On the origin of the light elements (<span class="aps-inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>Z</mi><mo><</mo><mn></mn><mn>6</mn><mn></mn></math></span>)

Hubert Reeves

doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.66.193

Access by Xinjiang University

On the origin of the light elements ( $Z < 6$ )

Hubert Reeves

DAPNIA/SAP CEN Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France and Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris F-75014, France

PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 193 – Published 1 January, 1994

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.66.193

Abstract

The author reviews the status of our understanding of nucleosynthesis of the light nuclei ( $Z < 6$ ). The standard view today is that these elements are, for the most part, generated by two different processes: first, thermonuclear reactions in the early universe (big-bang nucleosynthesis or (BBN), and second, galactic cosmic-ray-induced spallation reactions (GCR) in cold interstellar atoms. A third contribution comes from stellar processes. The arguments in favor of this view are presented. Numerous astrophysical and cosmological implications are discussed, such as the baryonic density, the possible existence of baryonic dark matter and of nonbaryonic (exotic) matter, the constraints imposed on new particle physics, the leptonic number of the universe, the increase in cosmic entropy since primordial nucleosynthesis, and the constancy of the "constants" of physics.

References (199)

Abia, C., and R. Canal, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 189, 55
Adeva, B., et al., 1992, Phys. Lett. B 275, 209
Alcock, C. R., G. M. Fuller, and G. J. Mathews, 1987, Astrophys. J. 320, 439
Allen, C. W., 1973, Astrophysical Quantities (Athlone Press, London)
Alpher, R. A., H. Bethe, and G. Gamow, 1948, Phys. Rev. 73, 803
Anders, E., and N. Grevesse, 1989, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 197
Applegate, J. H., and C. Hogan, 1985, Phys. Rev. D 30, 3037
Applegate, J. H., C. Hogan, and R. J. Sherrer, 1988, Phys. Rev. D 35, 1151
Arnould, M., and M. Forestini, 1989, in Nuclear Astrophysics: Proceedings of the Third International Summer School, La Rabida... 1988, edited by M. Lozano, M. I. Gallardo, and J. M. Arias (Springer, Berlin), p. 48
Audouze, J., and B. M. Tinsley, 1976, Astrophys. J. 192, 487
Audouze, J., G. Boulade, G. Malinie, and Y. Poilane, 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 127, 164
Austin, S. M., 1981, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 7, 1
Baade, D., and P. Magain, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 194, 237
Bahcall, J. N., and M. Schmidt, 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1294
Bahcall, J. N., and R. K. Ulrich, 1988, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 297
Bania, T. M., R. T. Rood, and T. L. Wilson, 1987, Astrophys. J. 323, 30
Bania, T. M., R. T. Rood, and T. L. Wilson, 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 107
Barrow, J. D., 1987, Phys. Rev. D 35, 1805
Beaudet, G., and P. Goret, 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 49, 415
Bertolini, S., and G. Steigman, 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 150
Black, D. C., 1971, Nature (London) Phys. Sci. 234, 148
Black, D. C., 1972, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 36, 347
Bloemen, H., R. Wijnands, K. Bennett, R. Diehl, W. Hermsen, G. Lichti, D. Morris, J. Ryan, V. Schönfelder, A. W. Strong, B. N. Swanenburg, C. de Vries, and C. Winkler, 1993, Astron. Astrophys., in press
Boesgaard, A. M., 1976, Astrophys. J. 210, 466
Boesgaard, A. M., and W. D. Heacox, 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 888
Boesgaard, A. M., G. Steigman, 1985 Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 319
Boesgaard, A. M., J. W. King, 1993, Astrophys. J., in press
Boyd, R. N., G. J. Ferland, and D. N. Schramm, 1989, Astrophys. J. 336, L1
Boyd, Ř. N., and T. Kajino, 1989, Astrophys. J. 336, L55
Brower, R., S. Huang, J. Potvin, and C. Rebbi, 1992, "The surface tension of nucleating hadrons, using the free energy of an isolated quark," Boston University Preprint 92-3
Brown, L. E., 1992, Astrophys. J. 349, 251
Burbidge, E. M., G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1957, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547
Campbell, A., 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 157
Carlberg, R. G., 1990, Astrophys. J. 359, L1
Caughlan, G. R., and W. A. Fowler, 1988, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291
Cesarsky, C. J., M. Cassé, and J. Paul, 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 60, 139
Charbonnel, C., 1992, Ph.D. thesis (Observatoire de Midi-Pyrenées, Toulouse, France)
Chmielewski, Y., E. H. Muller, and J. W. Brault, 1975, Astron. Astrophys. 42, 37
Colin, P., and D. N. Schramm, 1992, "Chemical and Luminosity Evolution of Galaxies," Fermilab preprint 92/225-A
David, Y., and H. Reeves, 1980a, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 296, 415
David, Y., and H. Reeves, 1980b, in Physical Cosmology 1980, edited by R. Balian, J. Audouze, and D. N. Schramm (North-Holland, Amsterdam), p. 433
D'Antona, F., and F. Matteucci, 1991, Astron. Astrophys. 248, 62
Delbourgo-Salvador, P., C. Gry, G. Malinie, and J. Audouze, 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 150, 53
Delyannis, C., P. Demarque, and S. D. Kawaler, 1990, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 73, 21
Djorgovski, S., 1987, in Starbursts and Galaxy Evolution, XXIInd Rencontre de Moriond, edited by T. X. Thuan, T. Montmerle, and J. Tran Thanh Van (Editions Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette), p. 401
Duncan, D. K., D. L. Lambert, and M. Lemke, 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 584
Eberhardt, P., 1974, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 24, 182
Eggen, J., D. Lynden-Bell, and A. R. Sandage, 1962, Astrophys. J. 136, 748
Encrenaz, T., and M. Combes, 1972, Icarus 52, 54
Entqvist, K., K. Kailulainen, and J. Maalampi, 1990 University of Helsinski preprint HU-TFT-90
Epstein, S., and H. P. Taylor, Jr., 1972, in Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference, Houston... 1972, Vol. 2: Chemical and Isotope Analysis, Organic Chemistry, edited by D. Heymann (MIT, Cambridge/London), p. 1429
Ferrando, P., 1992, private communication
Ferrando, P., N. Lal, F. B. McDonald, and W. R. Webber, 1991, Astron. Astrophys. 247, 163
Fields, B. D., S. Dodelson, and M. S. Turner, 1992, Fermilab-Pub-92/298-A
Fowler, W. A., J. E. Greenstein, and F. Hoyle, 1962, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 6, 148
Fukujita, M., and C. Hogan, 1991, Nature (London) Phys. Sci. 354, 17
Fuller, G. M., G. J. Mathews, and C. R. Alcock, 1988, Phys. Rev. D 37, 1380
Fuller, G. M., R. N. Boyd, and J. D. Kalen, 1991, Astrophys. J. 371, L11
Gautier, D., and T. Owen, 1989, in Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres, edited by S. K. Atreya, J. B. Pollack, and M. S. Matthews (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 487
Gamow, G., 1946, Phys. Rev. 70, 572
Geiss, J., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 89
Geiss, J., P. Eberhardt, F. Buhler, J. Meister, and P. Signer, 1970, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 5972.a
Geiss, J., and H. Reeves, 1972, Astron. Astrophys. 18, 126
Geiss, J., and H. Reeves, 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 93, 189
Gilmore, G., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 143
Gilmore, G., B. Edvardsson, and P. E. Nissen, 1991, Astrophys. J. 378, 17
Gilmore, G., B. Gustafsson, B. Edvardsson, and P. Nissen, 1992, Nature 357, 379
Gottlieb, S., 1991, in Lattice 90, Tallahassee, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 20, 247
Grevesse, N., and A. Noels, 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 14
Guiderdoni, B., and B. Rocca-Volmerange, 1990a, Astron. Astrophys. 227, 362
Guiderdoni, B., and B. Rocca-Volmerange, 1990b, in Particle Astrophysics: the early universe and cosmic structures, Proceedings of the XXVth Rencontre de Moriond...1990, edited by J.-M. Alimi, A. Blanchard, A. Bouquet, F. Martin de Volnay, and T. Tran Thanh Van (Éditions Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette), p. 355
Heasly, J. N., and R. Milkey, 1978, Astrophys. J. 22, 67
Hill, C. T., D. N. Schramm, and L. M. Widrow, 1990, in Particle Astrophysics: the early universe and cosmic structures, Proceedings of the XXVth Recontre de Moriond...1990, edited by J.-M. Alimi, A. Blanchard, A. Bouquet, F. Martin de Volnay, and J. Tran Thanh Van (Éditions Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette), p. 77
Hobbs, L. M., and D. K. Duncan, 1987, Astrophys. J. 317, 796
Hoyle, F., and R. J. Tayler, 1964, Nature (London) 203, 1108
Irvine, J. M., 1983, Contemp. Phys. 24, 427
Jeffrey, P. M., and E. Anders, 1970, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34, 1175
Kawano, L., 1992, Fermilab preprint 92/04A
Kolb, E. W., M. J. Perry, and T. P. Walker, 1986, Phys. Rev. D 33, 869
Kohl, J. L., W. H. Parkinson, and G. L. Withbroe, 1977, Astrophys. J. Lett. 212, L101
Krankowski, D., and O. Muller, 1967, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 1833
Krauss, L. M., and P. Romanelli, 1990, Astrophys. J. 358, 47
Kunth, D., and W. Sargent, 1983, Astrophys. J. 273, 81
Kurki-Suonio, H., 1991, "Baryon inhomogeneity from quarkhadron phase transition," Preprint UCRL-JC 107980 Strange Quark Matter in Physics and Astrophysics: Proceedings of the International Workshop...Aarhus, Denmark, 1991, edited by J. Madsen and P. Haensel (North-Holland, Amsterdam)
Kurki-Suonio, H., R. A. Matzner, K. A. Olive, and D. N. Schramm, 1990, Astrophys. J. 353, p. 406
Lal, D., and B. Peters, 1967, Handbuch der Physik 46/2 574 (Springer, Berlin)
Linsky, J. L., A. Brown, K. Gayley, A. Diplas, B. D. Savage, T. R. Ayres, W. Landsman, S. N. Shore, and S. H. Heap, 1992, Astrophys. J. 402, 694
Lemoine, M., R. Ferlet, A. Vidal-Madjar, C. Emerich, and P. Bertin, 1993a, Astron. Astrophys. 269, 469
Lemoine, M., A. Vidal-Madjar, and R. Ferlet, 1993b, Astron. Astrophys. 2173, 611
Magazzu, A., R. Rebolo, and Ya. V. Pavlenko, 1992, Astrophys. J., in press
Malaney, R. A., 1992, in Nuclei in the Cosmos, edited by H. Oberhummer and C. Rolfs (Springer, Berlin), p. 435
Malaney, R. A., and C. R. Alcock, 1989, Astrophys. J. 351, 31
Malaney, R. A., and W. A. Fowler, 1988, in Origin and Distribution of the Elements, edited by G. J. Mathews (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 76
Malaney, R. A., and G. J. Mathews, 1993, Phys. Rep. 229, 145
Malaney, R. A., and W. A. Fowler, 1989, Astrophys. J. 345, L5
Mathews, G. J., C. R. Alcock, and G. M. Fuller, 1990 Astrophys. J. 349, 449
Mampe, W., P. Ageron, J. Bates, J. pendebury, and A. Steyerl, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2173
Martin, B. L., R. Rebolo, and Y. Y. Pavlenko, 1992, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England)
Martinelli, G., 1994, Actes du Colloques "Rencontres du Vietnam" sur la Physique des Particules et l'Astrophysique, edited by J. Tran Thanh Van (Editions Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette, France)
McCullough, P. R., 1992, Astrophys. J. 390, 213
Meneguzzi, M., J. Audouze, and H. Reeves, 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 15, 337
Meneguzzi, M., and H. Reeves, 1975, Astron. Astrophys. 40, 91
Meszaros, P., 1974, Astron. Astrophys. 37, 225
Meyer, B. S., and D. N. Schramm, 1986, Astrophys. J. 406, 150, E1
Meyer, D. M., I. Hawkins, and E. L. Wright, 1993, Astrophys. J. 409, L61
Michaud, G., and P. Charbonneau, 1991, Space Science Reviews 57, 1
Mikheyev, S. P., A. Smirnov, and S. Yu, 1986, Nuovo Cimento C 9, 17
Montmerle, T., 1977, Astrophys. J. 217, 872
Morel, P. A., 1992 private communication
Nakano, J., and K. Sato, 1990, Contributed paper at Annual Meeting of Phys. Soc. Jpn., Oct. 1990, unpublished
Ormes, J. F., and R. J. Protheroe, 1983, Astrophys. J. 272, 756
Pagel, B. E. J., 1987, in A unified view of the macro- and micro-cosmos: First International School on Astroparticle Physics, Erice (Sicily, Italy), edited by A. De Rujula, N. V. Nanopoulos, and P. A. Shaver (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 399
Pagel, B. E. J., 1989, in Evolutionary Phenomena in Galaxies, edited by J. E. Beckman and B. E. J. Pagel (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 368
Pagel, B., 1992, in Elements in the Cosmos, edited by M. G. Edmunds, and R. J. Terlevich (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 7
Pagel, B. E. J., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 496
Pagel, B. E. J., and E. A. Simonson, 1989, Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys 18, 153
Pagel, B. E. J., E. A. Simonson, R. J. Terlevich, and M. G. Edmunds, 1992, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 255, 325
Petersson, B., 1993, Nucl. Phys. Suppl., in press
Pinsonneault, M. H., C. P. Delyannis, and P. Demarque, 1992, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 78, 179
Pochet, T., J. M. Pearson, G. Beaudet, and H. Reeves, 1991, Astron. Astrophys. 243, 1
Prantzos, N., M. Cassé, and E. Vangioni-Flam, 1993a, Astrophys. 403, 630
Prantzos, N.M. CasséE. Vangioni-FlamPrantzos, N., E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé, 1993b, Eds., Origin and Evolution of the Elements (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)
Read, S. M., and V. E. Viola, Jr., 1984, At. Data. Nucl. Data Tables 31, 359
Reasenberg, R. D., 1988, in Gravitational Measurements, Fundamental Metrology and Constants, edited by V. De Sabbata and V. N. Melnikov (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 311
Rebolo, R., R. J. Garcia-Lopez, E. L. Martin, J. E. Beckman, C. D. McKeith, J. K. Webb, and Y. V. Pavlenko, 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 149
Rebolo, R., P. Molaro, and J. E. Beckman, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 192, 192
Reeves, J., 1971, "The nucleosynthesis of the light elements," invited abstracts, American Physical Society Meeting, Section on Astronomy, Puerto Rico, Dec. 1971
Reeves, H., 1972, Phys. Rev. D 6, 3363
Reeves, H., 1974, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 437
Reeves, H., 1990, Phys. Rep. 201, 335
Reeves, H., 1991, Astron. Astrophys. 244, 294
Reeves, H., 1993, Astron. Astrophys., 296, 166 Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 168
Reeves, H., J. Audouze, W. A. Fowler, and D. N. Schramm, 1973, Astrophys. J. 177, 909
Reeves, H., P. Delbourgo-Salvador, J. Audouze, and P. Salatti, 1988, European J. Phys. 9, 179
Reeves, H., W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1970, Nature (London) Phys. Sci. 226, 727
Reeves, H., and O. Johns, 1976, Astrophys. J. 206, 958
Reeves, H., and J. P. Meyer, 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 613
Reeves, H., J. Richer, K. Sato, and N. Terasawa, 1990, Astrophys. J. 355, 18
Reeves, H., N. Terasawa, 1994, Astrophys. J., in press
Rood, R. T., T. M. Bania, and T. L. Wilson, 1984, Astrophys. J. 280, 629
Rood, R. T., T. M. Bania, and T. L. Wilson, 1992, Nature (London) 355, 618
Ryan, S. G., M. S. Bessell, R. S. Sutherland, and J. E. Norris, 1990, Astrophys. J. Lett. 348, L57
Ryan, S. G., J. E. Norris, and M. S. Bessel, 1991, Astron. J. 102, 303
Ryter, C., H. Reeves, E. Gradstztajn, and J. Audouze, 1970, Astron. Astrophys. 8, 387
Sandage, A., 1987, in First International School on Astroparticle Physics, Erice (Sicily, Italy), edited by A. De Rujula, N. V. Nanopoulos, and P. A. Shaver (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 76
Sahu, K. C., M. Sahu, and S. R. Pottasch, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 207, L1
Savage, M. J., R. A. Malaney, and G. M. Fuller, 1991, Astrophys. J. 368, 1
Scalo, J. M., 1986, Fundam. Cosmic Phys. 11, 1
Schaeffer, R., H. Reeves, and H. Orland, 1982, Astrophys. J. 254, 688
Scherrer, R. J., and D. N. Spergel, 1992, "How constant is the Fermi Coupling Constant?," Ohio State University Preprint OSU-TA-6/92
Schramm, D. N., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 112
Shvartsman, V. F., 1969, JETP Lett. 9, 184
Shima, M., and M. Honda, 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 2849
Smits, 1991, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 248, 193 ibid.251, 216
Smith, M. S., L. H. Kawano, and R. A. Malaney, 1993, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 85, 219
Smith, V. V., D. L. Lambert, and P. E. Nissen, 1992, Astrophys. J., 408, 262
Skillman, E. A., R. L. Terlevich, E. L. Terlevich, R. C. Kennicutt, and D. R. Garnett, 1993a, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 688, 739
Skillman, E. A., R. L. Terlevich, R. C. Kennicutt, D. R. Garnett, and E. L. Terlevich, 1993b, submitted to Astrophys. J
Spite, M., 1992, in The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, IAU Symposium 149, edited by B. Barbuy and A. Renzini (Kluwer, Dordrecht), p. 123
Spite, F., and M. Spite, 1982b, Astron. Astrophys. 115, 337
Spite, M., and F. Spite, 1982a, Nature (London) Phys. Sci. 297, 483
Spite, F., and M. Spite, 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 201
Spite, F., M. Spite, R. Cayrel, and S. Hille, 1992, in The Stellar Population of Galaxies, IAU Symposium 149, edited by B. Barbuy and A. Renzini (Kluwer, Dordrecht), p. 490
Steigman, G., 1986, in Nucleosynthesis and its Implications on Nuclear and Particle Physics, edited by J. Audouze and N. Mathieu (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 45
Steigman, G., 1992, "BBN and New Physics," Ohio State University preprint OSU TA 92
Steigman, G., J. S. Gallagher, and D. N. Schramm, 1989, Comments Astrophys. 14, 97
Steigman, G., D. N. Schramm, and J. Gunn, 1977, Phys. Lett. B 66, 202
Steigman, G., and M. Tosi, 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 150
Steigman, G., and T. P. Walker, 1992, Astrophys. J. Lett. 385, L13
Terasawa, N., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 139
Terasawa, N., and K. Sato, 1989, Prog. Theor. Phys. Lett. 385, L13
Terasawa, N., and K. Sato, 1992, private communication
Terlevich, E., R. Terlevich, E. Skillman, J. L. Stepanian, and V. Lipovetskii, 1992, in Elements and the Cosmos, edited by M. G. Edmunds and R. J. Terlevich (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 22
Thieleman, F. K., L. Applegate, J. J. Cowan, and M. Wiescher, 1991, in Nuclei in the Cosmos, edited by H. Oberhummer and C. Rolfs (Springer, Berlin)
Thomas, D., D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, and B. D. Fields, 1992, Univ. of Minnesota Preprint UMN-TH 41020/92
Thomas, D., D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, and B. D. Fields, 1993, Astrophys. J. 406, 569
Thomas, D., D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, G. J. Mathews, B. S. Meyer, and B. D. Fields, 1993, Report No. FERMILAB-Pub-93/261-A
Toussaint, D., 1992, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)
Tremaine, S., and J. Biney, 1987, Galactic Dynamics (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ)
Turck-Chièze, S., S. Cahen, M. Cassé, and C. Doom, 1988, Astrophys. J. 335, 415
Turner, M. S., 1988, Phys. Rev. D 37, 3049
Vangioni-Flam, E., M. Cassé, J. Audouze, and Y. Oberto, 1990, Astrophys. J. 364, 568
Vangioni-Flam, E., K. A. Olive, and N. Prantzos, 1994, Astrophys. J., in press
Vauclair, S., 1988a, in Dark Matter, edited by J. Audouze and Tran Van Than (Editions Frontières, Gif sur Yvette, France), p. 269
Vauclair, S., 1988b, Astrophys. J. 335, 971
Vauclair, S., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 227
Vauclair, S., H. Reeves, and C. Charbonnel, 1993, unpublished
Vidal-Madjar, A., 1991, Adv. Space Res., Vol. 11, No. 11, p. 97
Wagoner, R. V., M. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1967, Astrophys. J. 148, 3
Walker, T. P., G. J. Mathews, and V. E. Viola, 1985, Astrophys. J. 299, 745
Walker, T. P., G. Steigman, D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, and B. Fields, 1992, Astrophys. J. (submitted)
Walker, T. P., G. Steigman, D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, and H. S. Kang, 1991, Astrophys. J. 376, 51
Webber, W. R., P. Ferrando, A. Lukasiak, and F. B. McDonald, 1992, Astrophys. J. 392, L91
Wilson, T. L., and R. T. Rood, 1994, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., in press
Witten, E., 1984, Phys. Rev. D 30, 272
Wolfe, A. M., R. L. Brown, and M. S. Roberts, 1976, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 179
Woosley, S. E., D. H. Hartman, R. D. Hoffman, and W. C. Haxton, 1990, Astrophys. J. 356, 272
Yang, J., M. S. Turner, G. Steigman, D. N. Schramm, and K. A. Olive, 1984, Astrophys. J. 281, 493
Zanda, B., 1988, Thèse, Université de Paris

[c1] Abia, C., and R. Canal, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 189, 55

[c2] Adeva, B., et al., 1992, Phys. Lett. B 275, 209

[c3] Alcock, C. R., G. M. Fuller, and G. J. Mathews, 1987, Astrophys. J. 320, 439

[c4] Allen, C. W., 1973, Astrophysical Quantities (Athlone Press, London)

[c5] Alpher, R. A., H. Bethe, and G. Gamow, 1948, Phys. Rev. 73, 803

[c6] Anders, E., and N. Grevesse, 1989, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 197

[c7] Applegate, J. H., and C. Hogan, 1985, Phys. Rev. D 30, 3037

[c8] Applegate, J. H., C. Hogan, and R. J. Sherrer, 1988, Phys. Rev. D 35, 1151

[c9] Arnould, M., and M. Forestini, 1989, in Nuclear Astrophysics: Proceedings of the Third International Summer School, La Rabida... 1988, edited by M. Lozano, M. I. Gallardo, and J. M. Arias (Springer, Berlin), p. 48

[c10] Audouze, J., and B. M. Tinsley, 1976, Astrophys. J. 192, 487

[c11] Audouze, J., G. Boulade, G. Malinie, and Y. Poilane, 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 127, 164

[c12] Austin, S. M., 1981, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 7, 1

[c13] Baade, D., and P. Magain, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 194, 237

[c14] Bahcall, J. N., and M. Schmidt, 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1294

[c15] Bahcall, J. N., and R. K. Ulrich, 1988, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 297

[c16] Bania, T. M., R. T. Rood, and T. L. Wilson, 1987, Astrophys. J. 323, 30

[c17] Bania, T. M., R. T. Rood, and T. L. Wilson, 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 107

[c18] Barrow, J. D., 1987, Phys. Rev. D 35, 1805

[c19] Beaudet, G., and P. Goret, 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 49, 415

[c20] Bertolini, S., and G. Steigman, 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 150

[c21] Black, D. C., 1971, Nature (London) Phys. Sci. 234, 148

[c22] Black, D. C., 1972, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 36, 347

[c23] Bloemen, H., R. Wijnands, K. Bennett, R. Diehl, W. Hermsen, G. Lichti, D. Morris, J. Ryan, V. Schönfelder, A. W. Strong, B. N. Swanenburg, C. de Vries, and C. Winkler, 1993, Astron. Astrophys., in press

[c24] Boesgaard, A. M., 1976, Astrophys. J. 210, 466

[c25] Boesgaard, A. M., and W. D. Heacox, 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 888

[c26] Boesgaard, A. M., G. Steigman, 1985 Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 319

[c27] Boesgaard, A. M., J. W. King, 1993, Astrophys. J., in press

[c28] Boyd, R. N., G. J. Ferland, and D. N. Schramm, 1989, Astrophys. J. 336, L1

[c29] Boyd, Ř. N., and T. Kajino, 1989, Astrophys. J. 336, L55

[c30] Brower, R., S. Huang, J. Potvin, and C. Rebbi, 1992, "The surface tension of nucleating hadrons, using the free energy of an isolated quark," Boston University Preprint 92-3

[c31] Brown, L. E., 1992, Astrophys. J. 349, 251

[c32] Burbidge, E. M., G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1957, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547

[c33] Campbell, A., 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 157

[c34] Carlberg, R. G., 1990, Astrophys. J. 359, L1

[c35] Caughlan, G. R., and W. A. Fowler, 1988, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291

[c36] Cesarsky, C. J., M. Cassé, and J. Paul, 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 60, 139

[c37] Charbonnel, C., 1992, Ph.D. thesis (Observatoire de Midi-Pyrenées, Toulouse, France)

[c38] Chmielewski, Y., E. H. Muller, and J. W. Brault, 1975, Astron. Astrophys. 42, 37

[c39] Colin, P., and D. N. Schramm, 1992, "Chemical and Luminosity Evolution of Galaxies," Fermilab preprint 92/225-A

[c40] David, Y., and H. Reeves, 1980a, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 296, 415

[c41] David, Y., and H. Reeves, 1980b, in Physical Cosmology 1980, edited by R. Balian, J. Audouze, and D. N. Schramm (North-Holland, Amsterdam), p. 433

[c42] D'Antona, F., and F. Matteucci, 1991, Astron. Astrophys. 248, 62

[c43] Delbourgo-Salvador, P., C. Gry, G. Malinie, and J. Audouze, 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 150, 53

[c44] Delyannis, C., P. Demarque, and S. D. Kawaler, 1990, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 73, 21

[c45] Djorgovski, S., 1987, in Starbursts and Galaxy Evolution, XXIInd Rencontre de Moriond, edited by T. X. Thuan, T. Montmerle, and J. Tran Thanh Van (Editions Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette), p. 401

[c46] Duncan, D. K., D. L. Lambert, and M. Lemke, 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 584

[c47] Eberhardt, P., 1974, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 24, 182

[c48] Eggen, J., D. Lynden-Bell, and A. R. Sandage, 1962, Astrophys. J. 136, 748

[c49] Encrenaz, T., and M. Combes, 1972, Icarus 52, 54

[c50] Entqvist, K., K. Kailulainen, and J. Maalampi, 1990 University of Helsinski preprint HU-TFT-90

[c51] Epstein, S., and H. P. Taylor, Jr., 1972, in Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference, Houston... 1972, Vol. 2: Chemical and Isotope Analysis, Organic Chemistry, edited by D. Heymann (MIT, Cambridge/London), p. 1429

[c52] Ferrando, P., 1992, private communication

[c53] Ferrando, P., N. Lal, F. B. McDonald, and W. R. Webber, 1991, Astron. Astrophys. 247, 163

[c54] Fields, B. D., S. Dodelson, and M. S. Turner, 1992, Fermilab-Pub-92/298-A

[c55] Fowler, W. A., J. E. Greenstein, and F. Hoyle, 1962, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 6, 148

[c56] Fukujita, M., and C. Hogan, 1991, Nature (London) Phys. Sci. 354, 17

[c57] Fuller, G. M., G. J. Mathews, and C. R. Alcock, 1988, Phys. Rev. D 37, 1380

[c58] Fuller, G. M., R. N. Boyd, and J. D. Kalen, 1991, Astrophys. J. 371, L11

[c59] Gautier, D., and T. Owen, 1989, in Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres, edited by S. K. Atreya, J. B. Pollack, and M. S. Matthews (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 487

[c60] Gamow, G., 1946, Phys. Rev. 70, 572

[c61] Geiss, J., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 89

[c62] Geiss, J., P. Eberhardt, F. Buhler, J. Meister, and P. Signer, 1970, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 5972.a

[c63] Geiss, J., and H. Reeves, 1972, Astron. Astrophys. 18, 126

[c64] Geiss, J., and H. Reeves, 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 93, 189

[c65] Gilmore, G., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 143

[c66] Gilmore, G., B. Edvardsson, and P. E. Nissen, 1991, Astrophys. J. 378, 17

[c67] Gilmore, G., B. Gustafsson, B. Edvardsson, and P. Nissen, 1992, Nature 357, 379

[c68] Gottlieb, S., 1991, in Lattice 90, Tallahassee, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 20, 247

[c69] Grevesse, N., and A. Noels, 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 14

[c70] Guiderdoni, B., and B. Rocca-Volmerange, 1990a, Astron. Astrophys. 227, 362

[c71] Guiderdoni, B., and B. Rocca-Volmerange, 1990b, in Particle Astrophysics: the early universe and cosmic structures, Proceedings of the XXVth Rencontre de Moriond...1990, edited by J.-M. Alimi, A. Blanchard, A. Bouquet, F. Martin de Volnay, and T. Tran Thanh Van (Éditions Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette), p. 355

[c72] Heasly, J. N., and R. Milkey, 1978, Astrophys. J. 22, 67

[c73] Hill, C. T., D. N. Schramm, and L. M. Widrow, 1990, in Particle Astrophysics: the early universe and cosmic structures, Proceedings of the XXVth Recontre de Moriond...1990, edited by J.-M. Alimi, A. Blanchard, A. Bouquet, F. Martin de Volnay, and J. Tran Thanh Van (Éditions Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette), p. 77

[c74] Hobbs, L. M., and D. K. Duncan, 1987, Astrophys. J. 317, 796

[c75] Hoyle, F., and R. J. Tayler, 1964, Nature (London) 203, 1108

[c76] Irvine, J. M., 1983, Contemp. Phys. 24, 427

[c77] Jeffrey, P. M., and E. Anders, 1970, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34, 1175

[c78] Kawano, L., 1992, Fermilab preprint 92/04A

[c79] Kolb, E. W., M. J. Perry, and T. P. Walker, 1986, Phys. Rev. D 33, 869

[c80] Kohl, J. L., W. H. Parkinson, and G. L. Withbroe, 1977, Astrophys. J. Lett. 212, L101

[c81] Krankowski, D., and O. Muller, 1967, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 1833

[c82] Krauss, L. M., and P. Romanelli, 1990, Astrophys. J. 358, 47

[c83] Kunth, D., and W. Sargent, 1983, Astrophys. J. 273, 81

[c84] Kurki-Suonio, H., 1991, "Baryon inhomogeneity from quarkhadron phase transition," Preprint UCRL-JC 107980 Strange Quark Matter in Physics and Astrophysics: Proceedings of the International Workshop...Aarhus, Denmark, 1991, edited by J. Madsen and P. Haensel (North-Holland, Amsterdam)

[c85] Kurki-Suonio, H., R. A. Matzner, K. A. Olive, and D. N. Schramm, 1990, Astrophys. J. 353, p. 406

[c86] Lal, D., and B. Peters, 1967, Handbuch der Physik 46/2 574 (Springer, Berlin)

[c87] Linsky, J. L., A. Brown, K. Gayley, A. Diplas, B. D. Savage, T. R. Ayres, W. Landsman, S. N. Shore, and S. H. Heap, 1992, Astrophys. J. 402, 694

[c88] Lemoine, M., R. Ferlet, A. Vidal-Madjar, C. Emerich, and P. Bertin, 1993a, Astron. Astrophys. 269, 469

[c89] Lemoine, M., A. Vidal-Madjar, and R. Ferlet, 1993b, Astron. Astrophys. 2173, 611

[c90] Magazzu, A., R. Rebolo, and Ya. V. Pavlenko, 1992, Astrophys. J., in press

[c91] Malaney, R. A., 1992, in Nuclei in the Cosmos, edited by H. Oberhummer and C. Rolfs (Springer, Berlin), p. 435

[c92] Malaney, R. A., and C. R. Alcock, 1989, Astrophys. J. 351, 31

[c93] Malaney, R. A., and W. A. Fowler, 1988, in Origin and Distribution of the Elements, edited by G. J. Mathews (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 76

[c94] Malaney, R. A., and G. J. Mathews, 1993, Phys. Rep. 229, 145

[c95] Malaney, R. A., and W. A. Fowler, 1989, Astrophys. J. 345, L5

[c96] Mathews, G. J., C. R. Alcock, and G. M. Fuller, 1990 Astrophys. J. 349, 449

[c97] Mampe, W., P. Ageron, J. Bates, J. pendebury, and A. Steyerl, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2173

[c98] Martin, B. L., R. Rebolo, and Y. Y. Pavlenko, 1992, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England)

[c99] Martinelli, G., 1994, Actes du Colloques "Rencontres du Vietnam" sur la Physique des Particules et l'Astrophysique, edited by J. Tran Thanh Van (Editions Frontières, Gif-sur-Yvette, France)

[c100] McCullough, P. R., 1992, Astrophys. J. 390, 213

[c101] Meneguzzi, M., J. Audouze, and H. Reeves, 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 15, 337

[c102] Meneguzzi, M., and H. Reeves, 1975, Astron. Astrophys. 40, 91

[c103] Meszaros, P., 1974, Astron. Astrophys. 37, 225

[c104] Meyer, B. S., and D. N. Schramm, 1986, Astrophys. J. 406, 150, E1

[c105] Meyer, D. M., I. Hawkins, and E. L. Wright, 1993, Astrophys. J. 409, L61

[c106] Michaud, G., and P. Charbonneau, 1991, Space Science Reviews 57, 1

[c107] Mikheyev, S. P., A. Smirnov, and S. Yu, 1986, Nuovo Cimento C 9, 17

[c108] Montmerle, T., 1977, Astrophys. J. 217, 872

[c109] Morel, P. A., 1992 private communication

[c110] Nakano, J., and K. Sato, 1990, Contributed paper at Annual Meeting of Phys. Soc. Jpn., Oct. 1990, unpublished

[c111] Ormes, J. F., and R. J. Protheroe, 1983, Astrophys. J. 272, 756

[c112] Pagel, B. E. J., 1987, in A unified view of the macro- and micro-cosmos: First International School on Astroparticle Physics, Erice (Sicily, Italy), edited by A. De Rujula, N. V. Nanopoulos, and P. A. Shaver (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 399

[c113] Pagel, B. E. J., 1989, in Evolutionary Phenomena in Galaxies, edited by J. E. Beckman and B. E. J. Pagel (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 368

[c114] Pagel, B., 1992, in Elements in the Cosmos, edited by M. G. Edmunds, and R. J. Terlevich (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 7

[c115] Pagel, B. E. J., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 496

[c116] Pagel, B. E. J., and E. A. Simonson, 1989, Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrophys 18, 153

[c117] Pagel, B. E. J., E. A. Simonson, R. J. Terlevich, and M. G. Edmunds, 1992, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 255, 325

[c118] Petersson, B., 1993, Nucl. Phys. Suppl., in press

[c119] Pinsonneault, M. H., C. P. Delyannis, and P. Demarque, 1992, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 78, 179

[c120] Pochet, T., J. M. Pearson, G. Beaudet, and H. Reeves, 1991, Astron. Astrophys. 243, 1

[c121] Prantzos, N., M. Cassé, and E. Vangioni-Flam, 1993a, Astrophys. 403, 630

[c122] Prantzos, N.M. CasséE. Vangioni-FlamPrantzos, N., E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé, 1993b, Eds., Origin and Evolution of the Elements (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)

[c123] Read, S. M., and V. E. Viola, Jr., 1984, At. Data. Nucl. Data Tables 31, 359

[c124] Reasenberg, R. D., 1988, in Gravitational Measurements, Fundamental Metrology and Constants, edited by V. De Sabbata and V. N. Melnikov (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 311

[c125] Rebolo, R., R. J. Garcia-Lopez, E. L. Martin, J. E. Beckman, C. D. McKeith, J. K. Webb, and Y. V. Pavlenko, 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 149

[c126] Rebolo, R., P. Molaro, and J. E. Beckman, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 192, 192

[c127] Reeves, J., 1971, "The nucleosynthesis of the light elements," invited abstracts, American Physical Society Meeting, Section on Astronomy, Puerto Rico, Dec. 1971

[c128] Reeves, H., 1972, Phys. Rev. D 6, 3363

[c129] Reeves, H., 1974, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 437

[c130] Reeves, H., 1990, Phys. Rep. 201, 335

[c131] Reeves, H., 1991, Astron. Astrophys. 244, 294

[c132] Reeves, H., 1993, Astron. Astrophys., 296, 166 Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 168

[c133] Reeves, H., J. Audouze, W. A. Fowler, and D. N. Schramm, 1973, Astrophys. J. 177, 909

[c134] Reeves, H., P. Delbourgo-Salvador, J. Audouze, and P. Salatti, 1988, European J. Phys. 9, 179

[c135] Reeves, H., W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1970, Nature (London) Phys. Sci. 226, 727

[c136] Reeves, H., and O. Johns, 1976, Astrophys. J. 206, 958

[c137] Reeves, H., and J. P. Meyer, 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 613

[c138] Reeves, H., J. Richer, K. Sato, and N. Terasawa, 1990, Astrophys. J. 355, 18

[c139] Reeves, H., N. Terasawa, 1994, Astrophys. J., in press

[c140] Rood, R. T., T. M. Bania, and T. L. Wilson, 1984, Astrophys. J. 280, 629

[c141] Rood, R. T., T. M. Bania, and T. L. Wilson, 1992, Nature (London) 355, 618

[c142] Ryan, S. G., M. S. Bessell, R. S. Sutherland, and J. E. Norris, 1990, Astrophys. J. Lett. 348, L57

[c143] Ryan, S. G., J. E. Norris, and M. S. Bessel, 1991, Astron. J. 102, 303

[c144] Ryter, C., H. Reeves, E. Gradstztajn, and J. Audouze, 1970, Astron. Astrophys. 8, 387

[c145] Sandage, A., 1987, in First International School on Astroparticle Physics, Erice (Sicily, Italy), edited by A. De Rujula, N. V. Nanopoulos, and P. A. Shaver (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 76

[c146] Sahu, K. C., M. Sahu, and S. R. Pottasch, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 207, L1

[c147] Savage, M. J., R. A. Malaney, and G. M. Fuller, 1991, Astrophys. J. 368, 1

[c148] Scalo, J. M., 1986, Fundam. Cosmic Phys. 11, 1

[c149] Schaeffer, R., H. Reeves, and H. Orland, 1982, Astrophys. J. 254, 688

[c150] Scherrer, R. J., and D. N. Spergel, 1992, "How constant is the Fermi Coupling Constant?," Ohio State University Preprint OSU-TA-6/92

[c151] Schramm, D. N., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 112

[c152] Shvartsman, V. F., 1969, JETP Lett. 9, 184

[c153] Shima, M., and M. Honda, 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 2849

[c154] Smits, 1991, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 248, 193 ibid.251, 216

[c155] Smith, M. S., L. H. Kawano, and R. A. Malaney, 1993, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 85, 219

[c156] Smith, V. V., D. L. Lambert, and P. E. Nissen, 1992, Astrophys. J., 408, 262

[c157] Skillman, E. A., R. L. Terlevich, E. L. Terlevich, R. C. Kennicutt, and D. R. Garnett, 1993a, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 688, 739

[c158] Skillman, E. A., R. L. Terlevich, R. C. Kennicutt, D. R. Garnett, and E. L. Terlevich, 1993b, submitted to Astrophys. J

[c159] Spite, M., 1992, in The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, IAU Symposium 149, edited by B. Barbuy and A. Renzini (Kluwer, Dordrecht), p. 123

[c160] Spite, F., and M. Spite, 1982b, Astron. Astrophys. 115, 337

[c161] Spite, M., and F. Spite, 1982a, Nature (London) Phys. Sci. 297, 483

[c162] Spite, F., and M. Spite, 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 201

[c163] Spite, F., M. Spite, R. Cayrel, and S. Hille, 1992, in The Stellar Population of Galaxies, IAU Symposium 149, edited by B. Barbuy and A. Renzini (Kluwer, Dordrecht), p. 490

[c164] Steigman, G., 1986, in Nucleosynthesis and its Implications on Nuclear and Particle Physics, edited by J. Audouze and N. Mathieu (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 45

[c165] Steigman, G., 1992, "BBN and New Physics," Ohio State University preprint OSU TA 92

[c166] Steigman, G., J. S. Gallagher, and D. N. Schramm, 1989, Comments Astrophys. 14, 97

[c167] Steigman, G., D. N. Schramm, and J. Gunn, 1977, Phys. Lett. B 66, 202

[c168] Steigman, G., and M. Tosi, 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 150

[c169] Steigman, G., and T. P. Walker, 1992, Astrophys. J. Lett. 385, L13

[c170] Terasawa, N., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 139

[c171] Terasawa, N., and K. Sato, 1989, Prog. Theor. Phys. Lett. 385, L13

[c172] Terasawa, N., and K. Sato, 1992, private communication

[c173] Terlevich, E., R. Terlevich, E. Skillman, J. L. Stepanian, and V. Lipovetskii, 1992, in Elements and the Cosmos, edited by M. G. Edmunds and R. J. Terlevich (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 22

[c174] Thieleman, F. K., L. Applegate, J. J. Cowan, and M. Wiescher, 1991, in Nuclei in the Cosmos, edited by H. Oberhummer and C. Rolfs (Springer, Berlin)

[c175] Thomas, D., D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, and B. D. Fields, 1992, Univ. of Minnesota Preprint UMN-TH 41020/92

[c176] Thomas, D., D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, and B. D. Fields, 1993, Astrophys. J. 406, 569

[c177] Thomas, D., D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, G. J. Mathews, B. S. Meyer, and B. D. Fields, 1993, Report No. FERMILAB-Pub-93/261-A

[c178] Toussaint, D., 1992, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)

[c179] Tremaine, S., and J. Biney, 1987, Galactic Dynamics (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ)

[c180] Turck-Chièze, S., S. Cahen, M. Cassé, and C. Doom, 1988, Astrophys. J. 335, 415

[c181] Turner, M. S., 1988, Phys. Rev. D 37, 3049

[c182] Vangioni-Flam, E., M. Cassé, J. Audouze, and Y. Oberto, 1990, Astrophys. J. 364, 568

[c183] Vangioni-Flam, E., K. A. Olive, and N. Prantzos, 1994, Astrophys. J., in press

[c184] Vauclair, S., 1988a, in Dark Matter, edited by J. Audouze and Tran Van Than (Editions Frontières, Gif sur Yvette, France), p. 269

[c185] Vauclair, S., 1988b, Astrophys. J. 335, 971

[c186] Vauclair, S., 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, edited by N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, and M. Cassé (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 227

[c187] Vauclair, S., H. Reeves, and C. Charbonnel, 1993, unpublished

[c188] Vidal-Madjar, A., 1991, Adv. Space Res., Vol. 11, No. 11, p. 97

[c189] Wagoner, R. V., M. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1967, Astrophys. J. 148, 3

[c190] Walker, T. P., G. J. Mathews, and V. E. Viola, 1985, Astrophys. J. 299, 745

[c191] Walker, T. P., G. Steigman, D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, and B. Fields, 1992, Astrophys. J. (submitted)

[c192] Walker, T. P., G. Steigman, D. N. Schramm, K. A. Olive, and H. S. Kang, 1991, Astrophys. J. 376, 51

[c193] Webber, W. R., P. Ferrando, A. Lukasiak, and F. B. McDonald, 1992, Astrophys. J. 392, L91

[c194] Wilson, T. L., and R. T. Rood, 1994, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., in press

[c195] Witten, E., 1984, Phys. Rev. D 30, 272

[c196] Wolfe, A. M., R. L. Brown, and M. S. Roberts, 1976, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 179

[c197] Woosley, S. E., D. H. Hartman, R. D. Hoffman, and W. C. Haxton, 1990, Astrophys. J. 356, 272

[c198] Yang, J., M. S. Turner, G. Steigman, D. N. Schramm, and K. A. Olive, 1984, Astrophys. J. 281, 493

[c199] Zanda, B., 1988, Thèse, Université de Paris

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

On the origin of the light elements ( $Z < 6$ )

Abstract

References (199)

Outline

Information

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation

On the origin of the light elements (Z<6)

Abstract

References (199)

On the origin of the light elements ( $Z < 6$ )