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The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy

Ernst Ruska

Ernst Ruska

  • Abteilung Elektronenmikroskopie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max Planck-Gesellschaft, D-1000 Berlin 33 (Dahlem), West Germany

Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 627 – Published 1 July, 1987

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.59.627

References (30)

  1. Beischer, D., and F. Krause, 1937, "Das Elektronenmikroskop als Hilfsmittel der Kolloidforschung" (The electron microscope as an aid in colloid research), Naturwissenschaften 25, 817
  2. Birkeland, Kr. 1896, "Sur les rayons cathodiques sous l'action de forces magnétiques intenses" (On cathode rays under the action of intense magnetic forces) Bibliothèque universelles Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles, Genève, Ser. 4, I, 497
  3. Busch, H., 1927, "Über die Wirkungsweise der Konzentrierungsspule bei der Braunschen Röhre" (On the mode of action of the concentrating coil in the Braun tube), Arch. Elektrotech. (Berlin) 18, 583
  4. de Broglie, L., 1924, "Recherches sur la théorie des quanta" (Researches on the theory of quanta), thesis (Université de Paris), published in Ann. Phys. (Paris), Ser. 10, 3, 22 (1925)
  5. Dietrich, I., F. Fox, E. Knapek, G. Lefranc, K. Nachtrieb, R. Weyl, and H. Zerbst, 1971, "Improvements in electron microscopy by application of superconductivity," Ultramicroscopy 2, 241
  6. Driest, E., and H. O. Müller, 1935, "Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen (Elektronenmikrogramme) von Chitinobjekten" [Electron microscopical photographs (electron micrograms) of Chitin objects], Z. Wiss. Mikrosk. 52, 53
  7. Henderson, R., and P. N. T. Unwin, 1975, "Three-dimensional model of purple membrane obtained by electron microscopy," Nature (London) 257, 28
  8. Hittorf, W., 1869, "Über die Elektrizitätsleitung der Gase" (On the electrical conductivity of gases), Ann. Phys. Chemie, Ser. 2, 16, 1 (Part I) ibid.16197 (Part II)
  9. Knoll, M., 1931, "Berechnungsgrundlagen und neuere Ausführungsformen des Kathodenstrahloszillographen" (The bases of design and new forms of construction of the cathoderay oscillograph), unpublished Manuscript (pp. 1-26) of a lecture delivered in the Cranz-Colloquium at the Technological University of Berlin on 4 June 1931
  10. Knoll, M., and E. Ruska, 1932a, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik" (Contribution to geometrical electron optics), Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 12, 607 (Part I) ibid.12641 (Part II)
  11. Knoll, M., and E. Ruska, 1932b, "Das Elektronenmikroskop" (The electron microscope), Z. Phys. 78, 318
  12. Krause, F., 1937a, "Neuere Untersuchungen mit dem magnetischen Elektronenmikroskop" (New investigations with the magnetic electron microscope), in Beiträge zur Elektronenoptik, edited by H. Busch and E. Brüche (Barth, Leipzig), pp. 55-61
  13. Krause, F., 1937b, "Das magnetische Elektronenmikroskop und seine Anwendung in der Biologie (The magnetic electron microscope and its application in biology), Naturwissenschaften 25, 817
  14. Marton, L., 1934, "La microscopie électronique des objets biologiques" (Electron microscopy of biological objects), Acad. R. Belg., Mem. Cl. Sci., Collect., Ser. 5, 20, 439
  15. Marton, L., 1936, "Le microscope électronique" (The electron microscope), Rev. Microbiol. Appl. Agric., Hyg., Ind. 2, 117
  16. Rankin, R., 1905, "The cathode-ray oscillograph," Electric Club J. II, 620
  17. Riecke, W. D., and E. Ruska, 1966, "A 100 kV transmission electron microscope with single-field condenser objective," in Electron Microscopy 1966, Vol. I, Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress for Electron Microscopy, edited by Ryozi Uyeda (Maruzen, Tokyo), p. 19
  18. Ruska, E., 1929, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der Konzentrierspule" (On a method of designing a cathode-ray oscillograph on the basis of the experimentally found dependence of the writing spot diameter on the position of the concentrating coil), student project thesis submitted 10 May 1929. (Technische Hochschule Berlin), 117 pp
  19. Ruska, E., 1930, "Untersuchung elektrostatischer Sammelvorrichtungen als Ersatz der magnetischen Konzentrierspulen bei Kathodenstrahloszillographen" (Investigation of electrostatic concentrating devices as a substitute for the magnetic concentrating coils in cathode-ray oscillographs), Diploma project thesis submitted 23 December 1930 (Technological University of Berlin), 90 pp
  20. Ruska, E., 1933, "Über ein magnetisches Objektiv für das Elektronenmikroskop" (On a magnetic objective lens for the electron microscope), Dissertation (Technological University of Berlin), submitted 31 August 1933, published in Z. Phys. 89, 90 (1934)
  21. Ruska, E., 1934, "Über Fortschritte im Bau und in der Leistung des magnetischen Elektronenmikroskops" (On the progress in the construction and performance of the magnetic electron microscope), Z. Phys. 87, 580
  22. Ruska, E., 1950, "Über neue magnetische Durchstrahlungs-Elektronenmikroskope im Strahlspannungsbereich von 40...220 kV, Teil I" (On new magnetic transmission electron microscopes for beam voltages between 40 and 220 kV), Kolloid-Z. 116, 103
  23. Ruska, E., and M. Knoll, 1931, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle Elektronenstrahlen" (The magnetic concentrating coil for fast electron beams), Z. Tech. Phys. 12, 389 and 448
  24. Ruska, E., and O. Wolff, 1956, Ein hochauflösendes 100 kV Elektronenmikroskop mit Kleinfelddurchstrahlung [A high-resolution transmission electron microscope (100 kV) with small-area illumination.] Z. Wiss. Mikrosk. 62, 466
  25. Ruska, Ernst, 1980, The Early Development of Electron Lenses and Electron Microscopy (Hirzel, Stuttgart), pp. 113-116
  26. Ruska, H., 1942, (Morphologische Befunde bei der bakteriophagen Lyse" (Morphological effects during lysis induced by bacteriophages), Arch. Ges. Virusforsch. 2, 345 (submitted 3 October 1941)
  27. von Borries, B., and E. Ruska, 1938, Vorläufige Mitteilung über Fortschritte im Bau in der Leistung des Übermikroskops. (Preliminary communication on advances in the construction and performance of the Ultramicroscope.) Wiss. Veröff. Siemens-Werken 17, 99
  28. von Borries, B., and E. Ruska, 1939, "Ein Übermikroskop für Forschungsindustrie" (An ultramicroscope for industrial research), Naturwissenschaften 27, 577
  29. F. Zemlin, K. Weiss, P. Schiske, W. Kunath, and K.-H. Herrmann, 1978, "Coma-free alignment of high resolution electron microscopes with the aid of optical diffractograms, Ultramicroscopy 3, 49
  30. Zemlin, F., E. Reuber, E. Beckmann, E. Zeitler, and D. L. Dorset, 1985, "Molecular resolution electron micrographs of monolamellar paraffin crystals," Science 229, 461

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