Intense few-cycle laser fields: Frontiers of nonlinear optics

Thomas Brabec; Ferenc Krausz

doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.72.545

Access by Xinjiang University

Intense few-cycle laser fields: Frontiers of nonlinear optics

Thomas Brabec and Ferenc Krausz

Institut für Photonik, Technische Universität Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27/387, A-1040 Wien, Austria

PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 72, 545 – Published 1 April, 2000

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.72.545

Abstract

The rise time of intense radiation determines the maximum field strength atoms can be exposed to before their polarizability dramatically drops due to the detachment of an outer electron. Recent progress in ultrafast optics has allowed the generation of ultraintense light pulses comprising merely a few field oscillation cycles. The arising intensity gradient allows electrons to survive in their bound atomic state up to external field strengths many times higher than the binding Coulomb field and gives rise to ionization rates comparable to the light frequency, resulting in a significant extension of the frontiers of nonlinear optics and (nonrelativistic) high-field physics. Implications include the generation of coherent harmonic radiation up to kiloelectronvolt photon energies and control of the atomic dipole moment on a subfemtosecond $(1 {f s = 10}^{- 15} s)$ time scale. This review presents the landmarks of the 30-odd-year evolution of ultrashort-pulse laser physics and technology culminating in the generation of intense few-cycle light pulses and discusses the impact of these pulses on high-field physics. Particular emphasis is placed on high-order harmonic emission and single subfemtosecond extreme ultraviolet/x-ray pulse generation. These as well as other strong-field processes are governed directly by the electric-field evolution, and hence their full control requires access to the (absolute) phase of the light carrier. We shall discuss routes to its determination and control, which will, for the first time, allow access to the electromagnetic fields in light waves and control of high-field interactions with never-before-achieved precision.

References (406)

Agnesi, A., 1995, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30, 1115.
Agostini, P., F. Fabre, G. Mainfray, G. Petite, and N. K. Rahman, 1979, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1127.
Agrawal, G. P., 1995, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 2nd ed. (Academic, San Diego).
Akhmanov, S. A., V. A. Vysloukh, and A. S. Chirkin, 1992, Optics of Femtosecond Laser Pulses (American Institute of Physics, New York).
Alfano, R. R., and S. L. Shapiro, 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 592.
Ammosov, M. V., N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, 1986, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 11911986].
Antoine, P., A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1234.
Antoine, P., D. B. Milosevic, A. L’Huillier, M. B. Gaarde, P. Salières, and M. Lewenstein, 1997, Phys. Rev. A 56, 4960.
Armstrong, J. A., 1967, Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 16.
Asaki, M. T., C.-P. Huang, D. Garvey, J. Zhou, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 977.
Augst, S., D. Strickland, D. D. Meyerhofer, S. L. Chin, and J. H. Eberly, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2212.
Augst, S., A. Talebpour, S. L. Chin, Y. Beaudoin, and M. Chaker, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 52, R917.
Backus, S., C. G. Durfee III, G. Mourou, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 1256.
Backus, S., C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1998, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 1207.
Baltuska, A., Z. Wei, M. S. Pshenichnikov, and D. A. Wiersma, 1997a, Opt. Lett. 22, 102.
Baltuska, A., Z. Wei, R. Szipöcs, M. S. Pshenichnikov, and D. A. Wiersma, 1997b, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 175.
Bandrauk, A. D., S. Chelkowski, and H. Yu, 1997, Phys. Rev. A 56, R2537.
Bandrauk, A. D., and H. Yu, 1999, Phys. Rev. A 59, 539.
Barbara, P. F., J. G. Fujimoto, W. H. Knox, and W. Zinth, 1996, Eds., Ultrafast Phenomena X (Springer, Berlin).
Barbara, P. F., W. H. Knox, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail, 1994, Eds., Ultrafast Phenomena IX (Springer, Berlin).
Barr, J. R. M., D. C. Hanna, and D. W. Hughes, 1991, Digest of Conference on Lasers and Electro-optics (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC), Paper FQ5.
Barty, C. P. J., M. Ben-Nun, T. Guo, F. Raksi, Ch. Rose-Petruck, J. Squier, K. R. Wilson, V. V. Yakovlev, P. M. Weber, Z. Jiang, A. Ikhlef, and J. C. Kieffer, 1998, in Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction, edited by J. Helliwell and P. M. Rentzepis (Oxford University, New York), Chap. 2.
Barty, C. P. J., C. L. Gordon III, and B. E. Lemoff, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 1442.
Barty, C. P. J., T. Guo, C. Le Blanc, F. Raksi, C. Rose-Petruck, J. Squier, K. R. Wilson, V. V. Yakovlev, and K. Yamakawa, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 668.
Barty, C. P. J., W. White, W. Sibbett, and R. Trebino, 1998, Eds., Ultrafast Optics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, p. 157.
Beaud, P., M. Richardson, E. J. Miesak, and B. H. T. Chai, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 1550.
Becker, U., and D. A. Shirley, 1996, Vacuum uv and Soft X-Ray Photoionization (Plenum, New York).
Becker, W., S. Long, and J. K. McIver, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 50, 1540.
Beddard, T., W. Sibbett, D. T. Reid, J. Garduno-Mejia, N. Jamasbi, and M. Mohebi, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 163.
Ben-Tal, N., N. Moiseyev, R. Kosloff, and C. Cerjan, 1993, J. Phys. B 26, 1445.
Bethe, H. A., and E. E. Salpeter, 1977, Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms (Plenum, New York).
Blanchot, N., C. Rouyer, C. Sauteret, and A. Migus, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 395.
Bloembergen, N., 1965, Nonlinear Optics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA).
Blow, K. J., and B. P. Nelson, 1988, Opt. Lett. 13, 1026.
Blow, K. J., and D. Wood, 1988, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5, 629.
Borodin, N. L., A. G. Okrimchuk, and A. V. Shestakov, 1992, in OSA Proceedings on Advanced Solid-State Lasers, Vol. 13, edited by Lloyd L. Chase and Albert A. Pinto (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC), p. 42.
Boyd, R. W., 1992, Nonlinear Optics (Academic, San Diego).
Brabec, T., M. Yu. Ivanov, and P. Corkum, 1996, Phys. Rev. A 54, R2551.
Brabec, T., S. M. J. Kelly, and F. Krausz, 1995, in Compact Sources of Ultrashort Pulses, edited by I. N. Duling III (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 57.
Brabec, T., and F. Krausz, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3282.
Brabec, T., Ch. Spielmann, P. F. Curley, and F. Krausz, 1992, Opt. Lett. 17, 1292.
Brabec, T., Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1961.
Brabec, T., Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1992, Opt. Lett. 17, 748.
Bradley, D. J., and G. H. C. New, 1974, Proc. IEEE 62, 313.
Braun, A., G. Korn, X. Liu, D. Du, J. Squier, and G. Mourou, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 73.
Brunel, F., 1990, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 521.
Budil, K. S., P. Salières, A. L’Huillier, T. Ditmire, and M. D. Perry, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, R3437.
Burke, P. G., and V. M. Burke, 1997, J. Phys. B 30, L383.
Burnett, N. H., C. Kan, and P. B. Corkum, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, R3418.
Campillo, A. J., S. L. Shapiro, and B. R. Suydam, 1973, Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 628.
Cerullo, G., S. De Silvestri, V. Magni, and L. Pallaro, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 807.
Chambaret, J. P., C. Le Blanc, G. Cheriaux, P. Curley, G. Darpentigny, P. Rousseau, G. Hamoniaux, A. Antonetti, and F. Salin, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 1921.
Chang, Z., A. Rundquist, H. Wang, M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2967.
Chelkowski, S., A. Conjusteau, T. Zuo, and A. D. Bandrauk, 1996, Phys. Rev. A 54, 3235.
Chen, S., A. Maksimchuk, and D. Umstadter, 1998, Nature (London) 396, 653.
Cheng, Z., A. Fürbach, S. Sartania, M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 247.
Cheng, Z., G. Tempea, T. Brabec, K. Ferencz, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1998, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 8.
Cheriaux, G., P. Rousseau, F. Salin, J. Chambaret, B. Walker, and L. Dimauro, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 414.
Chilla, J. L. A., and O. E. Martinez, 1993, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 638.
Chin, A. H., R. W. Schoenlein, T. E. Glover, P. Balling, W. P. Leemans, and C. V. Shank, 1998, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 401.
Cho, S. H., B. E. Bouma, E. P. Ippen, and J. G. Fujimoto, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 417.
Christov, I. P., 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 1425.
Christov, I. P., H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, 1998, Opt. Express 3, 360.
Christov, I. P., M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1251.
Christov, I. P., M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1998, Phys. Rev. A 57, R2285.
Christov, I. P., J. Zhou, J. Peatross, A. Rundquist, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1743.
Constant, E., D. Garzella, P. Breger, E. Mevel, C. Dorrer, C. Le Blanc, F. Salin, and P. Agostini, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1668.
Corkum, P. B., N. H. Burnett, and F. Brunel, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1259.
Corkum, P. B., 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994.
Corkum, P. B., 1996, Nature (London) 384, 118.
Corkum, P. B., N. H. Burnett, and M. Yu. Ivanov, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 1870.
Crane, J. K., M. D. Perry, S. Hermann, and R. W. Falcone, 1992, Opt. Lett. 17, 1256.
Curley, P. F., Ch. Spielmann, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, E. Wintner, and A. J. Schmidt, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 54.
Dahlström, L., 1972, Opt. Commun. 5, 157.
de Bohan, A., P. Antoine, D. B. Milosevic, and B. Piraux, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1837.
de Groot, S., W. van Leeuwen, and C. van Weert, 1980, Relativistic Kinetic Theory, Principles and Applications (North-Holland, Amsterdam).
Delone, N. B., and V. P. Krainov, 1991, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 1207.
DeMaria, A. J., W. H. Glenn, M. J. Brienza, and M. E. Mack, 1969, Proc. IEEE 57, 2.
DeMaria, A. J., D. A. Stetser, and H. Heynau, 1966, Appl. Phys. Lett. 8, 174.
De Silvestri, S., P. Laporta, and O. Svelto, 1984, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 20, 533.
Deutsch, T., 1965, Appl. Phys. Lett. 7, 80.
DiDomenico, M., 1964, J. Appl. Phys. 35, 2870.
DiDomenico, M., H. M. Marcos, J. E. Geusic, and R. E. Smith, 1966, Appl. Phys. Lett. 8, 180.
Diels, J.-C., W. Dietel, J. J. Fontaine, W. Rudolph, and B. Wilhelmi, 1985, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 680.
Diels, J.-C., J. J. Fontaine, I. C. McMichael, and F. Simoni, 1985, Appl. Opt. 24, 1270.
Diels, J.-C., and W. Rudolph, 1996, Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena (Academic, New York).
Diels, J.-C., E. Van Stryland, and G. Benedict, 1978, Opt. Commun. 25, 93.
Dietrich, P., N. H. Burnett, M. Ivanov, and P. B. Corkum, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 50, R3583.
Dietrich, P., F. Krausz, and P. B. Corkum, 1999, “Determining the absolute carrier phase of a few-cycle laser pulse,” in press.
Ditmire, T., J. K. Crane, H. Nguyen, L. B. DaSilva, and M. D. Perry, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, R902.
Ditmire, T., K. Kulander, J. K. Crane, H. Nguyen, and M. D. Perry, 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 406.
Ditmire, T., and M. D. Perry, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 426.
Donelly, T. D., T. Ditmire, K. Neumann, M. D. Perry, and R. W. Falcone, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2472.
Dorner, R., H. Brauning, O. Jagutzki, V. Mergel, M. Achler, R. Moshammer, J. M. Feagin, T. Osipor, A. Brauning-Demain, L. Spielberger, T. M. McGuire, M. M. Prior, N. Berrah, J. D. Bozek, C. L. Cocke, H. Schmidt-Böcking, 1998, Phys Rev. Lett. 81, 5776.
Du, D., X. Liu, G. Korn, J. Squier, and G. Mourou, 1994, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3071.
Duling, I. N. III, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 539.
Duling III, I. N., and M. L. Dennis, 1995, in Compact Sources of Ultrashort Pulses, edited by I. N. Duling III (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 140.
Durfee, C. G. III, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 395.
Eberly, J. H., Q. Su, and J. Javanainen, 1989a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 881.
Eberly, J. H., Q. Su, and J. Javanainen, 1989, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1289.
Elsässer, T., J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth, 1998, Eds., Ultrafast Phenomena XI (Springer, Berlin).
Esarey, E., G. Joyce, and P. Sprangle, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 44, 3908.
Faisal, F. H. M., 1986, Theory of Multiphoton Processes (Plenum, New York).
Faldon, M. E., M. H. R. Hutchinson, J. P. Marangos, J. E. Muffett, R. A. Smith, J. W. G. Tisch, and C. G. Wahlström, 1992, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 2094.
Farkas, Gy. and Cs. Toth, 1992, Phys. Lett. A 168, 447.
Feldmann, J., J. Sacher, and E. Göbel, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 241.
Fermann, M. E., 1995, in Compact Sources of Ultrashort Pulses, edited by I. N. Duling III (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 179.
Fermann, M. E., L. M. Yang, M. L. Stock, and M. J. Andrejco, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 43.
Feurer, T., and R. Sauerbrey, 1997, in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics: Electromagnetic Radiation; Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 29, edited by F. B. Dunning and R. G. Hulet (Academic, New York), p. 193.
Fibich, G. and G. C. Papanicolaou, 1997, Opt. Lett. 18, 1379.
Figueria-de-Morisson-Faria, C., M. Dörr, and W. Sandner, 1998, Phys. Rev. A 58, 2990.
Fisher, R. A., P. L. Kelly, and T. K. Gustafson, 1969, Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 140.
Fittinghoff, D. N., P. R. Bolton, B. Chang, and K. C. Kulander, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2642.
Fork, R. L., C. H. Cruz, P. C. Becker, and C. V. Shank, 1987, Opt. Lett. 12, 483.
Fork, R. L., B. I. Greene, and C. V. Shank, 1981, Appl. Phys. Lett. 38, 71.
Fork, R. L., O. E. Martinez, and J. P. Gordon, 1984, Opt. Lett. 9, 150.
Fork, R. L., C. V. Shank, and R. Yen, 1982, Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 223.
Fork, R. L., C. V. Shank, R. Yen, and C. A. Hirlimann, 1983, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 500.
Freeman, R. R., P. H. Bucksbaum, W. E. Cooke, G. Gibson, T. J. McIlrath, and L. D. Van Woerkom, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, San Diego), p. 43.
French, P. M., 1985, Rep. Prog. Phys. 58, 169.
French, P. M. W., 1996, Contemp. Phys. 37, 283.
French, P. M., M. M. Opalinska, and J. R. Taylor, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 217.
French, P. M., and J. R. Taylor, 1988, Opt. Lett. 13, 470.
French, P. M., J. A. R. Williams, and J. R. Taylor, 1987, Opt. Lett. 12, 684.
French, P. M., J. A. R. Williams, and J. R. Taylor, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 686.
Gahn, C., G. D. Tsakiris, A. Pukhov, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, G. Pretzler, P. Thirolf, D. Habs, and K. J. Witte, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (in press).
Gallmann, L., D. H. Sutter, N. Matuschek, G. Steinmeyer, U. Keller, C. Iaconis, and I. A. Walmsley, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 1314.
Geissler, M., G. Tempea, M. Schnürer, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, 1999a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2930.
Geissler, M., G. Tempea, and T. Brabec, 1999b, “Quasi-phase-matching of high harmonic generation,” submitted to Phys. Rev. A.
Georgiev, D., J. Herrmann, and U. Stamm, 1992, Opt. Commun. 92, 368.
Gildenburg, V. B., A. V. Kim, and A. M. Sergeev, 1990, Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [JETP Lett. 51, 1041990].
Gildenburg, V. B., T. A. Petrova, and A. D. Yunakovsky, 1995, Physica D 87, 335.
Glover, T. E., R. W. Schoenlein, A. H. Chin, and C. V. Shank, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2468.
Glownia, J. H., J. Misewich, and P. P. Sorokin, 1987, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 1061.
Greenhow, R. C., and A. J. Schmidt, 1974, in Advances in Quantum Electronics Vol. 2, edited by D. W. Goodwin (Academic, London), p. 158.
Grischkowski, D., and A. C. Balant, 1981, Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 1.
Haight, R. and P. F. Seidler, 1994, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 517.
Hargrove, L. E., R. L. Fork, and M. A. Pollack, 1964, Appl. Phys. Lett. 5, 4.
Harris, S. E. and A. V. Sokolov, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2894.
Haus, H. A., 1975a, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 11, 736.
Haus, H. A., 1975b, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 3049.
Haus, H. A., 1976, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 12, 169.
Haus, H. A., 1984, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ), p. 99.
Haus, H. A., J. G. Fujimoto, and E. P. Ippen, 1991, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 2068.
Haus, H. A., J. G. Fujimoto, and E. P. Ippen, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2086.
Hänsch, T. W., 1990, Opt. Commun. 80, 71.
Heinz, P., and A. Lauberau, 1989, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1574.
Heritage, J. P., and M. Nuss, 1992, Eds., Special Issue on Ultrafast Optics and Electronics, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, p. 2084.
Herrmann, J., 1994, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 498.
Hofer, M., M. E. Fermann, F. Haberl, M. H. Ober, and A. J. Schmidt, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 502.
Hofer, M., M. H. Ober, F. Haberl, and M. E. Fermann, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 720.
Hooker, S. M., and S. E. Harris, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 1994.
Hu, S. X., and Z. Z. Xu, 1997, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2605.
Hunsche, S., S. Feng, H. G. Winful, A. Leitenstorfer, M. C. Nuss, and E. P. Ippen, 1999, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 2025.
Iaconis, C., and I. Walmsley, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 792.
Ippen, E. P., H. A. Haus, and L. Y. Liu, 1989, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1736.
Ippen, E. P., L. Y. Liu, and H. A. Haus, 1990, Opt. Lett. 15, 183.
Ippen, E. P., C. V. Shank, and A. Dienes, 1972, Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 348.
Ivanov, M. Y., T. Brabec, and N. Burnett, 1996, Phys. Rev. A 54, 742.
Ivanov, M. Y., and P. B. Corkum, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, 580.
Jasapara, J., and W. Rudolph, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 777.
Jimenez, R., C. Rose-Petruck, T. Guo, K. R. Wilson, and C. P. J. Barty, 1998, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 404.
Joachain, C. J., M. Dörr, and N. J. Kylstra, 2000, Adv. At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 42, 225.
Johnson, A. M., W. M. Simpson, and R. H. Stolen, 1984, Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 729.
Kálmán, P., 1989, Phys. Rev. A 39, 3200.
Kálmán, P., 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, R42.
Kálmán, P., 1994, Phys. Rev. A 49, 620.
Kálmán, P., F. Krausz, and E. Wintner, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 47, 729.
Kalosha, V. P., M. Müller, J. Herrmann, and S. Gatz, 1998, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 535.
Kan, C., N. H. Burnett, C. Capjack, and R. Rankin, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2971.
Kan, C., C. E. Capjack, R. Rankin, T. Brabec, and N. H. Burnett, 1996, Phys. Rev. A 54, R1026.
Kane, D. J., and R. Trebino, 1993, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29, 571.
Kaplan, A. E., 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1243.
Kärtner, F. X., I. D. Jung, and U. Keller, 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 540.
Kärtner, F. X., and U. Keller, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 16.
Kärtner, F. X., N. Matuschek, T. Schibli, U. Keller, H. A. Haus, C. Heine, R. Morf, V. Scheuer, M. Tilsch, and T. Tschudi, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 831.
Kasper, A., and K. J. Witte, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 360.
Kean, P. N., X. Zhu, D. W. Crust, R. S. Grant, N. Langford, and W. Sibbett, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 39.
Keldysh, L. V., 1965, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [Sov. Phys. JETP 20, 13071965].
Keller, U., 1994, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 58, 347.
Keller, U., 1997, Ed., Special Issue on Ultrafast Lasers, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 2.
Keller, U., 1999, in Nonlinear Optics in Semiconductors, edited by A. Kost and E. Garmire (Academic, Boston), Vol. 59, p. 211.
Keller, U., W. H. Knox, and H. Roskos, 1990, Opt. Lett. 15, 1377.
Keller, U., W. H. Knox, and G. W. ’t Hooft, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2123.
Keller, U., D. A. B. Miller, G. D. Boyd, T. H. Chiu, J. F. Ferguson, and M. T. Asom, 1992, Opt. Lett. 17, 505.
Keller, U., G. W. ’t Hooft, W. H. Knox, and J. E. Cunningham, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1022.
Keller, U., K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435.
Kim, D.-E., Cs. Tóth, and C. P. J. Barty, 1999, Phys. Rev. A 59, R4129.
Knox, W. H., 1988, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 388.
Knox, W. H., M. C. Downer, R. L. Fork, and C. V. Shank, 1985, Opt. Lett. 9, 552.
Kobayashi, Y., T. Seikikawa, Y. Nabekawa, and S. Watanabe, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 64.
Koechner, W., 1996, Solid-State Laser Engineering (Springer, Berlin).
Kogelnik, H. W., E. P. Ippen, A. Dienes, and C. V. Shank, 1972, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 8, 373.
Kondo, K., N. Sarukura, K. Sajiki, and S. Watanabe, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 47, R2480.
Koroshilov, E. V., I. V. Kryukov, P. G. Kryukov, and A. V. Sharkov, 1984, in Ultrafast Phenomena VI, edited by T. Yajima, K. Yoshihara, C. B. Harris, and S. Shionoya (Springer, Berlin), p. 22.
Krainov, V. P., 1997, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 425.
Krause, J. L., K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3535.
Krausz, F., T. Brabec, M. Schnürer, and C. Spielmann, 1998, Opt. Photonics News 9, 46.
Krausz, F., T. Brabec, and Ch. Spielmann, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 235.
Krausz, F., M. E. Fermann, T. Brabec, P. F. Curley, M. Hofer, M. H. Ober, Ch. Spielmann, E. Wintner, and A. J. Schmidt, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2097.
Krausz, F., and E. Wintner, 1994, Eds., Special Issue on Ultrashort Pulse Generation, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 58, 3.
Kühlke, D., W. Rudolph, and B. Wilhelmi, 1983, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 526.
Kuizenga, D. J., and A. E. Siegman, 1970a, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-6, 694.
Kuizenga, D. J., and A. E. Siegman, 1970b, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-6, 709.
Kulander, K. C., K. J. Schafer, and J. L. Krause, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, San Diego), p. 247.
Kulander, K. C., K. J. Schafer, and J. L. Krause, 1993, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Super Intense Laser Atom Physics (SILAP III), edited by B. Piraux (Plenum Press, New York), Vol. 316, p. 95.
Kulander, K. C., and B. W. Shore, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 524.
Lablanquie, P., J. Mazeau, L. Andric, P. Selles, and A. Huetz, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2192.
Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshitz, 1977, Quantum Mechanics (Pergamon, Oxford).
Lange, H. R., A. Chrion, J.-F. Ripoche, A. Mysyrewicz, P. Breger, and P. Agostini, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1611.
Laporta, P., and V. Magni, 1985, Appl. Opt. 24, 2014.
Laubereau, A., 1969, Phys. Lett. 29A, 539.
Laubereau, A., and D. von der Linde, 1970, Z. Naturforsch. A 25a, 1626.
Lemoff, B. E., and C. P. J. Barty, 1993a, Opt. Lett. 18, 57.
Lemoff, B. E., and C. P. J. Barty, 1993b, Opt. Lett. 18, 1651.
Lemoff, B. E., G. Y. Yin, C. L. Gordon III, C. P. J. Barty, and S. E. Harris, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1574.
Lenzner, M., J. Krüger, S. Sartania, Z. Cheng, Ch. Spielmann, G. Mourou, W. Kautek, and F. Krausz, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4076.
Lewenstein, M., Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 49, 2117.
L’Huillier, A., and P. Balcou, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 774.
L’Huillier, A., P. Balcou, S. Candel, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 46, 2778.
L’Huillier, A., X. F. Li, and L. A. Lompré, 1990, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 527.
L’Huillier, A., L.-A. Lompré, G. Mainfray, and C. Manus, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, New York), p. 139.
L’Huillier, A., K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2200.
Li, X. F., A. L’Huillier, M. Ferray, L. A. Lompré, and G. Mainfray, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 39, 5751.
Liang, Y., S. August, S. L. Chin, Y. Beaudoin, and M. Chaker, 1994, J. Phys. B 27, 5119.
Libertun, A. R., R. Shelton, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. Murnane, 1999, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC), p. 469.
Lin, K.-H., Y. Lai, and W.-F. Hsieh, 1995, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12, 468.
Long, S., W. Becker, and J. K. McIver, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 52, 2262.
Macklin, J. J., J. D. Kmetec, and C. L. Gordon III, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 766.
Maier, M., W. Kaiser, and J. A. Giordmaine, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1275.
Maine, P., D. Strickland, P. Bado, M. Pessot, and G. Mourou, 1988, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 398.
Marburger, J. H., 1975, Prog. Quantum Electron. 4, 35.
Marcatili, E. A. J., and R. A. Schmeltzer, 1964, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 43, 1783.
Mark, J., L. Y. Liu, K. L. Hall, H. A. Haus, and E. P. Ippen, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 48.
Martin, J.-L. A. Migus, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail, 1993, Eds., Ultrafast Phenomena VIII (Springer, Berlin).
Martinez, O. E., 1987, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23, 1385.
Martinez, O. E., R. L. Fork, and J. P. Gordon, 1984b, Opt. Lett. 9, 156.
Martinez, O. E., R. L. Fork, and J. P. Gordon, 1985, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 753.
Martinez, O. E., J. P. Gordon, and R. L. Fork, 1984, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 1003.
Matuschek, N., F. X. Kärtner, and U. Keller, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 414.
McPherson, A., G. Gibson, H. Jara, U. Johann, T. S. Luk, I. A. McIntyre, K. Boyer, and C. K. Rhodes, 1987, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 595.
Milchberg, H. M., C. G. Durfee III, and T. J. McIlrath, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2494.
Milosevic, D. B., and A. F. Starace, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5097.
Milosevic, D. B., and A. F. Starace, 1999, Phys. Rev. A 60, 3943.
Milosevic, N., G. Tempea, and T. Brabec, 1999, “Optical pulse compression: bulk media versus hollow waveguides,” in press.
Mitschke, F. M., and L. F. Mollenauer, 1986, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 2242.
Mitschke, F. M., and L. F. Mollenauer, 1987, Opt. Lett. 12, 407.
Mocker, H. W., and R. J. Collins, 1965, Appl. Phys. Lett. 7, 270.
Modena, A., Z. Najmudin, A. E. Dangor, C. E. Clayton, K. A. Marsh, C. Joshi, V. Malka, C. B. Darrow, C. Danson, D. Neely, and F. N. Walsh, 1995, Nature (London) 377, 606.
Moiseyev, N., and F. Weinhold, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2100.
Mollenauer, L. F., and R. H. Stolen, 1984, Opt. Lett. 9, 13.
Morgner, U., F. X. Kärtner, S. H. Cho, Y. Chen, H. A. Haus, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, V. Scheuer, G. Angelow, and T. Tschudi, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 411.
Morin, M., and M. Piché, 1990, Opt. Lett. 14, 1119.
Mossavi, K., Th. Hoffmann, F. K. Tittel, and G. Szabó, 1993, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1203.
Moulton, P. F., 1982, Opt. News 8, 9.
Moulton, P. F., 1986, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 125.
Mourou, G., 1997, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 205.
Muller, H. G., P. Agostini, and G. Petite, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, San Diego), p. 1.
Murnane, M., and H. C. Kapteyn, 1999, private communication.
Myazaki, K., and H. Takada, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 52, 3007.
Nabekawa, Y., Y. Kuramoto, T. Togashi, T. Sekikawa, and S. Watanabe, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 1384.
Nees, J., S. Biswal, F. Druon, J. Faure, M. Nantel, G. A. Mourou, A. Nishimura, H. Takuma, J. Itatani, J.-C. Chanteloup, and C. Hönninger, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 376.
New, G. H. C., 1972, Opt. Commun. 6, 188.
New, G. H. C., 1974, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 10, 115.
Nibbering, E. T., P. F. Curley, G. Grillon, B. S. Prade, M. A. Franco, F. Salin, and A. Mysyrowicz, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 62.
Nibbering, E. T., J. O. Duhr, and G. Korn, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 1355.
Nisoli, M., S. De Silvestri, and O. Svelto, 1996, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2793.
Nisoli, M., S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, R. Szipöcs, K. Ferencz, Ch. Spielmann, S. Sartania, and F. Krausz, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 522.
Nisoli, M., S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, S. Sartania, Z. Cheng, M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1997, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 175.
Nisoli, M., S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, S. Sartania, Z. Cheng, G. Tempea, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 414.
Nuss, M. C., R. Leonhart, and W. Zinth, 1985, Opt. Lett. 10, 16.
Oppenheimer, J. R., 1928, Phys. Rev. 13, 66.
Osterink, L. M., and J. D. Foster, 1968, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4163.
Ouellette, F., and M. Piché, 1986, Opt. Commun. 60, 99.
Patterson, F., J. Bonlie, D. Price, B. White, and P. Springer, 1999, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC) Post-Deadline Paper CPD6.
Patterson, F. G., and M. D. Perry, 1991, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 2384.
Peatross, J., S. Voronov, and I. Prokopovich, 1997, Opt. Express 1, 114.
Perelomov, A. M., V. S. Popov, and M. V. Terent’ev, 1966, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [Sov. Phys. JETP 23, 9241966].
Perry, M. D., and J. K. Crane, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, R4051.
Perry, M. D., and G. Mourou, 1994, Science 264, 917.
Perry, M. D., D. Pennington, B. C. Stuart, G. Tietbohl, J. A. Britten, C. Brown, S. Herman, B. Golick, M. Kartz, J. Miller, H. T. Powell, M. Vergino, and V. Yanovski, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 160.
Peterson, O. G., S. A. Tuccio, and B. B. Snavely, 1970, Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 245.
Petricevic, V., S. K. Gayen, and R. R. Alfano, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 612.
Piché, M., 1991, Opt. Commun. 86, 156.
Pont, M., and M. Gavrila, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2362.
Poppe, A., A. Fürbach, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1999, “Electronic on the time scale of the light oscillation period?” in Ultrafast Electronics and Optoelectronics, Trends in Optics and Photonics No. 28, edited by John E. Bowers and Wayne H. Knox (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C.), p. 31.
Poppe, A., M. Lenzner, F. Krausz, and Ch. Spielmann, 1999, “A sub-10fs 2.5-MW Ti:sapphire oscillator,” Technical Digest of the Ultrafast Optics Conference, to be published.
Poppe, A., L. Xu, F. Krausz, and Ch. Spielmann, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 179.
Potvliege, R. M., and R. Shakeshaft, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 40, 3061.
Potvliege, R. M., and R. Shakeshaft, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, San Diego), p. 373.
Proctor, B., and F. Wise, 1993, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 470.
Pshenichnikov, M. S., A. Baltuska, R. Szipöcs, and D. A. Wiersma, 1998, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 3.
Pshenichnikov, M. S., W. P. de Boeij, and D. A. Wiersma, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 572.
Pukhov, A., and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3975.
Rae, S. C., K. Burnett, and J. Cooper, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 50, 3438.
Ramaswamy, M., M. Ulman, J. Paye, and J. G. Fujimoto, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 1822.
Ranka, J. K., and A. L. Gaeta, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 534.
Reichert, J., R. Holzwarth, Th. Udem, and T. W. Hänsch, 1999, “Measuring the frequency of light with mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Commun. (in press).
Reiss, H. R., 1980, Phys. Rev. A 22, 1786.
Reiss, H. R., 1992, Prog. Quantum Electron. 16, 1.
Richardson, D. J., R. I. Laming, D. N. Payne, V. Matsas, and M. W. Phillips, 1991, Electron. Lett. 27, 542.
Rischel, Ch., A. Rousse, I. Uschmann, P. A. Albouy, J. P. Geindre, P. Audebert, J. C. Gauthier, E. Förster, J. L. Martin, and A. Antonetti, 1997, Nature (London) 390, 490.
Rizvi, N. H., P. M. W. French, J. R. Taylor, P. J. Delfyett, and L. T. Florez, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 983.
Rolland, C., and P. B. Corkum, 1988, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5, 641.
Rosen, C., M. Dörr, U. Eichmann, and W. Sandner, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4514.
Rouyer, C., E. Mazataud, I. Allais, A. Pierre, S. Seznec, C. Sauteret, G. Mourou, and A. Migus, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 214.
Ruddock, I. S., and D. J. Bradley, 1976, Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 296.
Rundquist, A., C. G. Durfee III, Z. Cheng, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1998, Science 280, 1412.
Sala, K., M. C. Richardson, and N. R. Isenor, 1977, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 13, 915.
Salières, P., A. l’Huillier, P. Antoine, and M. Lewenstein, 1999, Adv. At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 41, 83.
Salières, P., P. Antoine, A. de Bohan, and M. Lewenstein, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5544.
Salières, P., A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3776.
Salin, F., P. Grangier, P. Georges, and A. Brun, 1990, Opt. Lett. 15, 1374.
Salin, F., J. Squier, and M. Piché, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1674.
Sanpera, A., P. Jönsson, J. B. Watson, and K. Burnett, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, 3148.
Sarachick, E., and G. Schappert, 1970, Phys. Rev. D 1, 2738.
Sartania, S., Z. Cheng, M. Lenzner, G. Tempea, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, and K. Ferencz, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 1562.
Sarukura, N., K. Hata, T. Adachi, R. Nodomi, M. Watanabe, and S. Watanabe, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 43, 1669.
Sauteret, C., D. Husson, G. Thiell, S. Seznec, G. Gray, A. Migus, and G. Mourou, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 238.
Schäfer, F. P., F. P. W. Schmidt, and J. Volze, 1966, Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 306.
Schafer, K. J., and K. C. Kulander, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 638.
Schins, J. M., P. Breger, P. Agostini, R. C. Constantinescu, H. G. Muller, A. Bouhal, G. Grillon, A. Antonetti, and A. Mysyrowicz, 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 197.
Schnürer, M., Z. Cheng, M. Hentschel, F. Krausz, T. Wilhein, D. Hambach, G. Schmahl, M. Drescher, Y. Lim, U. Heinzmann, 1999a, “Few-cycle-drìven XUV harmonics: generation and focusing,” Appl. Phys. B. (in press).
Schnürer, M., Z. Cheng, M. Hentschel, G. Tempea, P. Kalman, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, 1999b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 722.
Schnürer, M., Ch. Spielmann, P. Wobrauschek, C. Streli, N. H. Burnett, C. Kan, K. Ferencz, R. Koppitsch, Z. Cheng, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3236.
Schnürer, M., C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1999, “Femtosecond X-ray fluorescence,” submitted for publication.
Schoenlein, R. W., W. P. Leemans, A. H. Chin, P. Volfbeyn, T. E. Glover, P. Balling, M. Zolotorev, K.-J. Kim, S. Chattopadhay, and C. V. Shank, 1996, Science 274, 236.
Scrinzi, A., M. Geissler, and T. Brabec, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 706.
Seidemann, T., M. Yu. Ivanov, and P. B. Corkum, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2819.
Shakeshaft, R., R. M. Potvliege, M. Dörr, and W. E. Cooke, 1990, Phys. Rev. A 42, 1656.
Sheik-Bahae, M., A. A. Said, D. J. Hagan, M. J. Soileau, and W. W. Stryland, 1984, Opt. Eng. (Bellingham) 30, 1228.
Shank, C. V., 1988, in Ulrashort Laser Pulses and Applications, Topics in Applied Physics No. 60, edited by W. Kaiser (Springer, New York), p. 5.
Shen, Y. R., 1984, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York).
Shimizu, F., 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1097.
Shirakawa, A., I. Sakane, M. Takasaka, and T. Kobayashi, 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2268.
Shkolnikov, P. L., A. E. Kaplan, and A. Lago, 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 412.
Shvartsburg, A. B., 1996, Time-Domain Optics of Ultrashort Waveforms (Clarendon, Oxford).
Sizer, T. II, J. D. Kafka, I. N. Duling III, C. W. Gabel, and G. A. Mourou, 1983, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 506.
Smith, L. K., S. A. Payne, W. L. Kway, L. L. Chase, and B. H. T. Chai, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2612.
Smith, P. W., M. A. Duguay, and E. P. Ippen, 1974, Prog. Quantum Electron. 3, 109.
Sommerfeld, A., 1967, Elektronentheorie der Metalle (Springer, Berlin), p. 109.
Sorokin, P. P., and J. R. Lankard, 1966, IBM J. Res. Dev. 10, 162.
Spence, D. E., P. N. Kean, and W. Sibbett, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 42.
Spielmann, Ch., N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, 1997, Science 278, 661.
Spielmann, Ch., P. F. Curley, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, 1994, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30, 1100.
Spielmann, Ch., C. Kan, N. H. Burnett, T. Brabec, M. Geissler, A. Scrinzi, M. Schnürer, and F. Krausz, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top Quantum Electron. 4, 249.
Spinelli, L., B. Couillaud, N. Goldblatt, and D. K. Negus, 1991, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C.), Paper CPDP7.
Stankov, K. A., and J. Jethwa, 1988, Opt. Commun. 66, 41.
Stingl, A., M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, and R. Szipöcs, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 602.
Stix, M. S., and E. P. Ippen, 1983, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 520.
Strickland, D., and G. Mourou, 1985, Opt. Commun. 56, 219.
Stuart, B. C., M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, B. W. Shore, and M. D. Perry, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2248.
Sullivan, A., H. Hamster, H. C. Kapteyn, S. Gordon, W. White, H. Nathel, R. J. Blair, and R. W. Falcone, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1406.
Sutter, D. H., G. Steinmeyer, L. Gallmann, N. Matuschek, F. Morier-Genoud, U. Keller, V. Scheuer, G. Angelow, and T. Tschudi, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 631.
Szatmári, S., 1994, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 58, 211.
Szatmári, S., B. Rácz, and F. P. Schäfer, 1987, Opt. Commun. 62, 271.
Szipöcs, R., K. Ferencz, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 201.
Szipöcs, R., A. Stingl, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1995, Opt. Photonics News 6, 16.
Tamura, K., J. Jacobson, E. P. Ippen, H. A. Haus, and J. G. Fujimoto, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 220.
Taylor, A. J., T. R. Gosnell, and J. P. Roberts, 1990, Opt. Lett. 15, 39.
Telle, H. R., G. Steinmeyer, A. E. Dunlop, J. Stenger, D. H. Sutter, and U. Keller, 1999, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 69, 327.
Tempea, G., and T. Brabec, 1998a, Opt. Lett. 23, 762.
Tempea, G., and T. Brabec, 1998b, Opt. Lett. 23, 1286.
Tempea, G., M. Geissler, and T. Brabec, 1999a, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 669.
Tempea, G., M. Geissler, and T. Brabec, 1999b, “Self-phase-matched high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett., in press.
Tempea, G., F. Krausz, Ch. Spielmann, and K. Ferencz, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 193.
Theobald, W., R. Häßner, C. Wülker, and R. Sauerbrey, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 298.
Tien, A. C., S. Backus, H. Kapteyn, and M. Murnane, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3883.
Tisch, J. W. G., R. A. Smith, J. E. Muffett, M. Ciarrocca, J. P. Marangos, and M. H. R. Hutchinson, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 49, R28.
Tomlinson, W. J., R. H. Stolen, and C. V. Shank, 1984, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1, 139.
Toth, Cs., G. Farkas, and K. L. Vodopyanov, 1991, Appl. Phys. B: Photophys. Laser Chem. 53, 221.
Treacy, E. B., 1969, Phys. Lett. 28A, 34.
Trebino, R., K. W. DeLong, D. N. Fittinghoff, J. N. Sweetser, M. A. Krumbügel, B. A. Richman, and D. J. Kane, 1997, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 3277.
Tsuda, S., W. H. Knox, S. T. Cundiff, W. Y. Jan, and J. E. Cunningham, 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435.
Tsuda, S., W. H. Knox, E. A. de Souza, W. Y. Jan, and J. E. Cunningham, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 1406.
Udem, Th., J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, 1999a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568.
Udem, Th., J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, 1999b, Opt. Lett. 24, 881.
Umstadter, D., S.-Y. Chen, A. Maksimchuk, G. Mourou, and R. Wagner, 1996, Science 273, 472.
Valdmanis, J. A., and R. L. Fork, 1986, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 112.
Valdmanis, J. A., R. L. Fork, and J. P. Gordon, 1985, Opt. Lett. 10, 131.
Wahlström, C. G., J. Larsson, A. Persson, T. Starczewski, S. Svanberg, P. Salières, Ph. Balcou, and A. L’Huillier, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, 4709.
Walker, B., B. Sheehy, L. F. DiMauro, P. Agostini, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1227.
Walmsley, I., and V. Wong, 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 2453.
Watanabe, S., A. Endoh, M. Watanabe, and N. Sakura, 1988, Opt. Lett. 13, 580.
Weber, H. P., 1967, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 2231.
Weihe, F. A., S. K. Dutta, G. Korn, D. Du, P. H. Bucksbaum, and P. L. Shkolnikov, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, R3433.
Wood, Wm. M., C. W. Siders, and M. C. Downer, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3523.
Wöste, L., C. Wedekind, H. Wille, P. Rairoux, B. Stein, S. Nikolov, C. Werner, S. Niedermeier, F. Ronneberger, H. Schillinger, and R. Sauerbrey, 1997, Laser Optoelektron.29, 51 (October issue).
Xu, H., X. Tang, and P. Lambropoulos, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 46, R2225.
Xu, L., Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. Hánsch, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 2008.
Xu, L., G. Tempea, A. Poppe, M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, A. Stingl, and K. Ferencz, 1997, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 151.
Xu, L., G. Tempea, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, A. Stingl, K. Ferencz, and S. Takano, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 789.
Yamakawa, K., H. Siraga, Y. Kato, and C. P. J. Barty, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1593.
Yamakawa, K., M. Aoyama, S. Matsuoka, H. Takuma, C. P. J. Barty, and D. Fittinghoff, 1998a, Opt. Lett. 23, 525.
Yamakawa, K., M. Aoyama, S. Matsuoka, T. Kase, Y. Akahane, H. Takuma, D. Fittinghoff, and C. P. J. Barty, 1998b, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 44.
Yariv, A., 1965, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 388.
Yariv, A., and P. Yeh, 1984, Optical Waves in Crystals (Academic, New York).
Yoshikawa, S. and T. Imasaka, 1993, Opt. Commun. 96, 94.
Zakharov, V. E., and A. B. Shabat, 1972, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [Sov. Phys. JETP 34, 62 (1972)].
Zhang, X.-C., B. H. Kolner, and K. Leo, 1996, Eds., Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics, and Optoelectronics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, p. 433.
Zhou, J. P., C. P. Huang, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 64.
Zhou, J., J. Peatross, M. M. Murnane, H. C. Kapteyn, and I. P. Christov, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 752.
Zhou, J., G. Taft, C. P. Huang, M. M. Murnane, H. C. Kapteyn, and I. Christov, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 1149.
Ziolkowski, R. W., and J. B. Judkins, 1993, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 186.
Zozulya, A. A., S. A. Diddams, A. G. Van Engen, and T. S. Clement, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1430.
Zuo, T., A. D. Bandrauk, M. Ivanov, and P. B. Corkum, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, 3991.

[c1] Agnesi, A., 1995, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30, 1115.

[c2] Agostini, P., F. Fabre, G. Mainfray, G. Petite, and N. K. Rahman, 1979, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1127.

[c3] Agrawal, G. P., 1995, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 2nd ed. (Academic, San Diego).

[c4] Akhmanov, S. A., V. A. Vysloukh, and A. S. Chirkin, 1992, Optics of Femtosecond Laser Pulses (American Institute of Physics, New York).

[c5] Alfano, R. R., and S. L. Shapiro, 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 592.

[c6] Ammosov, M. V., N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, 1986, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 11911986].

[c7] Antoine, P., A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1234.

[c8] Antoine, P., D. B. Milosevic, A. L’Huillier, M. B. Gaarde, P. Salières, and M. Lewenstein, 1997, Phys. Rev. A 56, 4960.

[c9] Armstrong, J. A., 1967, Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 16.

[c10] Asaki, M. T., C.-P. Huang, D. Garvey, J. Zhou, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 977.

[c11] Augst, S., D. Strickland, D. D. Meyerhofer, S. L. Chin, and J. H. Eberly, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2212.

[c12] Augst, S., A. Talebpour, S. L. Chin, Y. Beaudoin, and M. Chaker, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 52, R917.

[c13] Backus, S., C. G. Durfee III, G. Mourou, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 1256.

[c14] Backus, S., C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1998, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 1207.

[c15] Baltuska, A., Z. Wei, M. S. Pshenichnikov, and D. A. Wiersma, 1997a, Opt. Lett. 22, 102.

[c16] Baltuska, A., Z. Wei, R. Szipöcs, M. S. Pshenichnikov, and D. A. Wiersma, 1997b, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 175.

[c17] Bandrauk, A. D., S. Chelkowski, and H. Yu, 1997, Phys. Rev. A 56, R2537.

[c18] Bandrauk, A. D., and H. Yu, 1999, Phys. Rev. A 59, 539.

[c19] Barbara, P. F., J. G. Fujimoto, W. H. Knox, and W. Zinth, 1996, Eds., Ultrafast Phenomena X (Springer, Berlin).

[c20] Barbara, P. F., W. H. Knox, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail, 1994, Eds., Ultrafast Phenomena IX (Springer, Berlin).

[c21] Barr, J. R. M., D. C. Hanna, and D. W. Hughes, 1991, Digest of Conference on Lasers and Electro-optics (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC), Paper FQ5.

[c22] Barty, C. P. J., M. Ben-Nun, T. Guo, F. Raksi, Ch. Rose-Petruck, J. Squier, K. R. Wilson, V. V. Yakovlev, P. M. Weber, Z. Jiang, A. Ikhlef, and J. C. Kieffer, 1998, in Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction, edited by J. Helliwell and P. M. Rentzepis (Oxford University, New York), Chap. 2.

[c23] Barty, C. P. J., C. L. Gordon III, and B. E. Lemoff, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 1442.

[c24] Barty, C. P. J., T. Guo, C. Le Blanc, F. Raksi, C. Rose-Petruck, J. Squier, K. R. Wilson, V. V. Yakovlev, and K. Yamakawa, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 668.

[c25] Barty, C. P. J., W. White, W. Sibbett, and R. Trebino, 1998, Eds., Ultrafast Optics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, p. 157.

[c26] Beaud, P., M. Richardson, E. J. Miesak, and B. H. T. Chai, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 1550.

[c27] Becker, U., and D. A. Shirley, 1996, Vacuum uv and Soft X-Ray Photoionization (Plenum, New York).

[c28] Becker, W., S. Long, and J. K. McIver, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 50, 1540.

[c29] Beddard, T., W. Sibbett, D. T. Reid, J. Garduno-Mejia, N. Jamasbi, and M. Mohebi, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 163.

[c30] Ben-Tal, N., N. Moiseyev, R. Kosloff, and C. Cerjan, 1993, J. Phys. B 26, 1445.

[c31] Bethe, H. A., and E. E. Salpeter, 1977, Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms (Plenum, New York).

[c32] Blanchot, N., C. Rouyer, C. Sauteret, and A. Migus, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 395.

[c33] Bloembergen, N., 1965, Nonlinear Optics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA).

[c34] Blow, K. J., and B. P. Nelson, 1988, Opt. Lett. 13, 1026.

[c35] Blow, K. J., and D. Wood, 1988, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5, 629.

[c36] Borodin, N. L., A. G. Okrimchuk, and A. V. Shestakov, 1992, in OSA Proceedings on Advanced Solid-State Lasers, Vol. 13, edited by Lloyd L. Chase and Albert A. Pinto (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC), p. 42.

[c37] Boyd, R. W., 1992, Nonlinear Optics (Academic, San Diego).

[c38] Brabec, T., M. Yu. Ivanov, and P. Corkum, 1996, Phys. Rev. A 54, R2551.

[c39] Brabec, T., S. M. J. Kelly, and F. Krausz, 1995, in Compact Sources of Ultrashort Pulses, edited by I. N. Duling III (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 57.

[c40] Brabec, T., and F. Krausz, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3282.

[c41] Brabec, T., Ch. Spielmann, P. F. Curley, and F. Krausz, 1992, Opt. Lett. 17, 1292.

[c42] Brabec, T., Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1961.

[c43] Brabec, T., Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1992, Opt. Lett. 17, 748.

[c44] Bradley, D. J., and G. H. C. New, 1974, Proc. IEEE 62, 313.

[c45] Braun, A., G. Korn, X. Liu, D. Du, J. Squier, and G. Mourou, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 73.

[c46] Brunel, F., 1990, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 521.

[c47] Budil, K. S., P. Salières, A. L’Huillier, T. Ditmire, and M. D. Perry, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, R3437.

[c48] Burke, P. G., and V. M. Burke, 1997, J. Phys. B 30, L383.

[c49] Burnett, N. H., C. Kan, and P. B. Corkum, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, R3418.

[c50] Campillo, A. J., S. L. Shapiro, and B. R. Suydam, 1973, Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 628.

[c51] Cerullo, G., S. De Silvestri, V. Magni, and L. Pallaro, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 807.

[c52] Chambaret, J. P., C. Le Blanc, G. Cheriaux, P. Curley, G. Darpentigny, P. Rousseau, G. Hamoniaux, A. Antonetti, and F. Salin, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 1921.

[c53] Chang, Z., A. Rundquist, H. Wang, M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2967.

[c54] Chelkowski, S., A. Conjusteau, T. Zuo, and A. D. Bandrauk, 1996, Phys. Rev. A 54, 3235.

[c55] Chen, S., A. Maksimchuk, and D. Umstadter, 1998, Nature (London) 396, 653.

[c56] Cheng, Z., A. Fürbach, S. Sartania, M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 247.

[c57] Cheng, Z., G. Tempea, T. Brabec, K. Ferencz, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1998, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 8.

[c58] Cheriaux, G., P. Rousseau, F. Salin, J. Chambaret, B. Walker, and L. Dimauro, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 414.

[c59] Chilla, J. L. A., and O. E. Martinez, 1993, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 638.

[c60] Chin, A. H., R. W. Schoenlein, T. E. Glover, P. Balling, W. P. Leemans, and C. V. Shank, 1998, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 401.

[c61] Cho, S. H., B. E. Bouma, E. P. Ippen, and J. G. Fujimoto, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 417.

[c62] Christov, I. P., 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 1425.

[c63] Christov, I. P., H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, 1998, Opt. Express 3, 360.

[c64] Christov, I. P., M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1251.

[c65] Christov, I. P., M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1998, Phys. Rev. A 57, R2285.

[c66] Christov, I. P., J. Zhou, J. Peatross, A. Rundquist, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1743.

[c67] Constant, E., D. Garzella, P. Breger, E. Mevel, C. Dorrer, C. Le Blanc, F. Salin, and P. Agostini, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1668.

[c68] Corkum, P. B., N. H. Burnett, and F. Brunel, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1259.

[c69] Corkum, P. B., 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994.

[c70] Corkum, P. B., 1996, Nature (London) 384, 118.

[c71] Corkum, P. B., N. H. Burnett, and M. Yu. Ivanov, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 1870.

[c72] Crane, J. K., M. D. Perry, S. Hermann, and R. W. Falcone, 1992, Opt. Lett. 17, 1256.

[c73] Curley, P. F., Ch. Spielmann, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, E. Wintner, and A. J. Schmidt, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 54.

[c74] Dahlström, L., 1972, Opt. Commun. 5, 157.

[c75] de Bohan, A., P. Antoine, D. B. Milosevic, and B. Piraux, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1837.

[c76] de Groot, S., W. van Leeuwen, and C. van Weert, 1980, Relativistic Kinetic Theory, Principles and Applications (North-Holland, Amsterdam).

[c77] Delone, N. B., and V. P. Krainov, 1991, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 1207.

[c78] DeMaria, A. J., W. H. Glenn, M. J. Brienza, and M. E. Mack, 1969, Proc. IEEE 57, 2.

[c79] DeMaria, A. J., D. A. Stetser, and H. Heynau, 1966, Appl. Phys. Lett. 8, 174.

[c80] De Silvestri, S., P. Laporta, and O. Svelto, 1984, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 20, 533.

[c81] Deutsch, T., 1965, Appl. Phys. Lett. 7, 80.

[c82] DiDomenico, M., 1964, J. Appl. Phys. 35, 2870.

[c83] DiDomenico, M., H. M. Marcos, J. E. Geusic, and R. E. Smith, 1966, Appl. Phys. Lett. 8, 180.

[c84] Diels, J.-C., W. Dietel, J. J. Fontaine, W. Rudolph, and B. Wilhelmi, 1985, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 680.

[c85] Diels, J.-C., J. J. Fontaine, I. C. McMichael, and F. Simoni, 1985, Appl. Opt. 24, 1270.

[c86] Diels, J.-C., and W. Rudolph, 1996, Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena (Academic, New York).

[c87] Diels, J.-C., E. Van Stryland, and G. Benedict, 1978, Opt. Commun. 25, 93.

[c88] Dietrich, P., N. H. Burnett, M. Ivanov, and P. B. Corkum, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 50, R3583.

[c89] Dietrich, P., F. Krausz, and P. B. Corkum, 1999, “Determining the absolute carrier phase of a few-cycle laser pulse,” in press.

[c90] Ditmire, T., J. K. Crane, H. Nguyen, L. B. DaSilva, and M. D. Perry, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, R902.

[c91] Ditmire, T., K. Kulander, J. K. Crane, H. Nguyen, and M. D. Perry, 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 406.

[c92] Ditmire, T., and M. D. Perry, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 426.

[c93] Donelly, T. D., T. Ditmire, K. Neumann, M. D. Perry, and R. W. Falcone, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2472.

[c94] Dorner, R., H. Brauning, O. Jagutzki, V. Mergel, M. Achler, R. Moshammer, J. M. Feagin, T. Osipor, A. Brauning-Demain, L. Spielberger, T. M. McGuire, M. M. Prior, N. Berrah, J. D. Bozek, C. L. Cocke, H. Schmidt-Böcking, 1998, Phys Rev. Lett. 81, 5776.

[c95] Du, D., X. Liu, G. Korn, J. Squier, and G. Mourou, 1994, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3071.

[c96] Duling, I. N. III, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 539.

[c97] Duling III, I. N., and M. L. Dennis, 1995, in Compact Sources of Ultrashort Pulses, edited by I. N. Duling III (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 140.

[c98] Durfee, C. G. III, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 395.

[c99] Eberly, J. H., Q. Su, and J. Javanainen, 1989a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 881.

[c100] Eberly, J. H., Q. Su, and J. Javanainen, 1989, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1289.

[c101] Elsässer, T., J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth, 1998, Eds., Ultrafast Phenomena XI (Springer, Berlin).

[c102] Esarey, E., G. Joyce, and P. Sprangle, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 44, 3908.

[c103] Faisal, F. H. M., 1986, Theory of Multiphoton Processes (Plenum, New York).

[c104] Faldon, M. E., M. H. R. Hutchinson, J. P. Marangos, J. E. Muffett, R. A. Smith, J. W. G. Tisch, and C. G. Wahlström, 1992, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 2094.

[c105] Farkas, Gy. and Cs. Toth, 1992, Phys. Lett. A 168, 447.

[c106] Feldmann, J., J. Sacher, and E. Göbel, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 241.

[c107] Fermann, M. E., 1995, in Compact Sources of Ultrashort Pulses, edited by I. N. Duling III (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 179.

[c108] Fermann, M. E., L. M. Yang, M. L. Stock, and M. J. Andrejco, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 43.

[c109] Feurer, T., and R. Sauerbrey, 1997, in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics: Electromagnetic Radiation; Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 29, edited by F. B. Dunning and R. G. Hulet (Academic, New York), p. 193.

[c110] Fibich, G. and G. C. Papanicolaou, 1997, Opt. Lett. 18, 1379.

[c111] Figueria-de-Morisson-Faria, C., M. Dörr, and W. Sandner, 1998, Phys. Rev. A 58, 2990.

[c112] Fisher, R. A., P. L. Kelly, and T. K. Gustafson, 1969, Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 140.

[c113] Fittinghoff, D. N., P. R. Bolton, B. Chang, and K. C. Kulander, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2642.

[c114] Fork, R. L., C. H. Cruz, P. C. Becker, and C. V. Shank, 1987, Opt. Lett. 12, 483.

[c115] Fork, R. L., B. I. Greene, and C. V. Shank, 1981, Appl. Phys. Lett. 38, 71.

[c116] Fork, R. L., O. E. Martinez, and J. P. Gordon, 1984, Opt. Lett. 9, 150.

[c117] Fork, R. L., C. V. Shank, and R. Yen, 1982, Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 223.

[c118] Fork, R. L., C. V. Shank, R. Yen, and C. A. Hirlimann, 1983, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 500.

[c119] Freeman, R. R., P. H. Bucksbaum, W. E. Cooke, G. Gibson, T. J. McIlrath, and L. D. Van Woerkom, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, San Diego), p. 43.

[c120] French, P. M., 1985, Rep. Prog. Phys. 58, 169.

[c121] French, P. M. W., 1996, Contemp. Phys. 37, 283.

[c122] French, P. M., M. M. Opalinska, and J. R. Taylor, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 217.

[c123] French, P. M., and J. R. Taylor, 1988, Opt. Lett. 13, 470.

[c124] French, P. M., J. A. R. Williams, and J. R. Taylor, 1987, Opt. Lett. 12, 684.

[c125] French, P. M., J. A. R. Williams, and J. R. Taylor, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 686.

[c126] Gahn, C., G. D. Tsakiris, A. Pukhov, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, G. Pretzler, P. Thirolf, D. Habs, and K. J. Witte, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (in press).

[c127] Gallmann, L., D. H. Sutter, N. Matuschek, G. Steinmeyer, U. Keller, C. Iaconis, and I. A. Walmsley, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 1314.

[c128] Geissler, M., G. Tempea, M. Schnürer, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, 1999a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2930.

[c129] Geissler, M., G. Tempea, and T. Brabec, 1999b, “Quasi-phase-matching of high harmonic generation,” submitted to Phys. Rev. A.

[c130] Georgiev, D., J. Herrmann, and U. Stamm, 1992, Opt. Commun. 92, 368.

[c131] Gildenburg, V. B., A. V. Kim, and A. M. Sergeev, 1990, Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [JETP Lett. 51, 1041990].

[c132] Gildenburg, V. B., T. A. Petrova, and A. D. Yunakovsky, 1995, Physica D 87, 335.

[c133] Glover, T. E., R. W. Schoenlein, A. H. Chin, and C. V. Shank, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2468.

[c134] Glownia, J. H., J. Misewich, and P. P. Sorokin, 1987, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 1061.

[c135] Greenhow, R. C., and A. J. Schmidt, 1974, in Advances in Quantum Electronics Vol. 2, edited by D. W. Goodwin (Academic, London), p. 158.

[c136] Grischkowski, D., and A. C. Balant, 1981, Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 1.

[c137] Haight, R. and P. F. Seidler, 1994, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 517.

[c138] Hargrove, L. E., R. L. Fork, and M. A. Pollack, 1964, Appl. Phys. Lett. 5, 4.

[c139] Harris, S. E. and A. V. Sokolov, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2894.

[c140] Haus, H. A., 1975a, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 11, 736.

[c141] Haus, H. A., 1975b, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 3049.

[c142] Haus, H. A., 1976, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 12, 169.

[c143] Haus, H. A., 1984, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ), p. 99.

[c144] Haus, H. A., J. G. Fujimoto, and E. P. Ippen, 1991, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 2068.

[c145] Haus, H. A., J. G. Fujimoto, and E. P. Ippen, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2086.

[c146] Hänsch, T. W., 1990, Opt. Commun. 80, 71.

[c147] Heinz, P., and A. Lauberau, 1989, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1574.

[c148] Heritage, J. P., and M. Nuss, 1992, Eds., Special Issue on Ultrafast Optics and Electronics, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, p. 2084.

[c149] Herrmann, J., 1994, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 498.

[c150] Hofer, M., M. E. Fermann, F. Haberl, M. H. Ober, and A. J. Schmidt, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 502.

[c151] Hofer, M., M. H. Ober, F. Haberl, and M. E. Fermann, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 720.

[c152] Hooker, S. M., and S. E. Harris, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 1994.

[c153] Hu, S. X., and Z. Z. Xu, 1997, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2605.

[c154] Hunsche, S., S. Feng, H. G. Winful, A. Leitenstorfer, M. C. Nuss, and E. P. Ippen, 1999, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 2025.

[c155] Iaconis, C., and I. Walmsley, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 792.

[c156] Ippen, E. P., H. A. Haus, and L. Y. Liu, 1989, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1736.

[c157] Ippen, E. P., L. Y. Liu, and H. A. Haus, 1990, Opt. Lett. 15, 183.

[c158] Ippen, E. P., C. V. Shank, and A. Dienes, 1972, Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 348.

[c159] Ivanov, M. Y., T. Brabec, and N. Burnett, 1996, Phys. Rev. A 54, 742.

[c160] Ivanov, M. Y., and P. B. Corkum, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, 580.

[c161] Jasapara, J., and W. Rudolph, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 777.

[c162] Jimenez, R., C. Rose-Petruck, T. Guo, K. R. Wilson, and C. P. J. Barty, 1998, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 404.

[c163] Joachain, C. J., M. Dörr, and N. J. Kylstra, 2000, Adv. At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 42, 225.

[c164] Johnson, A. M., W. M. Simpson, and R. H. Stolen, 1984, Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 729.

[c165] Kálmán, P., 1989, Phys. Rev. A 39, 3200.

[c166] Kálmán, P., 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, R42.

[c167] Kálmán, P., 1994, Phys. Rev. A 49, 620.

[c168] Kálmán, P., F. Krausz, and E. Wintner, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 47, 729.

[c169] Kalosha, V. P., M. Müller, J. Herrmann, and S. Gatz, 1998, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 535.

[c170] Kan, C., N. H. Burnett, C. Capjack, and R. Rankin, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2971.

[c171] Kan, C., C. E. Capjack, R. Rankin, T. Brabec, and N. H. Burnett, 1996, Phys. Rev. A 54, R1026.

[c172] Kane, D. J., and R. Trebino, 1993, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29, 571.

[c173] Kaplan, A. E., 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1243.

[c174] Kärtner, F. X., I. D. Jung, and U. Keller, 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 540.

[c175] Kärtner, F. X., and U. Keller, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 16.

[c176] Kärtner, F. X., N. Matuschek, T. Schibli, U. Keller, H. A. Haus, C. Heine, R. Morf, V. Scheuer, M. Tilsch, and T. Tschudi, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 831.

[c177] Kasper, A., and K. J. Witte, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 360.

[c178] Kean, P. N., X. Zhu, D. W. Crust, R. S. Grant, N. Langford, and W. Sibbett, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 39.

[c179] Keldysh, L. V., 1965, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [Sov. Phys. JETP 20, 13071965].

[c180] Keller, U., 1994, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 58, 347.

[c181] Keller, U., 1997, Ed., Special Issue on Ultrafast Lasers, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 2.

[c182] Keller, U., 1999, in Nonlinear Optics in Semiconductors, edited by A. Kost and E. Garmire (Academic, Boston), Vol. 59, p. 211.

[c183] Keller, U., W. H. Knox, and H. Roskos, 1990, Opt. Lett. 15, 1377.

[c184] Keller, U., W. H. Knox, and G. W. ’t Hooft, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2123.

[c185] Keller, U., D. A. B. Miller, G. D. Boyd, T. H. Chiu, J. F. Ferguson, and M. T. Asom, 1992, Opt. Lett. 17, 505.

[c186] Keller, U., G. W. ’t Hooft, W. H. Knox, and J. E. Cunningham, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1022.

[c187] Keller, U., K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435.

[c188] Kim, D.-E., Cs. Tóth, and C. P. J. Barty, 1999, Phys. Rev. A 59, R4129.

[c189] Knox, W. H., 1988, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 388.

[c190] Knox, W. H., M. C. Downer, R. L. Fork, and C. V. Shank, 1985, Opt. Lett. 9, 552.

[c191] Kobayashi, Y., T. Seikikawa, Y. Nabekawa, and S. Watanabe, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 64.

[c192] Koechner, W., 1996, Solid-State Laser Engineering (Springer, Berlin).

[c193] Kogelnik, H. W., E. P. Ippen, A. Dienes, and C. V. Shank, 1972, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 8, 373.

[c194] Kondo, K., N. Sarukura, K. Sajiki, and S. Watanabe, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 47, R2480.

[c195] Koroshilov, E. V., I. V. Kryukov, P. G. Kryukov, and A. V. Sharkov, 1984, in Ultrafast Phenomena VI, edited by T. Yajima, K. Yoshihara, C. B. Harris, and S. Shionoya (Springer, Berlin), p. 22.

[c196] Krainov, V. P., 1997, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 425.

[c197] Krause, J. L., K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3535.

[c198] Krausz, F., T. Brabec, M. Schnürer, and C. Spielmann, 1998, Opt. Photonics News 9, 46.

[c199] Krausz, F., T. Brabec, and Ch. Spielmann, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 235.

[c200] Krausz, F., M. E. Fermann, T. Brabec, P. F. Curley, M. Hofer, M. H. Ober, Ch. Spielmann, E. Wintner, and A. J. Schmidt, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2097.

[c201] Krausz, F., and E. Wintner, 1994, Eds., Special Issue on Ultrashort Pulse Generation, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 58, 3.

[c202] Kühlke, D., W. Rudolph, and B. Wilhelmi, 1983, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 526.

[c203] Kuizenga, D. J., and A. E. Siegman, 1970a, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-6, 694.

[c204] Kuizenga, D. J., and A. E. Siegman, 1970b, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-6, 709.

[c205] Kulander, K. C., K. J. Schafer, and J. L. Krause, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, San Diego), p. 247.

[c206] Kulander, K. C., K. J. Schafer, and J. L. Krause, 1993, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Super Intense Laser Atom Physics (SILAP III), edited by B. Piraux (Plenum Press, New York), Vol. 316, p. 95.

[c207] Kulander, K. C., and B. W. Shore, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 524.

[c208] Lablanquie, P., J. Mazeau, L. Andric, P. Selles, and A. Huetz, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2192.

[c209] Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshitz, 1977, Quantum Mechanics (Pergamon, Oxford).

[c210] Lange, H. R., A. Chrion, J.-F. Ripoche, A. Mysyrewicz, P. Breger, and P. Agostini, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1611.

[c211] Laporta, P., and V. Magni, 1985, Appl. Opt. 24, 2014.

[c212] Laubereau, A., 1969, Phys. Lett. 29A, 539.

[c213] Laubereau, A., and D. von der Linde, 1970, Z. Naturforsch. A 25a, 1626.

[c214] Lemoff, B. E., and C. P. J. Barty, 1993a, Opt. Lett. 18, 57.

[c215] Lemoff, B. E., and C. P. J. Barty, 1993b, Opt. Lett. 18, 1651.

[c216] Lemoff, B. E., G. Y. Yin, C. L. Gordon III, C. P. J. Barty, and S. E. Harris, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1574.

[c217] Lenzner, M., J. Krüger, S. Sartania, Z. Cheng, Ch. Spielmann, G. Mourou, W. Kautek, and F. Krausz, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4076.

[c218] Lewenstein, M., Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 49, 2117.

[c219] L’Huillier, A., and P. Balcou, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 774.

[c220] L’Huillier, A., P. Balcou, S. Candel, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 46, 2778.

[c221] L’Huillier, A., X. F. Li, and L. A. Lompré, 1990, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 527.

[c222] L’Huillier, A., L.-A. Lompré, G. Mainfray, and C. Manus, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, New York), p. 139.

[c223] L’Huillier, A., K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2200.

[c224] Li, X. F., A. L’Huillier, M. Ferray, L. A. Lompré, and G. Mainfray, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 39, 5751.

[c225] Liang, Y., S. August, S. L. Chin, Y. Beaudoin, and M. Chaker, 1994, J. Phys. B 27, 5119.

[c226] Libertun, A. R., R. Shelton, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. Murnane, 1999, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC), p. 469.

[c227] Lin, K.-H., Y. Lai, and W.-F. Hsieh, 1995, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12, 468.

[c228] Long, S., W. Becker, and J. K. McIver, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 52, 2262.

[c229] Macklin, J. J., J. D. Kmetec, and C. L. Gordon III, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 766.

[c230] Maier, M., W. Kaiser, and J. A. Giordmaine, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1275.

[c231] Maine, P., D. Strickland, P. Bado, M. Pessot, and G. Mourou, 1988, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 398.

[c232] Marburger, J. H., 1975, Prog. Quantum Electron. 4, 35.

[c233] Marcatili, E. A. J., and R. A. Schmeltzer, 1964, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 43, 1783.

[c234] Mark, J., L. Y. Liu, K. L. Hall, H. A. Haus, and E. P. Ippen, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 48.

[c235] Martin, J.-L. A. Migus, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail, 1993, Eds., Ultrafast Phenomena VIII (Springer, Berlin).

[c236] Martinez, O. E., 1987, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23, 1385.

[c237] Martinez, O. E., R. L. Fork, and J. P. Gordon, 1984b, Opt. Lett. 9, 156.

[c238] Martinez, O. E., R. L. Fork, and J. P. Gordon, 1985, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 753.

[c239] Martinez, O. E., J. P. Gordon, and R. L. Fork, 1984, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 1003.

[c240] Matuschek, N., F. X. Kärtner, and U. Keller, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 414.

[c241] McPherson, A., G. Gibson, H. Jara, U. Johann, T. S. Luk, I. A. McIntyre, K. Boyer, and C. K. Rhodes, 1987, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 595.

[c242] Milchberg, H. M., C. G. Durfee III, and T. J. McIlrath, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2494.

[c243] Milosevic, D. B., and A. F. Starace, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5097.

[c244] Milosevic, D. B., and A. F. Starace, 1999, Phys. Rev. A 60, 3943.

[c245] Milosevic, N., G. Tempea, and T. Brabec, 1999, “Optical pulse compression: bulk media versus hollow waveguides,” in press.

[c246] Mitschke, F. M., and L. F. Mollenauer, 1986, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 2242.

[c247] Mitschke, F. M., and L. F. Mollenauer, 1987, Opt. Lett. 12, 407.

[c248] Mocker, H. W., and R. J. Collins, 1965, Appl. Phys. Lett. 7, 270.

[c249] Modena, A., Z. Najmudin, A. E. Dangor, C. E. Clayton, K. A. Marsh, C. Joshi, V. Malka, C. B. Darrow, C. Danson, D. Neely, and F. N. Walsh, 1995, Nature (London) 377, 606.

[c250] Moiseyev, N., and F. Weinhold, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2100.

[c251] Mollenauer, L. F., and R. H. Stolen, 1984, Opt. Lett. 9, 13.

[c252] Morgner, U., F. X. Kärtner, S. H. Cho, Y. Chen, H. A. Haus, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, V. Scheuer, G. Angelow, and T. Tschudi, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 411.

[c253] Morin, M., and M. Piché, 1990, Opt. Lett. 14, 1119.

[c254] Mossavi, K., Th. Hoffmann, F. K. Tittel, and G. Szabó, 1993, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1203.

[c255] Moulton, P. F., 1982, Opt. News 8, 9.

[c256] Moulton, P. F., 1986, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 125.

[c257] Mourou, G., 1997, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 205.

[c258] Muller, H. G., P. Agostini, and G. Petite, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, San Diego), p. 1.

[c259] Murnane, M., and H. C. Kapteyn, 1999, private communication.

[c260] Myazaki, K., and H. Takada, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 52, 3007.

[c261] Nabekawa, Y., Y. Kuramoto, T. Togashi, T. Sekikawa, and S. Watanabe, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 1384.

[c262] Nees, J., S. Biswal, F. Druon, J. Faure, M. Nantel, G. A. Mourou, A. Nishimura, H. Takuma, J. Itatani, J.-C. Chanteloup, and C. Hönninger, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 376.

[c263] New, G. H. C., 1972, Opt. Commun. 6, 188.

[c264] New, G. H. C., 1974, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 10, 115.

[c265] Nibbering, E. T., P. F. Curley, G. Grillon, B. S. Prade, M. A. Franco, F. Salin, and A. Mysyrowicz, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 62.

[c266] Nibbering, E. T., J. O. Duhr, and G. Korn, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 1355.

[c267] Nisoli, M., S. De Silvestri, and O. Svelto, 1996, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2793.

[c268] Nisoli, M., S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, R. Szipöcs, K. Ferencz, Ch. Spielmann, S. Sartania, and F. Krausz, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 522.

[c269] Nisoli, M., S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, S. Sartania, Z. Cheng, M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1997, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 175.

[c270] Nisoli, M., S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, S. Sartania, Z. Cheng, G. Tempea, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 414.

[c271] Nuss, M. C., R. Leonhart, and W. Zinth, 1985, Opt. Lett. 10, 16.

[c272] Oppenheimer, J. R., 1928, Phys. Rev. 13, 66.

[c273] Osterink, L. M., and J. D. Foster, 1968, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4163.

[c274] Ouellette, F., and M. Piché, 1986, Opt. Commun. 60, 99.

[c275] Patterson, F., J. Bonlie, D. Price, B. White, and P. Springer, 1999, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC) Post-Deadline Paper CPD6.

[c276] Patterson, F. G., and M. D. Perry, 1991, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 2384.

[c277] Peatross, J., S. Voronov, and I. Prokopovich, 1997, Opt. Express 1, 114.

[c278] Perelomov, A. M., V. S. Popov, and M. V. Terent’ev, 1966, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [Sov. Phys. JETP 23, 9241966].

[c279] Perry, M. D., and J. K. Crane, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, R4051.

[c280] Perry, M. D., and G. Mourou, 1994, Science 264, 917.

[c281] Perry, M. D., D. Pennington, B. C. Stuart, G. Tietbohl, J. A. Britten, C. Brown, S. Herman, B. Golick, M. Kartz, J. Miller, H. T. Powell, M. Vergino, and V. Yanovski, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 160.

[c282] Peterson, O. G., S. A. Tuccio, and B. B. Snavely, 1970, Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 245.

[c283] Petricevic, V., S. K. Gayen, and R. R. Alfano, 1989, Opt. Lett. 14, 612.

[c284] Piché, M., 1991, Opt. Commun. 86, 156.

[c285] Pont, M., and M. Gavrila, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2362.

[c286] Poppe, A., A. Fürbach, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1999, “Electronic on the time scale of the light oscillation period?” in Ultrafast Electronics and Optoelectronics, Trends in Optics and Photonics No. 28, edited by John E. Bowers and Wayne H. Knox (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C.), p. 31.

[c287] Poppe, A., M. Lenzner, F. Krausz, and Ch. Spielmann, 1999, “A sub-10fs 2.5-MW Ti:sapphire oscillator,” Technical Digest of the Ultrafast Optics Conference, to be published.

[c288] Poppe, A., L. Xu, F. Krausz, and Ch. Spielmann, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 179.

[c289] Potvliege, R. M., and R. Shakeshaft, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 40, 3061.

[c290] Potvliege, R. M., and R. Shakeshaft, 1992, in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, edited by M. Gavrila (Academic, San Diego), p. 373.

[c291] Proctor, B., and F. Wise, 1993, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 470.

[c292] Pshenichnikov, M. S., A. Baltuska, R. Szipöcs, and D. A. Wiersma, 1998, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 3.

[c293] Pshenichnikov, M. S., W. P. de Boeij, and D. A. Wiersma, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 572.

[c294] Pukhov, A., and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3975.

[c295] Rae, S. C., K. Burnett, and J. Cooper, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 50, 3438.

[c296] Ramaswamy, M., M. Ulman, J. Paye, and J. G. Fujimoto, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 1822.

[c297] Ranka, J. K., and A. L. Gaeta, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 534.

[c298] Reichert, J., R. Holzwarth, Th. Udem, and T. W. Hänsch, 1999, “Measuring the frequency of light with mode-locked lasers,” Opt. Commun. (in press).

[c299] Reiss, H. R., 1980, Phys. Rev. A 22, 1786.

[c300] Reiss, H. R., 1992, Prog. Quantum Electron. 16, 1.

[c301] Richardson, D. J., R. I. Laming, D. N. Payne, V. Matsas, and M. W. Phillips, 1991, Electron. Lett. 27, 542.

[c302] Rischel, Ch., A. Rousse, I. Uschmann, P. A. Albouy, J. P. Geindre, P. Audebert, J. C. Gauthier, E. Förster, J. L. Martin, and A. Antonetti, 1997, Nature (London) 390, 490.

[c303] Rizvi, N. H., P. M. W. French, J. R. Taylor, P. J. Delfyett, and L. T. Florez, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 983.

[c304] Rolland, C., and P. B. Corkum, 1988, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5, 641.

[c305] Rosen, C., M. Dörr, U. Eichmann, and W. Sandner, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4514.

[c306] Rouyer, C., E. Mazataud, I. Allais, A. Pierre, S. Seznec, C. Sauteret, G. Mourou, and A. Migus, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 214.

[c307] Ruddock, I. S., and D. J. Bradley, 1976, Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 296.

[c308] Rundquist, A., C. G. Durfee III, Z. Cheng, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1998, Science 280, 1412.

[c309] Sala, K., M. C. Richardson, and N. R. Isenor, 1977, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 13, 915.

[c310] Salières, P., A. l’Huillier, P. Antoine, and M. Lewenstein, 1999, Adv. At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 41, 83.

[c311] Salières, P., P. Antoine, A. de Bohan, and M. Lewenstein, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5544.

[c312] Salières, P., A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3776.

[c313] Salin, F., P. Grangier, P. Georges, and A. Brun, 1990, Opt. Lett. 15, 1374.

[c314] Salin, F., J. Squier, and M. Piché, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1674.

[c315] Sanpera, A., P. Jönsson, J. B. Watson, and K. Burnett, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, 3148.

[c316] Sarachick, E., and G. Schappert, 1970, Phys. Rev. D 1, 2738.

[c317] Sartania, S., Z. Cheng, M. Lenzner, G. Tempea, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, and K. Ferencz, 1997, Opt. Lett. 22, 1562.

[c318] Sarukura, N., K. Hata, T. Adachi, R. Nodomi, M. Watanabe, and S. Watanabe, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 43, 1669.

[c319] Sauteret, C., D. Husson, G. Thiell, S. Seznec, G. Gray, A. Migus, and G. Mourou, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 238.

[c320] Schäfer, F. P., F. P. W. Schmidt, and J. Volze, 1966, Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 306.

[c321] Schafer, K. J., and K. C. Kulander, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 638.

[c322] Schins, J. M., P. Breger, P. Agostini, R. C. Constantinescu, H. G. Muller, A. Bouhal, G. Grillon, A. Antonetti, and A. Mysyrowicz, 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 197.

[c323] Schnürer, M., Z. Cheng, M. Hentschel, F. Krausz, T. Wilhein, D. Hambach, G. Schmahl, M. Drescher, Y. Lim, U. Heinzmann, 1999a, “Few-cycle-drìven XUV harmonics: generation and focusing,” Appl. Phys. B. (in press).

[c324] Schnürer, M., Z. Cheng, M. Hentschel, G. Tempea, P. Kalman, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, 1999b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 722.

[c325] Schnürer, M., Ch. Spielmann, P. Wobrauschek, C. Streli, N. H. Burnett, C. Kan, K. Ferencz, R. Koppitsch, Z. Cheng, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3236.

[c326] Schnürer, M., C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1999, “Femtosecond X-ray fluorescence,” submitted for publication.

[c327] Schoenlein, R. W., W. P. Leemans, A. H. Chin, P. Volfbeyn, T. E. Glover, P. Balling, M. Zolotorev, K.-J. Kim, S. Chattopadhay, and C. V. Shank, 1996, Science 274, 236.

[c328] Scrinzi, A., M. Geissler, and T. Brabec, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 706.

[c329] Seidemann, T., M. Yu. Ivanov, and P. B. Corkum, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2819.

[c330] Shakeshaft, R., R. M. Potvliege, M. Dörr, and W. E. Cooke, 1990, Phys. Rev. A 42, 1656.

[c331] Sheik-Bahae, M., A. A. Said, D. J. Hagan, M. J. Soileau, and W. W. Stryland, 1984, Opt. Eng. (Bellingham) 30, 1228.

[c332] Shank, C. V., 1988, in Ulrashort Laser Pulses and Applications, Topics in Applied Physics No. 60, edited by W. Kaiser (Springer, New York), p. 5.

[c333] Shen, Y. R., 1984, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York).

[c334] Shimizu, F., 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1097.

[c335] Shirakawa, A., I. Sakane, M. Takasaka, and T. Kobayashi, 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2268.

[c336] Shkolnikov, P. L., A. E. Kaplan, and A. Lago, 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 412.

[c337] Shvartsburg, A. B., 1996, Time-Domain Optics of Ultrashort Waveforms (Clarendon, Oxford).

[c338] Sizer, T. II, J. D. Kafka, I. N. Duling III, C. W. Gabel, and G. A. Mourou, 1983, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 506.

[c339] Smith, L. K., S. A. Payne, W. L. Kway, L. L. Chase, and B. H. T. Chai, 1992, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2612.

[c340] Smith, P. W., M. A. Duguay, and E. P. Ippen, 1974, Prog. Quantum Electron. 3, 109.

[c341] Sommerfeld, A., 1967, Elektronentheorie der Metalle (Springer, Berlin), p. 109.

[c342] Sorokin, P. P., and J. R. Lankard, 1966, IBM J. Res. Dev. 10, 162.

[c343] Spence, D. E., P. N. Kean, and W. Sibbett, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 42.

[c344] Spielmann, Ch., N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, 1997, Science 278, 661.

[c345] Spielmann, Ch., P. F. Curley, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, 1994, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30, 1100.

[c346] Spielmann, Ch., C. Kan, N. H. Burnett, T. Brabec, M. Geissler, A. Scrinzi, M. Schnürer, and F. Krausz, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top Quantum Electron. 4, 249.

[c347] Spinelli, L., B. Couillaud, N. Goldblatt, and D. K. Negus, 1991, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C.), Paper CPDP7.

[c348] Stankov, K. A., and J. Jethwa, 1988, Opt. Commun. 66, 41.

[c349] Stingl, A., M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, and R. Szipöcs, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 602.

[c350] Stix, M. S., and E. P. Ippen, 1983, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 520.

[c351] Strickland, D., and G. Mourou, 1985, Opt. Commun. 56, 219.

[c352] Stuart, B. C., M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, B. W. Shore, and M. D. Perry, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2248.

[c353] Sullivan, A., H. Hamster, H. C. Kapteyn, S. Gordon, W. White, H. Nathel, R. J. Blair, and R. W. Falcone, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1406.

[c354] Sutter, D. H., G. Steinmeyer, L. Gallmann, N. Matuschek, F. Morier-Genoud, U. Keller, V. Scheuer, G. Angelow, and T. Tschudi, 1999, Opt. Lett. 24, 631.

[c355] Szatmári, S., 1994, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 58, 211.

[c356] Szatmári, S., B. Rácz, and F. P. Schäfer, 1987, Opt. Commun. 62, 271.

[c357] Szipöcs, R., K. Ferencz, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 201.

[c358] Szipöcs, R., A. Stingl, Ch. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, 1995, Opt. Photonics News 6, 16.

[c359] Tamura, K., J. Jacobson, E. P. Ippen, H. A. Haus, and J. G. Fujimoto, 1993, Opt. Lett. 18, 220.

[c360] Taylor, A. J., T. R. Gosnell, and J. P. Roberts, 1990, Opt. Lett. 15, 39.

[c361] Telle, H. R., G. Steinmeyer, A. E. Dunlop, J. Stenger, D. H. Sutter, and U. Keller, 1999, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 69, 327.

[c362] Tempea, G., and T. Brabec, 1998a, Opt. Lett. 23, 762.

[c363] Tempea, G., and T. Brabec, 1998b, Opt. Lett. 23, 1286.

[c364] Tempea, G., M. Geissler, and T. Brabec, 1999a, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 669.

[c365] Tempea, G., M. Geissler, and T. Brabec, 1999b, “Self-phase-matched high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett., in press.

[c366] Tempea, G., F. Krausz, Ch. Spielmann, and K. Ferencz, 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 4, 193.

[c367] Theobald, W., R. Häßner, C. Wülker, and R. Sauerbrey, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 298.

[c368] Tien, A. C., S. Backus, H. Kapteyn, and M. Murnane, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3883.

[c369] Tisch, J. W. G., R. A. Smith, J. E. Muffett, M. Ciarrocca, J. P. Marangos, and M. H. R. Hutchinson, 1994, Phys. Rev. A 49, R28.

[c370] Tomlinson, W. J., R. H. Stolen, and C. V. Shank, 1984, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1, 139.

[c371] Toth, Cs., G. Farkas, and K. L. Vodopyanov, 1991, Appl. Phys. B: Photophys. Laser Chem. 53, 221.

[c372] Treacy, E. B., 1969, Phys. Lett. 28A, 34.

[c373] Trebino, R., K. W. DeLong, D. N. Fittinghoff, J. N. Sweetser, M. A. Krumbügel, B. A. Richman, and D. J. Kane, 1997, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 3277.

[c374] Tsuda, S., W. H. Knox, S. T. Cundiff, W. Y. Jan, and J. E. Cunningham, 1996, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435.

[c375] Tsuda, S., W. H. Knox, E. A. de Souza, W. Y. Jan, and J. E. Cunningham, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 1406.

[c376] Udem, Th., J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, 1999a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568.

[c377] Udem, Th., J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, 1999b, Opt. Lett. 24, 881.

[c378] Umstadter, D., S.-Y. Chen, A. Maksimchuk, G. Mourou, and R. Wagner, 1996, Science 273, 472.

[c379] Valdmanis, J. A., and R. L. Fork, 1986, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 112.

[c380] Valdmanis, J. A., R. L. Fork, and J. P. Gordon, 1985, Opt. Lett. 10, 131.

[c381] Wahlström, C. G., J. Larsson, A. Persson, T. Starczewski, S. Svanberg, P. Salières, Ph. Balcou, and A. L’Huillier, 1993, Phys. Rev. A 48, 4709.

[c382] Walker, B., B. Sheehy, L. F. DiMauro, P. Agostini, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1227.

[c383] Walmsley, I., and V. Wong, 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 2453.

[c384] Watanabe, S., A. Endoh, M. Watanabe, and N. Sakura, 1988, Opt. Lett. 13, 580.

[c385] Weber, H. P., 1967, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 2231.

[c386] Weihe, F. A., S. K. Dutta, G. Korn, D. Du, P. H. Bucksbaum, and P. L. Shkolnikov, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, R3433.

[c387] Wood, Wm. M., C. W. Siders, and M. C. Downer, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3523.

[c388] Wöste, L., C. Wedekind, H. Wille, P. Rairoux, B. Stein, S. Nikolov, C. Werner, S. Niedermeier, F. Ronneberger, H. Schillinger, and R. Sauerbrey, 1997, Laser Optoelektron.29, 51 (October issue).

[c389] Xu, H., X. Tang, and P. Lambropoulos, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 46, R2225.

[c390] Xu, L., Ch. Spielmann, A. Poppe, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, and T. Hánsch, 1996, Opt. Lett. 21, 2008.

[c391] Xu, L., G. Tempea, A. Poppe, M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, A. Stingl, and K. Ferencz, 1997, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 65, 151.

[c392] Xu, L., G. Tempea, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, A. Stingl, K. Ferencz, and S. Takano, 1998, Opt. Lett. 23, 789.

[c393] Yamakawa, K., H. Siraga, Y. Kato, and C. P. J. Barty, 1991, Opt. Lett. 16, 1593.

[c394] Yamakawa, K., M. Aoyama, S. Matsuoka, H. Takuma, C. P. J. Barty, and D. Fittinghoff, 1998a, Opt. Lett. 23, 525.

[c395] Yamakawa, K., M. Aoyama, S. Matsuoka, T. Kase, Y. Akahane, H. Takuma, D. Fittinghoff, and C. P. J. Barty, 1998b, in Ultrafast Phenomena XI, edited by T. Elsässer, J. G. Fujimoto, D. A. Wiersma, and W. Zinth (Springer, Berlin), p. 44.

[c396] Yariv, A., 1965, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 388.

[c397] Yariv, A., and P. Yeh, 1984, Optical Waves in Crystals (Academic, New York).

[c398] Yoshikawa, S. and T. Imasaka, 1993, Opt. Commun. 96, 94.

[c399] Zakharov, V. E., and A. B. Shabat, 1972, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [Sov. Phys. JETP 34, 62 (1972)].

[c400] Zhang, X.-C., B. H. Kolner, and K. Leo, 1996, Eds., Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics, and Optoelectronics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, p. 433.

[c401] Zhou, J. P., C. P. Huang, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, 1995, Opt. Lett. 20, 64.

[c402] Zhou, J., J. Peatross, M. M. Murnane, H. C. Kapteyn, and I. P. Christov, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 752.

[c403] Zhou, J., G. Taft, C. P. Huang, M. M. Murnane, H. C. Kapteyn, and I. Christov, 1994, Opt. Lett. 19, 1149.

[c404] Ziolkowski, R. W., and J. B. Judkins, 1993, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 186.

[c405] Zozulya, A. A., S. A. Diddams, A. G. Van Engen, and T. S. Clement, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1430.

[c406] Zuo, T., A. D. Bandrauk, M. Ivanov, and P. B. Corkum, 1995, Phys. Rev. A 51, 3991.

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Intense few-cycle laser fields: Frontiers of nonlinear optics

Abstract

References (406)

Outline

Information

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation