederos, and D. E. Sullivan, 1989, Mol. Phys. 67, 601.
  303. Tolan, M., 1998, X-ray Scattering from Soft-Matter Thin Films (Springer, Berlin).
  304. Tsui, O. K. C., and S. G. J. Mochrie, 1998, Phys. Rev. E 57, 2030.
  305. Tweet, D. J., R. Hołyst, B. D. Swanson, H. Stragier, and L. B. Sorensen, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2157.
  306. Val’kov, A. Y., V. P. Romanov, and M. Romanov, 2001, Sov. Phys. JETP 93, 344.
  307. Vertogen, G., and W. H. de Jeu, 1988, Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Fundamentals (Springer, Berlin).
  308. Vlieg, E., S. A. de Vries, J. Alvarez, and S. Ferrer, 1997, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 4, 210.
  309. Wack, D. C., and W. W. Webb, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 40, 1627.
  310. Wong, G. L., Y. L. Koltover, and C. R. Safinya, 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2042.
  311. Yoneda, Y., 1963, Phys. Rev. 131, 2010.
  312. Young, A. P., 1979, Phys. Rev. B 19, 1855.
  313. Young, C. Y., R. Pindak, N. A. Clark, and R. B. Meyer, 1978, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 773.
  314. Zabel, H., and I. K. Robinson, 1992, Eds., Surface X-ray and Neutron Scattering, Springer Proceedings in Physics No. 61 (Springer, Berlin).
  315. Zakri, C., A. Renault, J.-P. Rieu, M. Vallade, B. Berge, J. Legrand, G. Vignault, and G. Grübel, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 55, 14 163.
  316. Zisman, A. N., D. V. Nikiforov, B. I. Ostrovskii, and E. M. Terentjev, 1987, JETP Lett. 45, 238.

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 181– Published 5 February, 2003

    © 2003 American Physical Society

    Sign In to Your Journals Account

    Filter

    Filter

    Article Lookup

    Enter a citation