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The geometric phase in molecular systems

C. Alden Mead

C. Alden Mead

  • Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 51 – Published 1 January, 1992

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.64.51

Abstract

The fundamental theory of the geometric phase is summarized in a way suitable for use in molecular systems treated by the Born-Oppenheimer approach. Both Abelian and non-Abelian cases are considered. Applications discussd include the Abelian geometric phase associated with an intersection of two electronic potential-energy surfaces; screening of nuclei by the electrons from an external magnetic field; non-Abelian gauge potentials in molecular systems with Kramers degeneracy; and the coupling between different electronic levels (Born-Oppenheimer breakdown) represented as a gauge potential. Experimental tests for these systems are discussed, as well as a number of experiments on spin systems.

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 51– Published 1 January, 1992

    © 1992 American Physical Society

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