- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Surface-enhanced spectroscopy

Martin Moskovits

Martin Moskovits

  • Department of Chemistry and Erindale College, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A1

PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783 – Published 1 July, 1985

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.57.783

Abstract

In 1978 it was discovered, largely through the work of Fleischmann, Van Duyne, Creighton, and their coworkers that molecules adsorbed on specially prepared silver surfaces produce a Raman spectrum that is at times a millionfold more intense than expected. This effect was dubbed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Since then the effect has been demonstrated with many molecules and with a number of metals, including Cu, Ag, Au, Li, Na, K, In, Pt, and Rh. In addition, related phenomena such as surface-enhanced second-harmonic generation, four-wave mixing, absorption, and fluorescence have been observed. Although not all fine points of the enhancement mechanism have been clarified, the majority view is that the largest contributor to the intensity amplification results from the electric field enhancement that occurs in the vicinity of small, interacting metal particles that are illuminated with light resonant or near resonant with the localized surface-plasmon frequency of the metal structure. Small in this context is gauged in relation to the wavelength of light. The special preparations required to produce the effect, which include among other techniques electrochemical oxidation-reduction cycling, deposition of metal on very cold substrates, and the generation of metal-island films and colloids, is now understood to be necessary as a means of producing surfaces with appropriate electromagnetic resonances that may couple to electromagnetic fields either by generating rough films (as in the case of the former two examples) or by placing small metal particles in close proximity to one another (as in the case of the latter two). For molecules chemisorbed on SERS-active surface there exists a "chemical enhancement" in addition to the electromagnetic effect. Although difficult to measure accurately, the magnitude of this effect rarely exceeds a factor of 10 and is best thought to arise from the modification of the Raman polarizability tensor of the adsorbate resulting from the formation of a complex between the adsorbate and the metal. Rather than an enhancement mechanism, the chemical effect is more logically to be regarded as a change in the nature and identity of the adsorbate.

View figure in article

References (227)

  1. Abe, H., K. Manzel, and W. Schulze, 1981, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 792
  2. Abe, H., W. Schulze, and B. Tesche, 1980, Chem. Phys. 47, 95
  3. Adams, A., R. W. Rendell, W. P. West, H. P. Broida, P. K. Hansa, and H. Metiu, 1980, Phys. Rev. B 21, 5565
  4. Adrian, F. J., 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 78, 45
  5. Adrian, F. J., 1982, J. Chem. Phys. 77, 5302
  6. Albano, E. V., S. Daiser, G. Ertl, R. Mironda, and K. Wandelt, 1983, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 2314
  7. Albrecht, M. G., and J. A. Creighton, 1977, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 5215
  8. Aravind, P. K., and H. Metiu, 1980, Chem. Phys. Lett. 74, 301
  9. Aravind, P. K., A. Nitzan, and H. Metiu, 1981, Surf. Sci. 110, 189
  10. Araya, K., and R. Zeyher, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 1852
  11. Arias, J., P. K. Aravind, and H. Metiu, 1982, Chem. Phys. Lett. 85, 404
  12. Avouris, P., and J. E. Demuth, 1981, J. Chem. Phys. 75, 4783
  13. Avouris, P., D. Schmeisser, and J. E. Demuth, 1983, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 488
  14. Batchelder, D. N., N. J. Poole, and D. Bloor, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 81, 560
  15. Benner, R. C., K. V. Von Raben, K. C. Lee, J. F. Owen, R. K. Changa, and B. L. Laube, 1983, Chem. Phys. Lett. 96, 65
  16. Billmann, J., G. Kovacs, and A. Otto, 1980, Surf. Sci. 92, 153
  17. Billmann, J., and A. Otto, 1982, Solid State Commun. 44, 105
  18. Blatchford, C. G., M. Kerker, and D. S. Wang, 1983, Chem. Phys. Lett. 100, 230
  19. Blatchford, C. G., O. Siiman, and M. Kerker, 1983, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 2503
  20. Blatchford, C. G.O. SiimanM. KerkerBrundle, C. R., and H. Morawitz, Eds., 1983, Vibrations at Surfaces (Elsevier, Amsterdam)
  21. Burstein, E., Y. J. Chen, C. Y. Chen, S. Lundquist, and E. Tossatti, 1979, Solid State Commun. 29, 567
  22. Burstein, E., S. Lundquist, and D. L. Mills, 1982, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 67
  23. Campion, A., V. M. Grizzle, D. R. Mullins, and J. K. Brown, 1983, J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. C10-44, 341
  24. Campion, A., and D. R. Mullins, 1983, Chem. Phys. Lett. 94, 576
  25. Chance, R. R., A. Prock, and R. Silbey, 1978, Adv. Chem. Phys. 37, 1
  26. Chang, R. K., and B. L. Laube, 1984, CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Mat. Sci. 12, 1
  27. Chemla, D. S., J. P. Heritage, D. F. Liao, and E. D. Isaacs, 1983, Phys. Rev. B 27, 4553
  28. Chen, C. Y., and E. Burstein, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1287
  29. Chen, C. Y., E. Burstein, and S. Lundquist, 1979, Solid State Commun. 32, 63
  30. Chen, C. Y., A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, 1981, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 145
  31. Chen, C. Y., T. F. Heintz, D. Ricard, and Y. R. Shen, 1981, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1010
  32. Craighead, H. G., and A. M. Glass, 1981, Opt. Lett. 6, 248
  33. Creighton, J. A., 1982, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 315
  34. Creighton, J. A., 1983, Surf. Sci. 124, 209
  35. Creighton, J. A., C. G. Blatchford, and M. G. Albrecht, 1979, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 75, 790
  36. Cyvin, S. J., J. E. Rauch, and J. C. Decius, 1965, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 4083
  37. Dicke, R. H., 1954, Phys. Rev. 93, 99
  38. Dignam, M. J., and J. Fedyk, 1977, J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. C5-38, 57
  39. Dignam, M. J., and M. Moskovits, 1973, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 69, 65
  40. DiLella, D. P., 1985, private communication
  41. DiLella, D. P., A. Gohin, R. H. Lipson, P. McBreen, and M. Moskovits, 1980, J. Chem. Phys. 73, 4282
  42. Dorain, P. B., K. V. von Raben, R. K. Chang, and B. L. Laube, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 84, 405
  43. Dornhaus, R., M. B. Long, R. E. Benner, and R. K. Chang, 1980, Surf. Sci. 93, 240
  44. Eagen, C. F., 1981, Appl. Opt. 20, 3035
  45. Eesley, G. L., 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 5477
  46. Efrima, S., and H. Metiu, 1979a, J. Chem. Phys. 70, 1602
  47. Efrima, S., and H. Metiu, 1979b, J. Chem. Phys. 70, 1939
  48. Efrima, S., and H. Metiu, 1979c, J. Chem. Phys. 70, 2297
  49. Endriz, J. G., 1974, Appl. Phys. Lett. 25, 261
  50. Erdheim, G. R., R. L. Birke, and J. R. Lombardi, 1980, Chem. Phys. Lett. 69, 495
  51. Ertürk, U., I. Pockrand, and A. Otto, 1983, Surf. Sci. 131, 367
  52. Feibelman, P. J., 1975, Phys. Rev. B 12, 1319
  53. Feibelman, P. J., 1980, Phys. Rev. B 22, 3654
  54. Fleischmann, M., P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, 1974, Chem. Phys. Lett. 26, 163
  55. Franks, F., 1981, Polywater (MIT, Cambridge, MA)
  56. Fuchs, R., and R. G. Barrera, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 2940
  57. Furtak, T. E., and S. H. Macomber, 1983, Chem. Phys. Lett. 95, 328
  58. Furtak, T. E., and D. Roy, 1983, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1301
  59. Garroff, S., and C. J. Sandroff, 1983, private communication
  60. Garroff, S., D. A. Weitz, T. J. Gramila, and C. D. Hanson, 1981, Opt. Lett. 6, 245
  61. Gersten, J. I., 1980a, J. Chem. Phys. 72, 5779
  62. Gersten, J. I., 1980b, J. Chem. Phys. 72, 5780
  63. Gersten, J. I., and A. Nitzan, 1980, J. Chem. Phys. 73, 3023
  64. Gersten, J. I., and A. Nitzan, 1981, J. Chem. Phys. 75, 1139
  65. Gersten, J. I., D. A. Weitz, T. J. Gramila, and A. Z. Genack, 1980, Phys. Rev. B 22, 4562
  66. Glass, A. M., P. F. Liao, J. G. Bergman, and D. H. Olson, 1980, Opt. Lett. 5, 368
  67. Glass, A. M., A. Wokaun, J. P. Heritage, J. G. Bergman, P. F. Liao, and D. H. Olson, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 4906
  68. Goncher, G. M., and C. B. Harris, 1982, J. Chem. Phys. 77, 3767
  69. Greenler, R. G., and T. L. Slager, 1973, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 29, 193
  70. Greenler, R. G., D. R. Snider, D. Witt, and R. S. Sorbello, 1982, Surf. Sci. 118, 415
  71. Hammaker, R. M., S. A. Francis, and R. P. Eischens, 1965, Spectrochim. Acta 21, 1295
  72. Heinz, T. F., C. K. Chen, D. Ricard, and Y. R. Shen, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 83, 180
  73. Heritage, J. P., and A. M. Glass, 1984, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 391
  74. Hexter, R. M., and M. G. Albrecht, 1979, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 35, 233
  75. Hilton, P. R., and D. W. Oxtoby, 1980, J. Phys. Chem. 72, 6346
  76. Hochstrasser, R. M., and A. H. Zewail, 1971, Chem. Phys. Lett. 11, 157
  77. Hu, C.-K., and C.-Y. Huang, 1982, Opt. Commun. 43, 395
  78. Inoue, M., and K. Ohtaka, 1983, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 52, 3853
  79. Jah, S. S., J. R. Kirtley, and J. C. Tsang, 1980, Phys. Rev. B 22, 3973
  80. Jeanmaire, D. L., and R. P. Van Duyne, 1977, J. Electroanal. Chem. 84, 1
  81. Johnson, P. B., and R. W. Christy, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 6, 4370
  82. Kerker, M., 1979, Appl. Opt. 18, 1180
  83. Kerker, M., O. Siiman, and O. S. Wang, 1984, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 3168
  84. Kerker, M., D. S. Wang, and H. Chew, 1980, Appl. Opt. 19, 4159
  85. Kester, J., 1985, private communication
  86. King, F. W., and G. C. Schatz, 1979, Chem. Phys. 38, 245
  87. King, F. W., R. P. Van Duyne, and G. C. Schatz, 1978, J. Chem. Phys. 69, 4472
  88. Kliewer, K. L., and R. Fuchs, 1968, Phys. Rev. 172, 607
  89. Korzenieski, G., T. Maniv, and H. Metiu, 1980, Chem. Phys. Lett. 73, 212
  90. Kotler, Z., and A. Nitzan, 1982, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 2011
  91. Krasser, W., and A. J. Renouprez, 1982, Solid State Commun. 41, 231
  92. Lambe, J., and S. L. McCarthy, 1976, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 923
  93. Laor, U., and G. C. Schatz, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 82, 566
  94. Lee, T. K., and J. L. Birman, 1980a, Phys. Rev. B 22, 5953
  95. Lee, T. K., and J. L. Birman, 1980b, Phys. Rev. B 22, 5961
  96. Li, K.-H., 1982, Surf. Sci. 115, 513
  97. Liang, N. T., T. T. Chen, H. Chang, Y. C. Chou, and S.-H. Wang, 1983, Opt. Lett. 8, 374
  98. Liao, P. F., 1982, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. W. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 379
  99. Liao, P. F., J. G. Bergman, D. S. Chemla, A. Wokaun, J. Melngailis, A. M. Hawryluk, and N. P. Economou, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 82, 355
  100. Liao, P. F., and A. Wokaun, 1982, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 751
  101. Lippitsch, M. E., 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 79, 224
  102. Lippitsch, M. E., 1984, Phys. Rev. B 29, 3101
  103. Liver, N., A. Nitzan, and J. I. Gersten, 1984, Chem. Phys. Lett. 111, 449
  104. Lombardi, J. R., E. A. Shields Knight, and R. L. Birke, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 79, 214
  105. López-Ríos, T., Y. Borensztein, and G. Vuye, 1983, J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 44, L99
  106. Lund, P. A., D. F. Tevault, and R. R. Smardzewski, 1984, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 1731
  107. Mabuchi, M., T. Takenaka, Y. Fujiyoshi, and N. Uyeda, 1982, Surf. Sci. 119, 150
  108. Maniv, T., and H. Metiu, 1980a, J. Chem. Phys. 72, 1996
  109. Maniv, T., and H. Metiu, 1980b, Phys. Rev. B 22, 4731
  110. Maniv, T., and H. Metiu, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 79, 79
  111. Manzel, K., W. Schulze, and M. Moskovits, 1982, Chem. Phys. Lett. 85, 183
  112. Marton, J. P., and J. R. Lemon, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 4, 271
  113. Maxwell-Garnett, J. C., 1904, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 203, 385
  114. Maxwell-Garnett, J. C., 1906, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 205, 237
  115. McBreen, P. H., and M. Moskovits, 1983, J. Appl. Phys. 54, 329
  116. McBreen, P. H., and M. Moskovits, 1985, unpublished
  117. McCall, S. L., and P. M. Platzman, 1980, Phys. Rev. B 22, 1660
  118. McCall, S. L., P. M. Platzman, and P. A. Wolff, 1980, Phys. Lett. 77A, 381
  119. Metiu, H., 1982, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 1
  120. Metiu, H., 1983, private communication
  121. Metiu, H., 1984, Prog. Surf. Sci.
  122. Metiu, H., and P. Das, 1984, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 35, 507
  123. Morawitz, H., and M. R. Philpott, 1974, Phys. Rev. B 10, 4863
  124. Moskovits, M., 1978, J. Chem. Phys. 69, 4159
  125. Moskovits, M., 1979, Solid State Commun. 32, 59
  126. Moskovits, M., 1982, J. Chem. Phys. 77, 4408
  127. Moskovits, M., 1983, Chem. Phys. Lett. 98, 498
  128. Moskovits, M., and D. P. DiLella, 1980, Chem. Phys. Lett. 73, 500
  129. Moskovits, M., and D. P. DiLella, 1982a, J. Chem. Phys. 77, 4408
  130. Moskovits, M., and D. P. DiLella, 1982b, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 243
  131. Moskovits, M., and D. P. DiLella, 1985, unpublished
  132. Moskovits, M., and J. E. Hulse, 1978, Surf. Sci. 78, 397
  133. Moskovits, M., and P. McBreen, 1978, J. Chem. Phys. 68, 4992
  134. Moskovits, M., and J. S. Suh, 1985, unpublished
  135. Moskovits, M., and J. S. Suh, 1984, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 1293
  136. Moskovits, M., and J. S. Suh, 1985, J. Phys. Chem. (to be published)
  137. Moskovits, M., and R. Wolkow, 1984, in Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo), p. 874
  138. Mukamel, S., and A. Nitzan, 1977, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 2462
  139. Mullins, D. R., and A. Campion, 1985, unpublished
  140. Murphy, D. V., and S. R. J. Brueck, 1983, Opt. Lett. 8, 494
  141. Murphy, D. V., K. V. Von Raben, R. K. Chang, and P. Dorain, 1982, Chem. Phys. Lett. 85, 43
  142. Murray, C. A., 1982, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 203
  143. Murray, C. A., and D. L. Allara, 1982, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 1290
  144. Murray, C. A., D. L. Allara, and M. Rhinewine, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 57
  145. Murray, C. A., and S. Bodoff, 1984a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2273
  146. Murray, C. A., and S. Bodoff, 1984b, Phys. Rev. B (to be published)
  147. Naaman, R., S. J. Buelow, O. Choshnovsky, and D. R. Herschbach, 1980, J. Phys. Chem. 84, 2692
  148. Newns, D. M., 1969, Phys. Rev. 178, 1123
  149. Nichols, H., and R. M. Hexter, 1981, J. Chem. Phys. 75, 3126
  150. Nitzan, A., and L. E. Brus, 1981a, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 5321
  151. Nitzan, A., and L. E. Brus, 1981b, J. Chem. Phys. 75, 2205
  152. Otto, A., 1982, in Raman Spectroscopy, Linear and Nonlinear, edited by J. Lascombe and P. V. Huong (Wiley Heyden, Chichester), p. 49
  153. Otto, A., 1983a, in Light Scattering in Solids IV, edited by M. Cardona and G. Güntherodt, Topics in Applied Physics (Springer, Berlin), Vol. 54
  154. Otto, A., 1983b, Phys. Rev. B 27, 5132
  155. Otto, A., I. Pockrand, J. Billman, and C. Pettenkofer, 1982, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 147
  156. Otto, A., J. Timper, J. Billman, G. Kovacs, and I. Pockrand, 1980, Surf. Sci. 92, L55
  157. Owen, J. F., T. T. Chen, and R. K. Chang, 1983, Surf. Sci. 131, 195
  158. Parker, W. L., R. M. Hexter, and A. R. Siedle, 1984, Chem. Phys. Lett. 107, 96
  159. Pearce, H. S., and N. Sheppard, 1976, Surf. Sci. 59, 205
  160. Persson, B. N. J., 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 82, 561
  161. Pettinger, B., and L. Moerl, 1983, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 29, 383
  162. Pettinger, B., V. Wenning, and C. M. Kolb, 1979, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 82, 1326
  163. Philpott, M. R., 1975, J. Chem. Phys. 62, 1812
  164. Pockrand, I., 1983, in Proceedings of ECOSS 5, edited by J. Vennik, L. Fiermans, R. De Gryse, and R. Hoogewijs (Surf. Sci. 126, 192)
  165. Pockrand, I., J. Billmann, and A. Otto, 1983, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 6384
  166. Pockrand, I., and A. Otto, 1980, Solid State Commun. 35, 861
  167. Pockrand, I., and A. Otto, 1981, Solid State Commun. 38, 1159
  168. Regis, A., and J. Corset, 1980, Chem. Phys. Lett. 70, 305
  169. Richardson, N. V., and J. K. Sass, 1979, Chem. Phys. Lett. 62, 267
  170. Ritchie, G., and E. Burstein, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 4843
  171. Robinson, G. W., 1980, Chem. Phys. Lett. 76, 191
  172. Robinson, G. W., 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 80, 404
  173. Rosetti, R., and L. E. Brus, 1982, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 1146
  174. Rousseau, D. L., J. J. Friedman, and P. F. Williams, 1979, in Raman Spectroscopy of Gases and Liquids, edited by A. Weber, Topics in Current Physics (Springer, Berlin), Vol. 11, p. 203
  175. Rowe, J. E., C. V. Shank, D. A. Zwemer, and C. A. Murray, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 1770
  176. Ruppin, R., 1981, Solid State Commun. 39, 903
  177. Ruppin, R., 1982, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 1681
  178. Sanchez, L. A., R. L. Birke, and J. R. Lombardi, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 79, 219
  179. Sanda, P. N., J. M. Warlanmont, J. E. Demuth, J. C. Tsang, K. Cristmann, and J. A. Bradley, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1519
  180. Sandroff, C. J., S. Garroff, and K. P. Leung, 1983, Chem. Phys. Lett. 96, 547
  181. Sandroff, C. J., and D. R. Herschbach, 1982, in Raman Spectroscopy, Linear and Nonlinear, edited by J. Lascombe and P. V. Huong (Wiley-Heydon, Chichester), p. 87
  182. Sandroff, C. J., H. E. King, Jr., and D. R. Herschbach, 1984, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 5647
  183. Sass, J. K., H. Neff, M. Moskovits, and S. Holoway, 1981, J. Phys. Chem. 85, 621
  184. Schatz, G. C., 1982, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York,), p. 35
  185. Schmeisser, D., J. E. Demuth, and P. Avouris, 1982, Chem. Phys. Lett. 87, 324
  186. Schultz, S. G., M. Janik-Czachor, and R. P. Van Duyne, 1981, Surf. Sci. 104, 419
  187. Schultz, G. J., 1973, Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 423
  188. Schulze, W., B. Breithaupt, K.-P. Charlé, and U. Kloss, 1984, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 88, 308
  189. Seki, H., 1981, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 18, 633
  190. Seki, H., 1982, Solid State Commun. 42, 695
  191. Seki, H., and T. J. Chuang, 1983, Chem. Phys. Lett. 100, 393
  192. Shigeishi, R. A., and D. A. King, 1976, Surf. Sci. 58, 379
  193. Siiman, O., L. A. Bumm, R. Callaghan, C. G. Blatchford, and M. Kerker, 1983, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 1014
  194. Smardzewski, R. R., R. J. Colton, and J. S. Murday, 1979, Chem. Phys. Lett. 68, 53
  195. Sommerfeld, A., 1949, Partial Differential Equations in Physics (Academic, New York), Chap. 4
  196. Suh, J. S., D. P. DiLella, and M. Moskovits, 1983, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 1540
  197. Ueba, H., 1980, J. Chem. Phys. 73, 725
  198. Van de Hulst, H. C., 1957, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Wiley, New York)
  199. Van Duyne, R. P., and J. P. Haushalter, 1983, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 2999
  200. von Raben, K. V., P. B. Dorain, T. T. Chen, and R. K. Chang, 1983, Chem. Phys. Lett. 95, 269
  201. Wang, D. S., H. Chew, and M. Kerker, 1980, Appl. Opt. 19, 2256
  202. Wang, D. S., and M. Kerker, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 1777
  203. Wang, D. S., and M. Kerker, 1982, Phys. Rev. B 25, 2433
  204. Weber, W. H., and C. F. Eagen, 1979, Opt. Lett. 4, 236
  205. Weber, W. H., and G. W. Ford, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1774
  206. Weber, W. H., and G. W. Ford, 1981, Surf. Sci. 109, 451
  207. Weber, W. H., and D. L. Mills, 1983, Phys. Rev. B 27, 2698
  208. Weitz, D. A., S. Garoff, J. I. Gersten, and A. Nitzan, 1983, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 5324
  209. Weitz, D. A., S. Garoff, and T. J. Gramila, 1982, Opt. Lett. 7, 168
  210. Weitz, D. A., S. Garoff, C. D. Hanson, T. J. Gramila, and J. I. Gersten, 1982, Opt. Lett. 7, 89
  211. Weitz, D. A., T. J. Gramila, and A. Z. Genach, 1982, in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, edited by R. K. Chang and T. E. Furtak (Plenum, New York), p. 339
  212. Weitz, D. A., T. J. Gramila, A. Z. Genack, and J. I. Gersten, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 355
  213. Weitz, D. A., and M. Oliveria, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1433
  214. Wetzel, H., and H. Gerischer, 1980, Chem. Phys. Lett. 76, 460
  215. Whitmore, P. M., H. J. Robota, and C. B. Harris, 1982, J. Chem. Phys. 67, 740
  216. Wirgin, A., and T. López-Ríos, 1984, Opt. Commun. 48, 416
  217. Wokaun, A., J. G. Bergman, J. P. Heritage, A. M. Glass, P. F. Liao, and D. H. Olson, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 849
  218. Wokaun, A., H. D. Lutz, A. P. King, U. P. Wild, and R. R. Ernst, 1983, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 509
  219. Wood, R. W., 1919, Philos. Mag. 38, 98
  220. Wood, T. H., 1981, Phys. Rev. B 24, 2289
  221. Wood, T. H., 1983, Phys. Rev. B 27, 5137
  222. Wood, T. H., M. V. Klein, and D. A. Zwemer, 1981, Surf. Sci. 107, 625
  223. Wood, T. H., and D. A. Zwemer, 1981, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 18, 649
  224. Wood, T. H., D. A. Zwemer, C. V. Shank, and J. E. Rowe, 1981, Chem. Phys. Lett. 82, 5
  225. Yamada, H., and Y. Yamamoto, 1983, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 30, 13
  226. Yamada, H., Y. Yamamoto, and N. Tani, 1982, Chem. Phys. Lett. 86, 397
  227. Yokozeki, A., and G. S. Stein, 1978, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 2224

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783– Published 1 July, 1985

    © 1985 American Physical Society

    Sign In to Your Journals Account

    Filter

    Filter

    Article Lookup

    Enter a citation