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Path integrals in the theory of condensed helium

D. M. Ceperley*

D. M. Ceperley*

  • National Center for Supercomputer Applications, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801

  • *Electronic address: ceperley@ncsa.uiuc.edu
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Rev. Mod. Phys. 67, 279 – Published 1 April, 1995

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.67.279

Abstract

One of Feynman's early applications of path integrals was to superfluid He4. He showed that the thermodynamic properties of Bose systems are exactly equivalent to those of a peculiar type of interacting classical "ring polymer." Using this mapping, one can generalize Monte Carlo simulation techniques commonly used for classical systems to simulate boson systems. In this review, the author introduces this picture of a boson superfluid and shows how superfluidity and Bose condensation manifest themselves. He shows the excellent agreement between simulations and experimental measurements on liquid and solid helium for such quantities as pair correlations, the superfluid density, the energy, and the momentum distribution. Major aspects of computational techniques developed for a boson superfluid are discussed: the construction of more accurate approximate density matrices to reduce the number of points on the path integral, sampling techniques to move through the space of exchanges and paths quickly, and the construction of estimators for various properties such as the energy, the momentum distribution, the superfluid density, and the exchange frequency in a quantum crystal. Finally the path-integral Monte Carlo method is compared to other quantum Monte Carlo methods.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 67, 279– Published 1 April, 1995

    © 1995 American Physical Society

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