- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Modern optical astronomy: technology and impact of interferometry

Swapan K. Saha

Swapan K. Saha

  • Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Koramangala, Bangalore 560 034, India

PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 551 – Published 22 May, 2002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.74.551

Abstract

The present “state of the art” and the path to future progress in high-spatial-resolution imaging interferometry is reviewed. The review begins with a treatment of the fundamentals of stellar optical interferometry, the origin, properties, and optical effects of turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere, the passive methods such as speckle interferometry that are applied on a single telescope to overcome atmospheric image degradation, and various other techniques. These topics include differential speckle interferometry, speckle spectroscopy and polarimetry, phase diversity, wave-front shearing interferometry, phase-closure methods, dark speckle imaging, as well as the limitations imposed by the detectors on the performance of speckle imaging. A brief account is given of the technological innovation of adaptive optics to compensate for atmospheric effects on the image in real time. A major advancement involves the transition from single-aperture to dilute-aperture interferometry using multiple telescopes. Therefore the review deals with recent developments involving ground-based and space-based optical arrays. Emphasis is placed on the problems specific to delay lines, beam recombination, polarization, dispersion, fringe tracking, bootstrapping, coherencing and cophasing, and recovery of the visibility functions. The role of adaptive optics in enhancing visibilities is also discussed. The applications of interferometry, such as imaging, astrometry, and nulling, are described. The mathematical intricacies of the various “postdetection” image-processing techniques are examined critically. The review concludes with a discussion of the astrophysical importance and the prospects of interferometry.

View figure in article

References (364)

  1. Ables, J. G., 1974, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 15, 383.
  2. Aime, C., 2000, J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 2, 411.
  3. Akeson, R., M. Swain, and M. Colavita, 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 321.
  4. Anderson, J. A., 1920, Astrophys. J. 51, 263.
  5. Angel, J. R. P., 1994, Nature (London) 368, 203.
  6. Angel, J. R. P., 2001, Nature (London) 409, 427.
  7. Angel, J. R. P., A. Cheng, and N. Woolf, 1986, Nature (London) 322, 341.
  8. Angel, J. R., and N. J. Woolf, 1997, Astrophys. J. 475, 373.
  9. Antoshkin, L. V., et al., 2000, in Adaptive Optical Systems Technology, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4007, edited by P. L. Wizinowich (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 232.
  10. Aretxaga, I., D. Mignant, J. Melnick, R. Terlevich, and B. Boyle, 1998, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 298, L13.
  11. Armstrong, J., et al., 1998, Astrophys. J. 496, 550.
  12. Armstrong, J. T., C. A. Hummel, and D. Mozurkewich, 1992, in High-Resolution Imaging by Interferometry II, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 39, edited by J. M. Beckers and F. Merkle (ESO, Garching, Germany), p. 673.
  13. Arnold, L., A. Labeyrie, and D. Mourard, 1996, Adv. Space Res. 18, 1148.
  14. Ayers, G. R., and J. C. Dainty, 1988, Opt. Lett. 13, 547.
  15. Baba, N., S. Kuwamura, N. Miura, and Y. Norimoto, 1994, Astrophys. J. Lett. 431, L111.
  16. Baba, N., S. Kuwamura, and Y. Norimoto, 1994, Appl. Opt. 33, 6662.
  17. Baba, N., H. Tomita, and N. Miura, 1994, Appl. Opt. 33, 4428.
  18. Babcock, H. W., 1953, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 65, 229.
  19. Babcock, H. W., 1990, Science 249, 253.
  20. Bagnuolo, W. G., Jr., B. D. Mason, D. J. Barry, W. I. Hartkopf, and H. A. McAlister, 1992, Astron. J. 103, 1399.
  21. Baldwin, J., R. Boysen, C. Haniff, P. Lawson, C. Mackay, J. Rogers, D. St-Jacques, P. Warner, D. Wilson, and J. Young, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 736.
  22. Baldwin, J., et al., 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 306, L13.
  23. Baldwin, J., R. Tubbs, G. Cox, C. Mackay, R. Wilson, and M. Andersen, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 368, L1.
  24. Baldwin, J. E., C. A. Haniff, C. D. Mackay, and P. J. Warner, 1986, Nature (London) 320, 595.
  25. Baldwin, J. E., and P. J. Warner, 1978, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 182, 411.
  26. Balick, B., 1987, Astron. J. 94, 671.
  27. Barlow, M. J., B. L. Morgan, C. Standley, and H. Vine, 1986, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 223, 151.
  28. Barnaby, D., E. Spillar, J. Christou, and J. Drummond, 2000, Astron. J. 119, 378.
  29. Bates, R., and M. McDonnell, 1986, Image Restoration and Reconstruction (Clarendon, Oxford).
  30. Beckers, J. M., 1982, Opt. Acta 29, 361.
  31. Bedding, T., A. Zijlstra, O. Von der Lühe, J. Robertson, R. Marson, J. Barton, and B. Carter, 1997, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 286, 957.
  32. Bedding, T. R., D. Minniti, F. Courbin, and B. Sams, 1997, Astron. Astrophys. 326, 936.
  33. Beichman, C., 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 719.
  34. Benson, J., D. Mozurkewich, and S. Jefferies, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 493.
  35. Berger, J., P. Haguenauer, P. Kern, K. Perraut, F. Malbet, I. Schanen, M. Severi, R. Millan-Gabet, and W. Traub, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 376, L31.
  36. Berio, P., D. Mourard, D. Bonneau, O. Chesneau, P. Stee, N. Thureau, and F. Vakili, 1999, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 872.
  37. Berio, P., P. Stee, F. Vakili, D. Mourard, D. Bonneau, O. Chesneau, N. Thureau, D. Le Mignant, and R. Hirata, 1999, Astron. Astrophys. 345, 203.
  38. Bester, M., W. C. Danchi, C. G. Degiacomi, and C. H. Townes, 1991, Astrophys. J. Lett. 367, L27.
  39. Beuzit, J., et al., 2001, e-print astro-ph/0106277.
  40. Blazit, A., 1986, in Image Detection and Quality, Proceedings of SPIE No. 702, edited by L. F. Guyot (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 259.
  41. Blöcker, T., Y. Balega, K.-H. Hofmann, and G. Weigelt, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 369, 142.
  42. Blum, R., D. Schaerer, A. Pasquali, M. Heydari-Malayeri, P. Conti, and W. Schmutz, 2001, Astron. J. (in press).
  43. Boccaletti, A., 2001, private communication.
  44. Boccaletti, A., C. Moutou, D. Mouillet, A. Lagrange, and J. Augereau, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 367, 371.
  45. Boccaletti, A., P. Riaud, C. Moutou, and A. Labeyrie, 2000, Icarus 145, 628.
  46. Boden, A., et al., 1999, Astrophys. J. 515, 356.
  47. Bonneau, D., and R. Foy, 1980, Astron. Astrophys. 92, L1.
  48. Bonneau, D., and A. Labeyrie, 1973, Astrophys. J. 181, L1.
  49. Born, M., and E. Wolf, 1984, Principles of Optics (Pergamon, New York).
  50. Bouvier, J., F. Rigaut, and D. Nadeau, 1997, Astron. Astrophys. 323, 139.
  51. Bracewell, R. N., 1978, Nature (London) 274, 780.
  52. Brandl, B., B. J. Sams, F. Bertoldi, A. Eckart, R. Genzel, S. Drapatz, R. Hofmann, M. Lowe, and A. Quirrenbach, 1996, Astrophys. J. 466, 254.
  53. Brandner, W., J. Bouvier, E. Grebel, E. Tessier, D. de Winter, and J. L. Beuzit, 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 298, 816.
  54. Briggs, D. S., 1995, Ph.D. thesis (New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology).
  55. Bruns, D., T. Barnett, and D. Sandler, 1997, in Optical Telescopes of Today and Tomorrow, Proceedings of SPIE No. 2871, edited by A. L. Ardeberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 890.
  56. Burge, J. H., B. Cuerdem, and J. R. P. Angel, 2000, in UV, Optical, and IR Telescopes and Instrumentation, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4013, edited by J. B. Breckinridge and P. Jakobsen (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 640.
  57. Burns, D., et al., 1997, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 290, L11.
  58. Burns, D., et al., 1998, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 297, 467.
  59. Butler, R., and G. Marcy, 1996, Astrophys. J. Lett. 464, L153.
  60. Cadot, O., Y. Couder, A. Daerr, S. Douady, and A. Tsinocber, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 56, 427.
  61. Callados, M., and M. Vàzquez, 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 180, 223.
  62. Carleton, N., et al., 1994, in Amplitude and Intensity Spatial Interferometry II, Proceedings of SPIE No. 2200, edited by J. B. Breckinridge (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 152.
  63. Cassinelli, J., J. Mathis, and B. Savage, 1981, Science 212, 1497.
  64. Charbonneau, D., T. Brown, R. Noyes, and R. Gilfiland, 2001, Astrophys. J. 568, 377.
  65. Ciardi, D., G. van Belle, R. Akeson, R. Thompson, E. A. Lada, and S. Howell, 2001, Astrophys. J. (in press).
  66. Clampin, M., J. Croker, F. Paresce, and M. Rafal, 1988, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 1269.
  67. Clampin, M., A. Nota, D. A. Golimowski, C. Leitherer, and A. Ferrari, 1993, Astrophys. J. Lett. 410, L35.
  68. Close, L., F. Roddier, J. Hora, J. Graves, M. Northcott, C. Roddier, W. Hoffman, A. Doyal, G. Fazio, and L. Deutsch, 1997, Astrophys. J. 489, 210.
  69. Colavita, M., 1999, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 111.
  70. Colavita, M., et al., 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 776.
  71. Colavita, M., et al., 1999, Astrophys. J. 510, 505.
  72. Conan, J.-M., L. M. Mugnier, T. Fusco, V. Michau, and G. Rousset, 1998, Appl. Opt. 37, 4614.
  73. Conan, R., A. Ziad, J. Borgnino, F. Martin, and A. Tokovinin, 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 963.
  74. Cooper, D., D. Bui, R. Bailey, L. Kozlowski, and K. Vural, 1993, in Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation, Proceedings of SPIE No. 1946, edited by A. M. Fowler (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 170.
  75. Cornwell, T. J., and P. N. Wilkinson, 1981, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 196, 1067.
  76. Coudé du Foresto, V., G. Perrin, and M. Boccas, 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 293, 278.
  77. Coulman, C. E., 1974, Sol. Phys. 34, 491.
  78. Coulman, C. E., 1985, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 19.
  79. Currie, D., K. Kissel, E. Shaya, P. Avizonis, D. Dowling, and D. Bonnacini, 1996, ESO Messenger 86, 31.
  80. Danchi, W. C., M. Bester, C. Degiacomi, I. Greenhill, and C. Townes, 1994, Astron. J. 107, 1469.
  81. Danchi, W. C., P. G. Tuthill, and J. D. Monnier, 2001, Astrophys. J. 562, 440.
  82. Dantowitz, R., S. Teare, and M. Kozubal, 2000, Astron. J. 119, 2455.
  83. Davidge, T. J., F. Rigaut, R. Doyon, and D. Crampton, 1997, Astron. J. 113, 2094.
  84. Davidge, T. J., D. A. Simons, F. Rigaut, R. Doyon, E. E. Becklin, and D. Crampton, 1997, Astron. J. 114, 2586.
  85. Davis, J., and W. J. Tango, 1996, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 108, 456.
  86. Davis, J., W. Tango, A. Booth, and J. O’Byrne, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 726.
  87. Davis, J., W. Tango, A. Booth, T. ten Brummelaar, R. Minard, and S. Owens, 1999, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 303, 773.
  88. Davis, J., W. J. Tango, A. J. Booth, E. D. Thorvaldson, and J. Giovannis, 1999, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 303, 783.
  89. Dayton, D., S. Sandven, J. Gonglewski, S. Rogers, S. McDermott, and S. Browne, 1998, in Adaptive Optical System Technologies, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3353, edited by D. Bonaccini and R. K. Tyson (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 139.
  90. Dejonghe, J., L. Arnold, O. Lardière, J.-P. Berger, C. Cazalé, S. Dutertre, D. Kohler, and D. Vernet, 1998, in Advanced Technology Optical/IR Telescopes VI, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3352, edited by L. M. Stepp (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 603.
  91. Denker, C., 1998, Sol. Phys. 81, 108.
  92. Derie, F., M. Ferrai, E. Brunetto, M. Duchateau, R. Amestica, and P. Aniol, 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 99.
  93. DiBenedetto, G. P., and Y. Rabbia, 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 188, 114.
  94. Diericks, P., and R. Gilmozzi, 1999, in Proceedings of Bäckaskog Workshop on Extremely Large Telescopes, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 57, edited by T. Andersen, A. Ardeberg, and R. Gilmozzi (ESO, Garching, Germany), p. 43.
  95. Drummond, J., A. Eckart, and E. Hege, 1988, Icarus 73, 1.
  96. Dullemond, C. P., C. Dominick, and A. Natta, 2001, Astrophys. J. 560, 957.
  97. Dyck, H., J. Benson, and S. Ridgway, 1993, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 105, 610.
  98. Dyck, H., G. van Belle, and J. Benson, 1996, Astron. J. 112, 294.
  99. Ebstein, S., N. P. Carleton, and C. Papaliolios, 1989, Astrophys. J. 336, 103.
  100. Eke, V., 2001, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 320, 106.
  101. Elias, N. M., 2001, Astrophys. J. 549, 647.
  102. Falcke, H., K. Davidson, K.-H. Hofmann, and G. Weigelt, 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 306, L17.
  103. Faucherre, M., D. Bonneau, L. Koechlin, and F. Vakili, 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 120, 263.
  104. Fienup, J. R., 1978, Opt. Lett. 3, 27.
  105. Fischer, O., B. Stecklum, and C. Leinert, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 334, 969.
  106. Fizeau, H., 1868, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 66, 934.
  107. Fomalont, E. B., and M. C. H. Wright, 1974, in Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy, edited by G. L. Verschuur and K. I. Kellerman (Springer, New York), p. 256.
  108. Foy, R., D. Bonneau, and A. Blazit, 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 149, L13.
  109. Foy, R., and A. Labeyrie, 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 152, L29.
  110. Fried, D. L., 1966, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1372.
  111. Fugate, R., et al., 1994, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 310.
  112. Gauger, A., Y. Y. Balega, P. Irrgang, R. Osterbart, and G. Weigelt, 1999, Astron. Astrophys. 346, 505.
  113. Gay, J., and D. Mekarnia, 1988, in High-Resolution Imaging by Interferometry, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 29, edited by J. M. Beckers and F. Merkle (ESO, Garching, Germany), p. 811.
  114. Gerchberg, R. W., and W. O. Saxton, 1972, Optik (Stuttgart) 35, 237.
  115. Gies, R., B. Mason, W. Bagnuolo, M. Haula, W. I. Hartkopf, H. McAlister, M. Thaller, W. McKibben, and L. Penny, 1997, Astrophys. J. Lett. 475, L49.
  116. Glindemann, A., 1997, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 109, 682.
  117. Glindemann, A., R. G. Lane, and J. C. Dainty, 1991, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Florence, edited by V. Cappellini and A. G. Constantinides (Elsevier, Amsterdam), p. 59.
  118. Glindemann, A., and F. Paresce, 2001, http://www.eso.org/outreach.
  119. Golimowski, D. A., T. Nakajima, S. R. Kulkarni, and B. R. Oppenheimer, 1995, Astrophys. J. Lett. 444, L101.
  120. Gonsalves, S. A., 1982, Opt. Eng. (Bellingham) 21, 829.
  121. Goodman, J. W., 1975, in Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, edited by J. C. Dainty, Topics in Applied Physics No. 9 (Springer, Berlin), p. 9.
  122. Goodman, J. W., 1985, Statistical Optics (Wiley, New York).
  123. Gorham, P. W., 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 116.
  124. Gorham, P., W. Folkner, and G. Blackwood, 1999, in Working on the Fringe: Optical and IR Interferometry from Ground and Space, ASP Conference Proceedings No. 194, edited by S. Unwin and R. Stachnik (ASP, Provo), p. 359.
  125. Greenwood, D. P., 1977, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 390.
  126. Grieger, F., F. Fleischman, and G. Weigelt, 1988, in High-Resolution Imaging by Interferometry, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 29, edited by J. M. Beckers and F. Merkle (ESO, Garching, Germany), p. 225.
  127. Haguenauer, P., M. Sevei, I. Schanen-Duport, K. Rousselet-Perraut, J. Berger, Y. Duchéne, M. Lacolle, P. Kern, F. Melbet, and P. Benech, 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 1107.
  128. Hajian, A., et al., 1998, Astrophys. J. 496, 484.
  129. Hale, D., M. Bester, W. Danchi, W. Fitelson, S. Hoss, E. Lipman, J. Monnier, P. Tuthill, and C. Townes, 2000, Astrophys. J. 537, 998.
  130. Hale, D., et al., 1997, Astrophys. J. 490, 826.
  131. Hanbury Brown, R., 1974, The Intensity Interferometer: Its Applications to Astronomy (Taylor & Francis, London).
  132. Hanbury Brown, R., R. C. Jennison, and M. K. Das Gupta, 1952, Nature (London) 170, 1061.
  133. Hanbury Brown, R., and R. Twiss, 1958, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 248, 222.
  134. Haniff, C., M. Scholz, and P. Tuthill, 1995, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 276, 640.
  135. Harmanec, P., et al., 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 312, 879.
  136. Hartkopf, W. I., H. A. McAlister, and B. D. Mason, 1997, “Third Catalog of Interferometric Measurements of Binary Stars” CHARA Contrib. No. 4, http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds/int3.html
  137. Hartley, M., B. McInnes, and F. Smith, 1981, Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 22, 272.
  138. Harvey, J. W., 1972, Nature (London) 235, 90.
  139. Harvey, J. W., and J. B. Breckinridge, 1973, Astrophys. J. 182, L137.
  140. Hawley, S. A., and J. S. Miller, 1977, Astrophys. J. 212, 94.
  141. Hege, E., E. Hubbard, P. Strittmatter, and S. Worden, 1981, Astrophys. J. 248, 1.
  142. Hestroffer, D., 1997, Astron. Astrophys. 327, 199.
  143. Heydari, M., and J. Beuzit, 1994, Astron. Astrophys. 287, L17.
  144. Hickson, P., 2001, private communication.
  145. Hill, J. M., 2000, in Telescope Structures, Enclosures, Controls, Assembly/Integration/Validation, and Commissioning, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4004, edited by T. A. Sebring and T. Andersen (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 36.
  146. Hinz, P., R. Angel, W. Hoffmann, D. Mccarthy, P. Mcguire, M. Cheselka, J. Hora, and N. Woolf, 1998, Nature (London) 395, 251.
  147. Hinz, P., W. Hoffmann, and J. Hora, 2001, Astrophys. J. Lett. (in press).
  148. The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogue, 1997, ESA SP-1200.
  149. Hofmann, K.-H., W. Seggewiss, and G. Weigelt, 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 300, 403.
  150. Högbom, J., 1974, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 15, 417.
  151. Hu, W., 2001, e-print astro-ph/0105117.
  152. Hummel, C., D. Mozurkevich, J. Armstrong, A. Hajian, N. Elias, and D. Hutter, 1998, Astron. J. 116, 2536.
  153. Hutchings, J., D. Crampton, S. Morris, D. Durand, and E. Steinbring, 1999, Astron. J. 117, 1109.
  154. Hutchings, J., D. Crampton, S. Morris, and E. Steinbring, 1998, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 110, 374.
  155. Hutchings, J., S. Morris, and D. Crampton, 2001, Astron. J. 121, 80.
  156. Ishimaru, A., 1978, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media (Academic, New York).
  157. Jefferies, S., and J. Christou, 1993, Astrophys. J. 415, 862.
  158. Jennison, R. C., 1958, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 118, 276.
  159. Karovska, M., L. Koechlin, P. Nisenson, C. Papaliolios, and C. Standley, 1989, Astrophys. J. 340, 435.
  160. Kenworthy, M., et al., 2001, Astrophys. J. Lett. 554, 67.
  161. Kervella, P., V. Coudé du Foresto, G. Perrin, M. Schöller, W. Traub, and M. Lacasse, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 367, 876.
  162. Knox, K., and B. Thompson, 1974, Astrophys. J. 193, L45.
  163. Koechlin, L., P. R. Lawson, D. Mourard, A. Blazit, D. Bonneau, F. Morand, P. Stee, I. Tallon-Bosc, and F. Vakili, 1996, Appl. Opt. 35, 3002.
  164. Kolmogorov, A., 1941a, in Turbulence, edited by S. K. Friedlander and L. Topper (Wiley-Interscience, New York), p. 151.
  165. Kolmogorov, A., 1941b, in Turbulence, edited by S. K. Friedlander and L. Topper (Wiley-Interscience, New York), p. 156.
  166. Kolmogorov, A., 1941c, in Turbulence, edited by S. K. Friedlander and L. Topper (Wiley-Interscience, New York), p. 159.
  167. Korff, D., 1973, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 971.
  168. Kunz, M., A. Banday, P. Castro, P. Ferreira, and K. Górski, 2001, Astrophys. J. Lett. 563, 99.
  169. Labeyrie, A., 1970, Astron. Astrophys. 6, 85.
  170. Labeyrie, A., 1975, Astrophys. J. Lett. 196, L71.
  171. Labeyrie, A., 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 298, 544.
  172. Labeyrie, A., 1996, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 118, 517.
  173. Labeyrie, A., 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 960.
  174. Labeyrie, A., 1999a, in Working on the Fringe: Optical and IR Interferometry from Ground and Space, ASP Conference Proceedings No. 194, edited by S. Unwin and R. Stachnik (ASP, Provo) p. 350.
  175. Labeyrie, A., 1999b, Science 285, 1864.
  176. Labeyrie, A., 2000, private communication.
  177. Labeyrie, A., 2001, private communication.
  178. Labeyrie, A., L. Koechlin, D. Bonneau, A. Blazit, and R. Foy, 1977, Astrophys. J. Lett. 218, L75.
  179. Labeyrie, A., G. Lamaitre, and L. Koechlin, 1986, in Advanced Optical Technology Telescopes III, Proceedings of SPIE No. 628, edited by L. D. Barr (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 323.
  180. Labeyrie, A., G. Schumacher, M. Dugué, C. Thom, P. Bourlon, F. Foy, D. Bonneau, and R. Foy, 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 162, 359.
  181. Lai, O., D. Rouan, F. Rigaut, R. Arsenault, and E. Gendron, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 334, 783.
  182. Lai, O., D. Rouan, F. Rigaut, F. Doyon, and F. Lacombe, 1999, Astron. Astrophys. 351, 834.
  183. Lane, B., M. Kuchner, A. Boden, M. Crooch-Eakman, and S. R. Kulkarni, 2000, Nature (London) 407, 485.
  184. Lannes, A., E. Anterrieu, and K. Bouyoucef, 1994, J. Mod. Opt. 41, 1537.
  185. Lawson, P. R., 1994, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 106, 917.
  186. Lawson, P. R., 1995, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 366.
  187. Lawson, P., J. Baldwin, P. Warner, R. Boysen, C. Haniff, J. Rogers, D. Saint-Jacques, D. Wilson, and J. Young, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 753.
  188. Lawson, P., M. Colavita, P. Dumont, and B. Lane, 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 397.
  189. Ledoux, C., B. Théodore, P. Petitjean, M. N. Bremer, G. F. Lewis, R. A. Ibata, M. J. Irwin, and E. J. Totten, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 339, L77.
  190. Lee, J., B. Bigelow, D. Walker, A. Doel, and R. Bingham, 2000, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 112, 97.
  191. Lefèvre, H. C., 1980, Electron. Lett. 16, 778.
  192. Léger, A., M. Pirre, and F. J. Marceau, 1993, Astron. Astrophys. 277, 309.
  193. Liang, J., D. R. Williams, and D. T. Miller, 1997, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2884.
  194. Lindengren, L., and M. A. C. Perryman, 1996, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 116, 579.
  195. Linfield, R., and P. Gorham, 1999, in Working on the Fringe: Optical and IR Interferometry from Ground and Space, ASP Conference Proceedings No. 194, edited by S. Unwin and R. Stachnik (ASP, Provo), p. 224.
  196. Lloyd-Hart, M., 2000, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 112, 264.
  197. Lloyd-Hart, M., J. R. Angel, T. Groesbeck, T. Martinez, B. Jacobsen, B. McLeod, D. McCarthy, E. Hooper, E. Hege, and D. Sandler, 1998, Astrophys. J. 493, 950.
  198. Lipman, E., M. Bester, W. Danchi, and C. Townes, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 933.
  199. Liu, Y. C., and A. W. Lohmann, 1973, Opt. Commun. 8, 372.
  200. Lohmann, A., G. Weigelt, and B. Wirnitzer, 1983, Appl. Opt. 22, 4028.
  201. Lopez, B., 1991, “Last Mission at La Silla, April 19–May 8, on the Measure of the Wavefront Evolution Velocity,” ESO Internal Report.
  202. Lopez, B., et al., 1997, Astrophys. J. 488, 807.
  203. Lovelock, J. E., 1965, Nature (London) 207, 568.
  204. Lucy, L., 1974, Astron. J. 79, 745.
  205. Lynds, C., S. Worden, and J. Harvey, 1976, Astrophys. J. 207, 174.
  206. Machida, Y., et al., 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 202.
  207. Macintosh, B., C. B. Max, B. Zuckerman, E. Becklin, D. Kaisler, P. Lowrence, A. Weinberger, J. Christou, G. Schneider, and S. Acton, 2001, Young Stars near Earth: Progress and Prospects, edited by R. Jayawardhare and J. Green.
  208. Mackay, C. D., R. N. Tubbs, R. Bell, D. Burt, P. Jerram, and I. Moody, 2001, in Sensors and Camera Systems for Scientific, Industrial, and Digital Photography Applications II, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4306, edited by M. M. Blouke, J. Canosa, and N. Sampat (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 289.
  209. Magain, P., F. Courbin, and S. Sohy, 1998, Astrophys. J. 494, 472.
  210. Malbet, F., et al., 1998, Astrophys. J. Lett. 507, L149.
  211. Marco, O., T. Encrenaz, and E. Gendron, 1997, Planet. Space Sci. 46, 547.
  212. Márquez, I., P. Petitjean, B. Théodore, M. Bremer, G. Monnet, and J. Beuzit, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 371, 97.
  213. Masciadri, E., J. Vernin, and P. Bougeault, 1999, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 137, 203.
  214. Mason, B. D., 1996, Astron. J. 112, 2260.
  215. Mason, B., C. Martin, W. I. Hartkopf, D. Barry, M. Germain, G. Douglass, C. Worley, G. Wycoff, T. ten Brummelaar, and O. Franz, 1999, Astron. J. 117, 1890.
  216. Mayor, M., and D. Queloz, 1995, Nature (London) 378, 355.
  217. McAlister, H., W. Bagnuolo, T. ten Brummelaar, W. I. Hartkopf, M. Shure, L. Sturmann, N. Turner, and S. Ridgway, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 947.
  218. Mendel, L., and E. Wolf, 1995, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge University, Cambridge).
  219. Mennesson, B., J.-M. Mariotti, V. Coudé du Foresto, G. Perrin, S. Ridgway, C. Ruilier, W. Traub, M. Lacasse, and G. Mazé, 1999, Astron. Astrophys. 346, 181.
  220. Men’shchikov, A., and T. Henning, 1997, Astron. Astrophys. 318, 879.
  221. Michelson, A. A., 1891, Nature (London) 45, 160.
  222. Michelson, A. A., and F. G. Pease, 1921, Astrophys. J. 53, 249.
  223. Millan-Gabet, R., P. Schloerb, and W. Traub, 2001, Astrophys. J. 546, 358.
  224. Monnier, J., W. Danchi, D. Hale, P. Tuthill, and C. Townes, 2000, Astrophys. J. 543, 868.
  225. Monnier, J., et al., 2001, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 33, 63.02.
  226. Monnier, J., P. Tuthill, B. Lopez, P. Cruzalébes, W. Danchi, C. Haniff, 1999, Astrophys. J. 512, 351.
  227. Morel, S., 2000, private communication.
  228. Morel, S., and L. Koechlin, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 257.
  229. Morel, S., W. Traub, J. Bregman, R. Mah, and C. Wilson, 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 506.
  230. Mouillet, D., J. D. Larwood, J. C. Papaloizou, and A. M. Lagrange, 1997, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 292, 896.
  231. Mourard, D., D. Bonneau, L. Koechlin, A. Labeyrie, F. Morand, P. Stee, I. Tallon-Bosc, and F. Vakili, 1997, Astron. Astrophys. 317, 789.
  232. Mourard, D., I. Bosc, A. Labeyrie, L. Koechlin, and S. Saha, 1989, Nature (London) 342, 520.
  233. Mozurkewich, D., K. Johnston, R. Simon, D. Hutter, M. Colavita, M. Shao, and X. Pan, 1991, Astron. J. 101, 2207.
  234. Nakajima, T., 1994, Astrophys. J. 425, 348.
  235. Nakajima, T., and D. Golimowski, 1995, Astron. J. 109, 1181.
  236. Natta, A., T. Prusti, R. Neri, D. Wooden, and V. Grinin, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 371, 186.
  237. Nelkin, M., 2000, Am. J. Phys. 68, 310.
  238. Nisenson, P., and C. Papaliolios, 1999, Astrophys. J. Lett. 518, L29.
  239. Nisenson, P., C. Papaliolios, M. Karovska, and R. Noyes, 1987, Astrophys. J. Lett. 320, L15.
  240. Nordgren, T., J. Armstrong, M. Gierman, R. Hindsley, A. Hajian, J. Sudol, and C. Hummel, 2000, Astrophys. J. 543, 972.
  241. Northcott, M. J., G. R. Ayers, and J. C. Dainty, 1988, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5, 986.
  242. Nota, A., C. Leitherer, M. Clampin, P. Greenfield, and D. A. Golimowski, 1992, Astron. J. 398, 621.
  243. Nulsen, P., P. Wood, P. Gillingham, M. Bessel, M. Dopita, and C. McCowage, 1990, Astrophys. J. 358, 266.
  244. Osterbart, R., Y. Balega, G. Weigelt, and N. Langer, 1997, in Planetary Nebulae, Proceedings of the 180th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Groningen, The Netherlands, edited by H. J. Habing and H. J. G. L. M. Lamers (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands), p. 362.
  245. Padilla, C., V. Karlov, L. Matson, K. Soosaar, and T. ten Brummelaar, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 1045.
  246. Papaliolios, C., M. Karovska, L. Koechlin, P. Nisenson, C. Standley, and S. Heathcote, 1989, Nature (London) 338,565.
  247. Papaliolios, C., P. Nisenson, and S. Ebstein, 1985, Appl. Opt. 24, 287.
  248. Pauls, T., D. Mozurkewich, J. Armstrong, C. Hummel, J. Benson, and A. Hajian, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 467.
  249. Paxman, R., T. Schulz, and J. Fienup, 1992, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 1072.
  250. Pedretti, E., and A. Labeyrie, 1999, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 137, 543.
  251. Pedretti, E., A. Labeyrie, L. Arnold, N. Thureau, O. Lardiére, A. Boccaletti, and P. Riaud, 2000, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 147, 285.
  252. Pehlemann, E., K.-H. Hofmann, and G. Weigelt, 1992, Astron. Astrophys. 256, 701.
  253. Penny, A., A. Léger, J. Mariotti, C. Schalinski, C. Eiora, R. Laurance, and M. Fridlund, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 666.
  254. Perrin, G., 1997, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 121, 553.
  255. Perrin, G., V. Coudé du Foresto, S. Ridgway, J.-M. Marrioti, W. Traub, N. Carleton, M. Lacasse, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 331, 619.
  256. Perrin, G., V. Coudé du Foresto, S. Ridgway, B. Mennesson, C. Ruilier, J.-M. Marrioti, W. Traub, and M. Lacasse, 1999, Astron. Astrophys. 345, 221.
  257. Perryman, M. A. C., 1998, Nature (London) 340, 111.
  258. Poulet, F., and B. Sicardy, 1996, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 28, 1124.
  259. Pourbaix, D., 2000, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 145, 215.
  260. Prieur, J., E. Oblak, P. Lampens, M. Kurpinska-Winiarska, E. Aristidi, L. Koechlin, and G. Ruymaekers, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 367, 865.
  261. Puetter, R., and A. Yahil, 1999, in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VIII, edited by D. Mehringer, R. Plante, and D. Roberts.
  262. Quirrenbach, A., 2001, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 39,353.
  263. Quirrenbach, A., D. Mozurkewich, D. Buscher, C. Hummel, and J. Armstrong, 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 312, 160.
  264. Quirrenbach, A., J. Roberts, K. Fidkowski, W. de Vries, and W. van Breugel, 2001, Astrophys. J. 556, 108.
  265. Rabbia, Y., D. Mekarnia, and J. Gay, 1990, in Infrared Technology XVI, Proceedings of SPIE No. 1341, edited by I. J. Spiro (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 172.
  266. Racine, R., 1984, in Very Large Telescopes, Their Instrumentation and Programs, IAU Colloquium No. 79, edited by M.-H. Ulrich and K. Kjar (ESO, Garching, Germany), p. 235.
  267. Racine, R., G. Herriot, and R. McClure, 1996, in Adaptive Optics, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 54, edited by M. Cullum (ESO, Garching, Germany), p. 35.
  268. Ragazzoni, R., and D. Bonaccini, 1996, in Adaptive Optics, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 54, edited by M. Cullum (ESO, Garching, Germany), p. 17.
  269. Ragazzoni, R., E. Marchetti, and G. Valente, 2000, Nature (London) 403, 54.
  270. Reinheimer, T., and G. Weigelt, 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 176, L17.
  271. Richardson, W. H., 1972, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62, 55.
  272. Ridgway, S. T., and F. Roddier, 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 940.
  273. Rimmele, T. R., 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 218.
  274. Robbe, S., B. Sorrente, F. Cassaing, Y. Rabbia, and G. Rousset, 1997, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 125, 367.
  275. Robertson, N. A., 2000, Class. Quantum Grav. 17, 19.
  276. Roddier, F., 1981, Prog. Opt. XIX, 281.
  277. Roddier, F., 1988, Phys. Rep. 170, 97.
  278. Roddier, F., 1999, Ed., Adaptive Optics in Astronomy (Cambridge University, Cambridge).
  279. Roddier, C., and F. Roddier, 1988, in Diffraction-Limited Imaging with Very Large Telescopes, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Cargèse, Corsica, edited by D. M. Alloin and J.-M. Mariotti (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands), p. 221.
  280. Roddier, C., F. Roddier, M. J. Northcott, J. E. Graves, and K. Jim, 1996, Astrophys. J. 463, 326.
  281. Roddier, F., C. Roddier, A. Brahic, C. Dumas, J. Graves, M. Northcott, and T. Owen, 1997, Planet. Space Sci. 45, 1031.
  282. Roddier, F., C. Roddier, J. E. Graves, and M. J. Northcott, 1995, Astrophys. J. 443, 249.
  283. Roggemann, M. C., B. M. Welsh, and R. Q. Fugate, 1997, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 437.
  284. Rouan, D., D. Field, J.-L. Lemaire, O. Lai, G. P. Forëts, E. Falgarone, and J.-M. Deltorn, 1997, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 284, 395.
  285. Rouan, D., P. Riaud, A. Boccaletti, Y. Clénet, and A. Labeyrie, 2000, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 112, 1479.
  286. Rouan, D., F. Rigaut, D. Alloin, R. Doyon, O. Lai, D. Crampton, E. Gendron, and R. Arsenault, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 339, 687.
  287. Rousselet-Perraut, K., F. Vakili, and D. Mourard, 1996, Opt. Eng. (Bellingham) 35, 2943.
  288. Rousset, G., 1999, in Adaptive Optics in Astronomy, edited by F. Roddier (Cambridge University, Cambridge), p. 91.
  289. Rousset, G., J. C. Fontanella, P. Kem, P. Gigan, F. Rigaut, P. Léna, P. Boyer, P. Jagourel, J. P. Gaffard, and F. Merkle, 1990, Astron. Astrophys. 230, L29.
  290. Ryan, S., and P. Wood, 1995, Publ.-Astron. Soc. Aust. 12,89.
  291. Saha, S. K., 1999, Bull. Astron. Soc. India 27, 443.
  292. Saha, S. K., and V. Chinnappan, 1999, Bull. Astron. Soc. India 27, 327.
  293. Saha, S. K., and D. Maitra, 2001, Indian J. Phys., B 75B,391.
  294. Saha, S. K., and S. Morel, 2000, Bull. Astron. Soc. India 28, 175.
  295. Saha, S. K., R. Rajamohan, P. Vivekananda Rao, G. Som Sunder, R. Swaminathan, and B. Lokanadham, 1997, Bull. Astron. Soc. India 25, 563.
  296. Saha, S. K., R. Sridharan, and K. Sankarasubramanian, 1999, “Speckle image reconstruction of binary stars,” presented at the 19th Meeting of the Astronomical Society of India, Bangalore.
  297. Saha, S. K., and P. Venkatakrishnan, 1997, Bull. Astron. Soc. India 25, 329.
  298. Sams, B. J., K. Schuster, and B. Brandl, 1996, Astrophys. J. 459, 491.
  299. Sato, K., et al., 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 212.
  300. Schertl, D., K.-H. Hofmann, W. Seggewiss, and G. Weigelt, 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 302, 327.
  301. Schöller, M., W. Brandner, T. Lehmann, G. Weigelt, and H. Zinnecker, 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 315, 445.
  302. Seldin, J., and R. Paxman, 1994, in Image Reconstruction and Restoration, Proceedings of SPIE No. 2302, edited by T. J. Schulz and D. L. Snyder (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 268.
  303. Seldin, J., R. Paxman, and C. Keller, 1996, in Missions to the Sun, Proceedings of SPIE No. 2804, edited by D. M. Rust (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 166.
  304. Serabyn, E., 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 328.
  305. Shannon, C. J., 1949, Proc. IRE 37, 10.
  306. Shao, M., and M. M. Colavita, 1992, Astron. Astrophys. 262, 353.
  307. Shao, M., and M. M. Colavita, 1994, in Very High Angular Resolution Imaging, Proceedings of the 158th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Sydney, Australia, edited by J. G. Robertson and W. J. Tango (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands), p. 413.
  308. Shao, M., et al., 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 193, 357.
  309. Shao, M., and D. Staelin, 1977, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 81.
  310. Sicardy, B., F. Roddier, C. Roddier, E. Perozzi, J. E. Graves, O. Guyon, and M. J. Northcott, 1999, Nature (London) 400,731.
  311. Simon, M., L. Close, and T. Beck, 1999, Astron. J. 117,1375.
  312. Stee, P., F. de Araújo, F. Vakili, D. Mourard, I. Arnold, D. Bonneau, F. Morand, and I. Tallon-Bosc, 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 300, 219.
  313. Stee, P., F. Vakili, D. Bonneau, and D. Mourard, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 332, 268.
  314. Tallon, M., R. Foy, and A. Blazit, 1988, in Very Large Telescopes and Their Instrumentation, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 30, edited by M.-H. Ulrich (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands), p. 743.
  315. Tango, W. J., and R. Q. Twiss, 1980, Prog. Opt. 17, 239.
  316. Tatarski, V. I., 1967, Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium (Dover, New York).
  317. Tatarski, V. I., 1993, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 56, 1380.
  318. Taylor, G. L., 1921, in Turbulence, edited by S. K. Friedlander and L. Topper, 1961 (Wiley-Interscience, New York), p. 1.
  319. Thom, C., P. Granes, and F. Vakili, 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 165, L13.
  320. Thompson, L. A., and C. S. Gardner, 1988, Nature (London) 328, 229.
  321. Timothy, J. G., 1993, in Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging: Technology and Applications ’93, Proceedings of SPIE No. 1982, edited by L. Zhou (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 4.
  322. Torres, G., R. Stefanik, and D. Latham, 1997, Astrophys. J. 485, 167.
  323. Townes, C. H., M. Bester, W. Danchi, D. Hale, J. Monnier, E. Lipman, A. Everett, P. Tuthill, M. Johnson, and D. Walters, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 908.
  324. Traub, W. A., 1986, Appl. Opt. 25, 528.
  325. Traub, W. A., 2000, in Principles of Long Baseline Interferometry, Course Notes from the 1999 Michelson Summer School, Pasadena, edited by P. R. Lawson (JPL, Pasadena), p. 31. Also available at http://sim.jpl.nasa.gov/library/coursenotes/chapt3.pdf
  326. Traub, W. A., et al., 2000, in Interferometry in Optical Astronomy, Proceedings of SPIE No. 4006, edited by P. J. Lena and A. Quirrenbach (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 715.
  327. Traub, W. A., R. Millan-Gabet, and M. Garcia, 1998, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 30, 52.06.
  328. Troxel, S. E., B. M. Welsh, and M. C. Roggemann, 1994, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 2100.
  329. Tuthill, P., C. Haniff, and J. Baldwin, 1997, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 285, 529.
  330. Tuthill, P., C. Haniff, and J. Baldwin, 1999, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 306, 353.
  331. Tuthill, P. G., J. D. Monnier, and W. C. Danchi, 1999, Nature (London) 398, 487.
  332. Tuthill, P. G., J. D. Monnier, and W. C. Danchi, 2001, Nature (London) 409, 1012.
  333. Tuthill, P. G., J. D. Monnier, W. C. Danchi, and E. H. Wishnow, 2000, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 116, 2536.
  334. Ulrich, M., L. Maraschi, and C. Urry, 1997, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35, 445.
  335. Unwin, S., S. Turyshev, and M. Shao, 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 551.
  336. Vakili, F., D. Mourard, D. Bonneau, F. Morand, and P. Stee, 1997, Astron. Astrophys. 323, 183.
  337. Vakili, F., D. Mourard, P. Stee, D. Bonneau, P. Berio, O. Chesneau, N. Thureau, F. Morand, A. Labeyrie, and I. Tallon-Bosc, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 335, 261.
  338. van Belle, G., D. Ciardi, R. Thompson, R. Akeson, and E. A. Lada, 2001, Astrophys. J. (in press).
  339. van Belle, G., H. Dyck, J. Benson, and M. Lacasse, 1996, Astron. J. 112, 2147.
  340. van Belle, G., H. Dyck, R. Thomson, J. Benson, and S. Kannappan, 1997, Astron. J. 114, 2150.
  341. van Belle, G., et al., 1999, Astron. J. 117, 521.
  342. Von der Lühe, O., 1984, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 510.
  343. Walkup, J. F., and J. W. Goodman, 1973, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 399.
  344. Wallace, J., et al., 1998, in Astronomical Interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE No. 3350, edited by R. D. Reasenberg (SPIE, Bellingham), p. 864.
  345. Wehinger, P. A., 2001, private communication.
  346. Weigelt, G., 1977, Opt. Commun. 21, 55.
  347. Weigelt, G., and G. Bair, 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 150, L18.
  348. Weigelt, G., Y. Balega, T. Blöcker, A. Fleischer, R. Osterbart, and J. Winters, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 333, L51.
  349. Weigelt, G., Y. Balega, K.-H. Hofmann, and M. Scholz, 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 316, L21.
  350. Weigelt, G., and J. Ebersberger, 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 163, L5.
  351. Weinberger, A., G. Neugebauer, and K. Matthews, 1999, Astron. J. 117, 2748.
  352. Wilken, V., C. R. de Boer, C. Denker, and F. Kneer, 1997, Astron. Astrophys. 325, 819.
  353. Wilson, R., J. Baldwin, D. Busher, and P. Warner, 1992, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 257, 369.
  354. Wittkowski, M., Y. Balega, T. Beckert, W. Duschi, K. Hofmann, and G. Weigelt, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 329, L45.
  355. Wittkowski, M., Y. Balega, K. Hofmann, and G. Weigelt, 1999, Mitt. Astron. Ges. 15, 83.
  356. Wittkowski, M., C. Hummel, K. Johnston, D. Mozurkewich, A. Hajian, and N. White, 2001, Astron. Astrophys. 377, 981.
  357. Wittkowski, M., N. Langer, and G. Weigelt, 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 340, L39.
  358. Wood, P., M. Bessel, and M. Dopita, 1986, Astrophys. J. 311, 632.
  359. Wood, P., P. Nulsen, P. Gillingham, M. Bessel, M. Dopita, and C. McCowage, 1989, Astrophys. J. 339, 1073.
  360. Worden, S. P., C. R. Lynds, and J. W. Harvey, 1976, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 1243.
  361. Wyngaard, J. C., Y. Izumi, and S. A. Collins, 1971, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1495.
  362. Young, A. T., 1974, Astrophys. J. 189, 587.
  363. Young, J., et al., 2000, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 315, 635.
  364. Zago, L., 1995, Ph.D. thesis (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne). Also available at http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/papers/lz-thesis/h_thesis.html

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 551– Published 22 May, 2002

    © 2002 American Physical Society

    Sign In to Your Journals Account

    Filter

    Filter

    Article Lookup

    Enter a citation