Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

The statistical mechanics of learning a rule

Timothy L. H. Watkin*, Albrecht Rau, and Michael Biehl

Timothy L. H. Watkin* and Albrecht Rau

  • Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom

Michael Biehl

  • Physikalisches Institut, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Am Hubland, D-8700 Würzburg, Germany

  • *Present address: St. Johns College, Cambridge CB2 ITP, United Kingdom.
  • Present address: Patentanwälte Schwabe, Sandmair, Marx, Stuntzstr. 16, D-8000 München 80, Germany.

Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 499 – Published 1 April, 1993

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.65.499

Abstract

A summary is presented of the statistical mechanical theory of learning a rule with a neural network, a rapidly advancing area which is closely related to other inverse problems frequently encountered by physicists. By emphasizing the relationship between neural networks and strongly interacting physical systems, such as spin glasses, the authors show how learning theory has provided a workshop in which to develop new, exact analytical techniques.

References (213)

  1. Abu-Mostafa, Y.S., 1989, Neural Comput. 1, 312
  2. Ackley, D. H., G. E. Hinton, and T.J. Sejnowski, 1985, Cognitive Sci. 9, 147
  3. Amari, S.-I., and N. Murata, 1991, "Statistical theory of learning curves under entropic loss criterion," University of Tokyo preprint
  4. Amit, D. J., 1989, Modeling Brain Function (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)
  5. Amit, D. J., H. Gutfreund, and H. Sompolinsky, 1985, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1530
  6. Anderson, P. W., Phys. Today, "Reference Frame," Jan. 1988, March 1988, June, 1988, Sept. 1988, July 1989, Sept. 1989, and March 1990
  7. Anlauf, J. K., and M. Biehl, 1989, Europhys. Lett. 10, 687
  8. Anlauf, J. K., and P. Kuhlmann, 1992, "Metastable states in the projection rule network," Universität Giessen preprint
  9. Barkai, E., D. Hansel, and I. Kanter, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2312
  10. Barkai, E., D. Hansel, and H. Sompolinsky, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 45, 4146
  11. Baum, E. B., 1991, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 2, 5
  12. Baum, E. B., and D. Haussler, 1989, Neural Comput. 1, 151
  13. Baxter, R. J., 1982, Exactly Solved Models in Statistical Mechanics (Academic, London)
  14. Bex, G.-J., 1992, private communication
  15. Bichsel, M., and P. Seitz, 1989, Neural Networks 2, 133
  16. Biehl, M., 1989, Diplomarbeit (Universität Giessen)
  17. Biehl, M., J. K. Anlauf, and W. Kinzel, 1991, in Neurodynamics, edited by F. Pasemann and H. D. Doebner (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 194
  18. Biehl, M., and M. Opper, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 44, 6888
  19. Biehl, M., and H. Schwarze, 1992, Europhys. Lett. 20, 733
  20. Binder, K., and D. W. Heerman, 1988, Monte Carlo Simulations in Statistical Mechanics (Springer, Berlin)
  21. Binder, K., and A. P. Young, 1986, Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 801
  22. Bohr, H., J. Bohr, S. Brunak, R. J. M. Cotterill, H. Fredholm, B. Lautrup, and S. B. Peterson, 1990, FEBS Lett. 261, 43
  23. Bollé, D., and P. Dupont, 1990, in Statistical Mechanics of Neural Networks, edited by L. Garrido (Springer, Berlin)
  24. Bollé, D., P. Dupont, and J. Huyghebaert, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 45, 4194
  25. Bollé, D., P. Dupont, and J. van Mourik, 1991, J. Phys. A 24, 1065
  26. Bronstein, I. N., and K. A. Semendjajew, 1985, Taschenbuch der Mathematik (Harri Deutsch, Thun), p. 677
  27. Brout, R., 1965, Phase Transitions (Benjamin, New York)
  28. Bryson, A. E., and Y.-C. Ho, 1969, Applied Optimal Control (Blaisdell, New York)
  29. Carnevali, P., and S. Patarnello, 1987, Europhys. Lett. 4, 1199
  30. Chesterton, G. K., 1910, "What's Wrong with the World," Chap. IV, p. 14
  31. Cottrell, G. W., P. Munro, and D. Zipser, 1987, in 9th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), p. 462
  32. Cover, T.M., 1965, IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput. EC-14, 326
  33. de Almeida, J.R.L., and D. J.Thouless, 1978, J. Phys. A. Math. Nucl. Gen. 11, 983
  34. De Dominicis, C., 1978, Phys. Rev. B 18, 4913
  35. De Figueiredo, R.J. P., 1980, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 38, 1227
  36. Del Giudice, P., S., Franz, and M. A. Virasoro, 1989, J. Phys. (Paris) 50, 121
  37. Denker, J. S., D. Schwartz, B. Wittner, S. A. Solla, R. E.Howard, L. D. Jackel, and J. J. Hopfield, 1987, Complex Syst. 1, 877
  38. Derrida, B., 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 2613
  39. Derrida, B., E. Gardner, and A. Zippelius, 1987, Europhys. Lett. 4, 167
  40. Derrida, B., R. B. Griffiths, and A. Prügel-Bennett, 1991, J. Phys. A 24, 4907
  41. Derrida, B., V. Hakim, and J. Vannimenus, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 888
  42. Derrida, B., and J. P. Nadal, 1987, J. Stat. Phys. 49, 993
  43. Diederich, S., and M. Opper, 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 949
  44. Domany, E., W. Kinzel, and R. Meir, 1986, Europhys. Lett. 2, 175
  45. Domany, E.W. KinzelR. MeirDomany, E., J. L. van Hemmen, and K. Schulten, 1991, Eds. Models of Neural Networks (Springer, Berlin)
  46. Eckmiller, R., 1989, in Neural Computing Architectures. The Design of Brainlike Machines, edited by I. Aleksander (North Oxford Academic, London), p. 305
  47. Edwards, S. F., 1970, in 4th International Conference on Amorphous Materials, edited by R. W. Douglas and B. Ellis (Wiley, New York)
  48. Edwards, S. F., and P. W. Anderson, 1975, J. Phys. F 5, 965
  49. Edwards, S. F., and R. C. Jones, 1976, J. Phys. A 9, 1595
  50. Eisenstein, E., and I. Kanter, 1992, "Numerical study of backpropagation learning algorithms for multilayer networks," Bar-Ilan University preprint
  51. Engel, A., H. M. Köhler, F. Tschepke, H. Vollmayr, and A. Zippelius, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 45, 7590
  52. Fahlmann, S. E., 1989, in Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer School, edited by D. Touretzky, G. Hinton, and T. Sejnowski (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo), p. 38
  53. Fahlman, S. E., and C. Lebiere, 1990, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II, edited by D. S. Touretzky (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo), p. 524
  54. Falk, H., 1975, J. Phys. C 8, L294
  55. Fisher, M. E., and D. S. Gaunt, 1964, Phys. Rev. A 133, 224
  56. Frean, M., 1990, Neural Comput. 2, 198
  57. Gallant, S. I., 1986, in Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), p. 652
  58. Gardner, E., 1986, J. Phys. A 19, L1047
  59. Gardner, E., 1987, Europhys. Lett. 4, 481
  60. Gardner, E., 1988, J. Phys. A 21, 257
  61. Gardner, E., and B. Derrida, 1988, J. Phys. A 21, 271
  62. Gardner, E., and B. Derrida, 1989, J. Phys. A 22, 1983
  63. Gardner, E., I. Yekutieli, and H. Gutfreund, 1989, J. Phys. A 22, 1995
  64. Garey, M. R., and D. S. Johnson, 1979, Computers and Intractability: A Guide to NP-Completeness (Freeman, New York)
  65. Geszti, T., 1990, Physical Models of Neural Networks (World Scientific, Singapore)
  66. Golea, M., and M. Marchand, 1990, Europhys. Lett. 12, 205
  67. Gross, D. J., and M. Mézard, 1984, Nucl. Phys. B 240, 431
  68. Grossman, T., 1990, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II, edited by D. S. Touretzky (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo), p. 516
  69. Grossman, T., and E. Domany, 1992, private communication
  70. Grossman, T., R. Meir, and E. Domany, 1988, Complex Syst. 2, 555
  71. Gutfreund, H., and G. Toulouse, 1992, "The physics of neural networks," in Spin Glasses and Biology, edited by D. L. Stein (World Scientific, Singapore)
  72. Györgyi, G., 1990a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2957
  73. Györgyi, G., 1990b, Phys. Rev. A 41, 7097
  74. Györgyi, G., and N. Tishby, 1990, in Neural Networks and Spin Glasses, edited by W. K. Theumann and R. Köberle (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 3
  75. Hammann, J., M. Ocio, E. Vincent, and R. Orbach, 1992, Physica A 185, 278
  76. Hansel, D., G. Mato, and C. Meunier, 1992, Europhys. Lett. 20, 471
  77. Hansel, D., 1992, private communication
  78. Hansel, D., and H. Sompolinsky, 1990, Europhys. Lett. 11, 687
  79. Hanson, S. J., and L. Pratt, 1989, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems I, edited by D.S. Touretzky (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo), p. 117
  80. Hebb, D. O., 1949, The Organization of Behavior (Wiley, New York)
  81. Hecht-Nielsen, R., 1987, in IEEE 1st International Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. III, edited by M. Caudill and C. Butler (IEEE, New York). p. 455
  82. Helmbold, D. P., and P.M. Long, 1991, in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory, edited by M. K. Warmuth and L. G. Valliant (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo)
  83. Hertz, J. A., A. Krogh, and R. G. Palmer, 1991, Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation (Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA)
  84. Hertz, J. A., A.Krogh, and G. I. Thorbergsson, 1989, J. Phys. A 22, 2133
  85. Hinton, G. E., 1986, in Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), p. 1
  86. Hopfield, J. J., 1982, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 2554
  87. Horner, H., 1992a, Z. Phys. B 86, 291
  88. Horner, H., 1992b, Z. Phys. B 87, 371
  89. Huang, K., 1987, Statistical Mechanics (Wiley, New York), p. 427
  90. Ising, E., 1925, Z. Phys. 31, 253
  91. Itzykson, C., and J.-M. Drouffe, 1989, Statistical Field Theory II (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)
  92. Jacobs, R. A., 1988, Neural Networks 1, 295
  93. Jaynes, E. T., 1957, Phys. Rev. 106, 620
  94. Jaynes, E.T., 1983, Papers on Probability, Statistics and Statistical Physics, Synthese Library Vol. 158, edited by R. D. Rosenkranz (Reidel, Dordrecht)
  95. Jeffreys, H., 1939, Theory of Probability (Clarendon, Oxford)
  96. Kac, M., 1968, in Trondheim Theoretical Physics Seminar, Nordita Publ. No. 286
  97. Kanter, I., 1988, Phys. Rev. A 37, 2739
  98. Kanter, I., 1992, private communication
  99. Karl, J. H., 1989, An Introduction to Digital Signal Processing (Academic, San Diego)
  100. Kinouchi, O., and N. Caticha, 1992, "Optimal generalization in perceptrons," Universade de São Paulo preprint
  101. Kinzel, W., and M. Opper, 1991, in Models of Neural Networks, edited by E. Domany, J. L. van Hemmen, and K. Schulten (Springer, Berlin), p. 149
  102. Kinzel, W,. and P. Ruján, 1990, Europhys. Lett. 13, 473
  103. Knerr, S., L. Personnaz, and G. Dreyfus, 1990, in Neurocomputing: Algorithms, Architectures and Applications (NATO ASI Series) (Springer, Berlin)
  104. Kocher, I., and R.Monasson, 1991, Int. J. of Neural Syst. 2, 115
  105. Köhler, H., S. Diederich, W. Kinzel, and M. Opper, 1990, Z. Phys. B 78, 333
  106. Kohonen, T., 1988, Neural Network Architectures (Kogan Page, London)
  107. Kramer, A. H., and A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, 1989, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems I, edited by D. S. Touretzky (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo)
  108. Krauth, W., and M. Mézard, 1987, J. Phys. A 20, L745
  109. Krauth, W., and M. Mézard, 1989, J. Phys. (Paris) 50, 3057
  110. Krogh, A., 1992, J. Phys. A 25, 1119
  111. Krogh, A., and J. A. Hertz, 1991, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems III, edited by D. S. Touretzky (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo)
  112. Krogh, A., G.I. Thorbergsson, and J. A. Hertz, 1990, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II, edited by D. S. Touretzky (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo), p. 733
  113. Kühn, R., S. Bös, and J. L. van Hemmen, 1991, Phys. Rev. A 43, 2084
  114. Kurchan, J., and E. Domany, 1990, J. Phys. A 23, L847
  115. Langevin, P., 1908, Compt. Rend. 43, 530
  116. Le Cun, Y., 1986, in Disordered Systems and Biological Organization, edited by E. Bienenstock, F. Fogelman-Soulié, and G. Weisbuch (Springer, Berlin), p. 234
  117. Le Cun, Y., J. S. Denker, and S. A. Solla, 1990, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II, edited by D. S. Touretzky (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo), p. 598
  118. Le Cun, Y., I. Kanter, and S. A.Solla, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2396
  119. Levin, E., N. Tishby, and S. A. Solla, 1989, in Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo)
  120. Levin, E., Y. Le Cun, and V. Vapnik, 1992, "Measuring the capacity of a learning machine (II)," AT&T Bell Laboratories, preprint
  121. Lippman, R. P., 1989, Neural Comput. 1, 1
  122. MacKay, D. J. C., 1992, Neural Comput. 4, 448
  123. Makram-Ebeid, S., J.-A. Sirat, and J.-R. Viala, 1989, in International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE, New York), Vol. II, p. 373
  124. Marchand, M., M. Golea, and P. Ruján, 1990, Europhys. Lett. 11, 487
  125. Martinez, D., and D. Esteve, 1992, Europhys. Lett. 18, 95
  126. Mato, G., and N. Parga, 1992, J. Phys. A 25, 5067
  127. McCulloch, W. S., and W. Pitts, 1943, Bull. Math. Biophys. 5, 115
  128. Meir, R., and J. F. Fontanari, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 45, 8874
  129. Mézard, M., and J.-P. Nadal, 1989, J. Phys. A 22, 2191
  130. Mézard, M., J.-P. Nadal, and G. Toulouse, 1986, J. Phys. (France) 47, 1457
  131. Mézard, M., G. Parisi, and M. A. Virasoro, 1987, Spin Glass Theory and Beyond (World Scientific, Singapore)
  132. Mézard, M., and S. Patarnello, 1989, "On the capacity of feedforward layered networks," Ecole Normale Supérieure Preprint No. LPTENS 89/24
  133. Minsky, M. L., and S. A. Papert, 1969, Perceptrons (MIT, Cambridge, MA)
  134. Mitchell, T. M., 1982, Artif. Intell. 18, 203
  135. Mitchison, G. J., and R. M. Durbin, 1989, Biol. Cybern. 60, 345
  136. Moody, J., 1992, "Generalization, weight decay and architecture selection for nonlinear learning schemes," Yale University preprint
  137. Müller, B., and J. Reinhardt, 1991, Neural Networks—An Introduction (Springer, Berlin)
  138. Nabutovsky, D., and E. Domany, 1991, Neural Comput. 3, 604
  139. Nabutovsky, D., T. Grossman, and E. Domany, 1990, Complex Syst. 4, 519
  140. Nadal, J.-P. 1989, Int. J. Neural Syst. 1, 55
  141. Nadal, J.-P., and A. Rau, 1991, J. Phys. I France 1, 1109
  142. Onsager, L., 1944, Phys. Rev. 65, 117
  143. Opper, M., 1989, Europhys. Lett. 8, 389
  144. Opper, M., S. Diederich, and J. K. Anlauf, 1988, in Neural Networks from Models to Applications, edited by L. Personnaz and G. Dreyfus (I.D.S.E.T., Paris)
  145. Opper, M., and D. Haussler, 1991a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2677
  146. Opper, M., and D. Haussler, 1991b, in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory, edited by M. K. Warmuth and L. G. Vallian (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo)
  147. Opper, M., W. Kinzel, J. Kleinz, and R. Nehl, 1990, J. Phys. A 23, L581
  148. Parisi, G., 1988, Statistical Field Theory (Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA)
  149. Parisi, G., and F. Slanina, 1992, Europhys. Lett. 17, 497
  150. Parrando, J. H. R., and C. Van den Broeck, 1992, "Vapnik Chervonenkis bounds for generalization," University of California, San Diego, preprint
  151. Patel, H. K., 1992, "Computational complexity, learning, rules and storage capacities: A Monte Carlo study for the binary perceptron," Universität Heidelberg preprint
  152. Patarnello, S., and P. Carnevali, 1987, Europhys. Lett. 4, 503
  153. Penney, R. W., and A. Wendenmuth, 1992, private communication
  154. Peretto, P., 1984, Biol. Cybern. 50, 51
  155. Peretto, P., 1991, The Modeling of Neural Networks (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)
  156. Personnaz, L., I. Guyon, and G. Dreyfus, 1986, Phys. Rev. A 34, 4217
  157. Plaut, D., S. Nowlan, and G. Hinton, 1986, "Experiments on learning by back propagation," Technical Report No. CMU-CS-86-126 (Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA)
  158. Ritter, H., K. Schulten, and T. Martinetz, 1990, Neuronale Netze (Addison-Wesley, Bonn)
  159. Rohwer, R., 1990, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II, edited by D. S. Touretzky (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo), p. 558
  160. Rosenblatt, F., 1962, Principles of Neurodynamics (Spartan, New York)
  161. Ruján, P., and M. Merchand, 1989, Complex Syst. 3, 229
  162. Ruján, P.M. MerchandRumelhart, D. E., and J. L. McClelland, 1986, Eds., Parallel Distributed Processing (MIT, Cambridge, MA)
  163. Saad, D., and E. Marom, 1990, Complex Syst. 4, 107
  164. Schmitz, H. J., G. Pöppel, F. Wünsch, and U. Krey, 1990, J. Phys. (France) 51, 167
  165. Schwartz, D. B., V. K. Samalam, S. A. Solla, and J. S. Denker, 1990, Neural Comput. 2, 371
  166. Schwarze, H., 1991, Diplomarbeit (Universität Giessen)
  167. Schwarze, H. and J. Hertz, 1992a, Europhys. Lett. 20, 375
  168. Schwarze, H., and J. Hertz, 1992b, "Generalization in a fully-connected committee machine," Nordita Preprint No. 92/61 S
  169. Schwarze, H., M. Opper, and W. Kinzel, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 46, R6185
  170. Sejnowski, T. J., and C. R. Rosenberg, 1987, Complex Syst. 1, 145
  171. Seung, H. S., 1991, private communication
  172. Seung, H. S., M. Opper, and H. Sompolinsky, 1992, "Query by committee," Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (ACM, NY)
  173. Seung, H. S., H. Sompolinsky, and N. Tishby, 1992, Phys. Rev. A 45, 6056
  174. Sherrington, D., 1986, Prog. Theor. Phys. 87, 180
  175. Sherrington, D., and S. Kirkpatrick, 1975, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 1792
  176. Sietsma, J., and R. J. F. Dow, 1988, in IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. I (IEEE, New York), p. 325
  177. Sirat, J.-A., and J.-P. Nadal, 1990, Network 1, 423
  178. Sjöberg, L. Ljung, 1992, "Overtraining, regularization and searching for minimum in neural networks," Linköping University, Sweden, preprint
  179. Solla, S. A., 1992, private communication
  180. Solla, S. A., E. Levin, and M. Fleischer, 1988, Complex Syst. 2, 625
  181. Sompolinsky, H., and N. Tishby, 1990, Europhys. Lett. 13, 567
  182. Sompolinsky, H., N. Tishby, and H. S. Seung, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1683
  183. Sourlas, N., 1989, Nature 339, 693
  184. Stanley, H. E., 1971, Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
  185. Tishby, N., E. Levin, and S. Solla, 1989, in IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. II (IEEE, New York), p. 403
  186. Utans, J., and J. Moody, 1991, in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications on Wall Street (IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamos, CA)
  187. Vallet, F., 1989, Europhys. Lett. 8, 747
  188. Vallet, F., J. Cailton, and P. Refregier, 1989, Europhys. Lett. 9, 315
  189. Van den Broeck, C., and R. Kawai, 1990, Phys. Rev. A 42, 6210
  190. van Hemmen, J. L., D. Grensing, A. Huber, and R. Kühn, 1988, J. Stat. Phys. 50, 231
  191. van Hemmen, J. L., G. Keller, and R. Kühn, 1988, Europhys. Lett. 5, 663
  192. Vapnik, V. N., 1982, Estimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data (Springer, Berlin)
  193. Vapnik, V. N., 1992, "Measuring the capacity of a learning machine (I)," AT&T Bell Laboratories preprint
  194. Vapnik, V. N., and A. Y. Chervonenkis, 1971, Theory Probab. Its Appl. 16, 264
  195. Venkatesh, S., 1986, in Neural Networks for Computing, AIP Conference Proceedings No. 151, edited by J. S. Denker (AIP, New York), p. 440
  196. Vogl, T. P., W. T. Zink, J. K. Mangis, D. L. Alkon, and A. K. Rigler, 1988, Biol. Cybern. 59, 257
  197. von Lehmann, A., E. G. Paek, P. F. Iao, A. Marrakchi, and J. S. Patel, 1988, in IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. I (IEEE, New York), p. 335
  198. Waibel, A., T. Hanazawa, G. Hinton, K. Shikano, and K. J. Lang, 1989, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. 37, 328
  199. Watkin, T. L. H., 1991, unpublished
  200. Watkin, T. L. H., 1993, "Optimal learning with a neural network," Europhys. Lett. 21, 871
  201. Watkin, T. L. H., and A. Rau, 1992a, J. Phys. A 25, 113
  202. Watkin, T. L. H., and A. Rau, 1992b, Phys. Rev. A 45, 4102
  203. Watkin, T. L. H., A. Rau, D. Bollé, and J. van Mourik, 1992, J. Phys. I France 2, 167
  204. Watkin, T. L. H., and D. Sherrington, 1992, "An exactly solved neural network which is susceptible to simulation," Oxford University preprint
  205. Watrous, R. L., 1987, in IEEE 1st International Conference on Neural Networks, edited by M. Caudill and C. Butler (IEEE, New York), Vol. II, p. 619
  206. Weisbuch, G., 1991, Complex Systems Dynamics (Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA)
  207. Wendemuth, A., 1991, Diplomarbeit (Universität Giessen)
  208. Widrow, B., and M. E. Hoff, 1960, in 1960 IRE WESCON Conv. Rep. IV (Institute of Radio Engineers, New York), p. 96
  209. Winder, R. O., 1963, IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput. EC-12, 561
  210. Wittner, B. S., and J. S. Denker, 1988, in Neural Information Processing Systems, edited by D. Z. Anderson (AIP, New York), p. 850
  211. Wong, K. Y. M., and D. Sherrington, 1990, J. Phys. A 23, 4659
  212. Wu, F. Y., 1982, Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 235
  213. Zollner, R. H. J. Schmitz, F. Wünsch, and U. Krey, 1992, Neural Networks 5, 771

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation