- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

The solid molecular hydrogens in the condensed phase: Fundamentals and static properties

Isaac F. Silvera

Isaac F. Silvera

  • Natuurkundig Laboratorium, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Valckenierstraat 65, 1018 XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands

PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 393 – Published 1 April, 1980

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.52.393

Abstract

The molecular hydrogens (H2, D2, HD, etc.) form the simplest of all molecular solids. The combination of the light mass, small moment of inertia, weak interactions, and the quasi-metastable ortho-para species result in a fascinating low-temperature behavior that can be understood to a large extent from considerations of first principles. After discussing single molecule properties and intermolecular interactions we discuss in detail the ortho-para properties, conversion and diffusion. This is followed by a description of the crystal structures and the orientational ordering phenomena. The thermodynamic properties are reviewed. The article is concluded with a discussion of the translational ground state of the solid and the effect of the large zero-point motion on the solid state properties. A large number of data are collected in tables and graphs to provide a reference source.

View figure in article

References (283)

  1. Ahlers, G., 1964, J. Chem. Phys. 40, 3123
  2. Ahlers, G., and W. H. Orttung, 1964, Phys. Rev. 133, 1642A
  3. Ahlrichs, R., R. Penco, and G. Scoles, 1976, Chem. Phys. 19, 119
  4. Amstutz, L. I., H. Meyer, S. M. Meyers, and D. C. Rorer, 1969, Phys. Rev. 181, 589
  5. Amstutz, L. I., J. R. Thompson, and H. Meyer, 1968, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 1175
  6. Anderson, A. B., J. C. Raich, and R. D. Etters, 1976, Phys. Rev. B 14, 814
  7. Anderson, A. B., J. C. Raich, and L. B. Kanney, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 5804
  8. Anderson, M. S., and C. A. Swenson, 1974, Phys. Rev. B 10, 5184
  9. Barnes, R. G., P. J. Bray, and N. Ramsey, 1954, Phys. Rev. 94, 893
  10. Bauer, W., W. Lantzsch, J. P. Toennies, and K. Walaschewski, 1976, Chem. Phys. 17, 19
  11. Bell, R. J., and I. J. Zucker, 1976, in Rare Gas Solids, edited by M. L. Klein, and J. A. Venables (Academic, New York), p. 151
  12. Bender, C. F., and H. F. Schaefer, 1972, J. Chem. Phys. 57, 217
  13. Berkhout, P. J., and I. F. Silvera, 1977, Communications on Physics 2, 109
  14. Berkhout, P. J., 1978, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, unpublished
  15. Berkhout, P. J., J. Th. Minneboo, and I. F. Silvera, 1978, J. Low Temp. Phys. 32, 401
  16. Berlinsky, A. J., and A. B. Harris, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 4, 2808
  17. Berlinsky, A. J., and W. N. Hardy, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 8, 5013
  18. Berlinsky, A. J., 1975, Phys. Rev. B 12, 1482
  19. Berlinsky, A. J., and A. B. Harris, 1970, Phys. Rev. A 1, 878
  20. Birnbaum, A., and J. D. Poll, 1969, J. Atmos. Sci. 26, 943
  21. Bloom, M., 1957, Physica 23, 767
  22. Bohn, R. G., and C. F. Mate, 1970, Phys. Rev. B 2, 2121
  23. Bostanjoglo, O., 1965, Z. Phys. 187, 44
  24. Bostanjoglo, O., and R. Kleinschmidt, 1967, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 2004
  25. Bruce, T. A., 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4170
  26. Bulatova, R. F., and V. S. Kogan, 1964, Sov. Phys.-JETP 19, 575
  27. Buzerak, R. F., M. Chan, and H. Meyer, 1977, J. Low Temp. Phys. 28, 415
  28. Chandrasekharan, V., and R. D. Etters, 1978, J. Chem. Phys. 68, 4933
  29. Clusius, K., and E. Bartholomé, 1935, Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) B30, 237
  30. Cochran, W. T., and J. R. Gaines, 1979, preprint, to be published
  31. Coll, C. F., and A. B. Harris, 1970, Phys. Rev. B 2, 1176
  32. Coll, C. F. III, and A. B. Harris, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 4, 2781
  33. Coll, C. F. III, and A. B. Harris, and A. J. Berlinsky, 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 858
  34. Constable, J. H., and J. R. Gaines, 1971, Solid State Commun. 9, 155
  35. Constable, J. H., and J. R. Gaines, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 8, 3966
  36. Cook, G. A., R. F. Dwyer, O. E. Berwaldt, and H. E. Nevins, 1965, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 1313
  37. Cremer, E., and M. Polanyi, 1933, Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) B21, 459
  38. Cullen, J. R., D. Mukamel, S. Shtrikman, L. C. Levitt, and E. Callen, 1972, Solid State Commun. 10, 195
  39. Cunningham, C. M., D. S. Chapin, and H. L. Johnston, 1958, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 2283
  40. Curzon, A. E., and A. J. Mascall, 1965, Br. J. Appl. Phys. 16, 1301
  41. Deal, W. J., 1972, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 6, 593
  42. DeWette, F. W., and B. R. A. Nijboer, 1965, Phys. Lett. 18, 19
  43. Depatie, D. A., and R. L. Mills, 1968, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 105
  44. Dondi, M. G., U. Valbussa, and G. Scoles, 1972, Chem. Phys. Lett. 17, 137
  45. Driessen, A., J. A. de Waal, and I. F. Silvera, 1979, J. Low Temp. Phys. 34, 255
  46. Durana, S., and J. P. McTague, 1975, J. Low Temp. Phys. 21, 21
  47. Dwyer, R. F., G. A. Cook, O. E. Berwaldt, and N. E. Nevins, 1965, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 801
  48. Ebner, C., and C. C. Sung, 1972, Phys. Rev. A 5, 2625
  49. Etters, R. D., and R. L. Danilowitz, 1973, Phys. Rev. A 8, 1698
  50. England, W., J. C. Raich, and R. D. Etters, 1976, J. Low Temp. Phys. 22, 213
  51. Eyring, H., J. Walter, and G. E. Kimball, 1944, Quantum Chemistry (Wiley, New York), p. 72
  52. Farkas, L., 1933, Ergeb. Exakten Naturwiss. 12, 163
  53. Farkas, A., 1935, "Orthohydrogen, Parahydrogen, and Heavy Hydrogen", (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)
  54. Farrar, J. M., and Y. T. Lee, 1972, J. Chem. Phys. 57, 5492
  55. Felsteiner, J., 1965, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 1025
  56. Felsteiner, J., Z. Friedman, and J. A. Sussman, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 6, 2491
  57. Felsteiner, J., and Z. Friedman, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 8, 3996
  58. Felsteiner, J., D. B. Litvin, and J. Zak, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 3, 2706
  59. Gaines, J. R., A. Mukherjee, and J. -C. Shi, 1978, Phys. Rev. B 17, 4188
  60. Gallup, G. A., 1977a, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 2252
  61. Gallup, G. A., 1977b, Mol. Physics 33, 943
  62. Gates, J. V., P. R. Ganfors, B. A. Fraas, and R. O. Simmons, 1978, J. Phys. (Paris) (Suppl. 8), Vol. 1, C6-103
  63. Gates, J. V., P. R. Ganfors, B. A. Fraas, and R. O. Simmons, 1979, Phys. Rev. B 19, 3667
  64. Giaque, W. F., and H. L. Johnston, 1928, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 50, 3221
  65. Goldman, V. V., 1968, Phys. Rev. 174, 1041
  66. Goldman, V. V., 1975, in Proceedings of the Low Temperature Physics Conference 14, M. Krasius and M. Vuorio, eds., Helsinki (North-Holland, Amsterdam), Vol. 4, p. 411
  67. Goldman, V. V., 1976, J. Low Temp. Phys. 24, 297
  68. Goldman, V. V., 1979a, J. Low Temp. Phys. 36, 521
  69. Goldman, V. V., 1979b, Phys. Rev. B, accepted for publication
  70. Gonzales, O. D., D. White, and H. L. Johnston, 1957, J. Phys. Chem. 61, 773
  71. Goodwin, R. D., and H. M. Roder, 1963, Cryogenics 3, 12
  72. Gorodilov, B. Ya., I. N. Krupskii, and V. G. Manzhelli, 1978, Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. 3, 1562
  73. Gray, C. G., 1967, Can. J. Phys. 46, 135
  74. Grenier, G., and D. White, 1964, J. Chem. Phys. 40, 3015
  75. Grilly, E. R., 1953, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 24, 72
  76. Gush, H. P., and J. Van Krenendonk, 1966, Can. J. Physics 40, 1461
  77. Guyer, R. A., 1969, Solid State Phys. 123
  78. Haas, W. P., N. J. Poulis, and J. J. W. Borleffs, 1961, Physica 27, 1037
  79. Hardy, W. N., and A. J. Berlinsky, 1975, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 1520
  80. Hardy, W. N., A. J. Berlinsky, and A. B. Harris, 1977, Can. J. Phys. 55, 1150
  81. Hardy, W. N., and J. R. Gaines, 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1417
  82. Hardy, W. N., I. F. Silvera, K. N. Klump, and O. Schnepp, 1968a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 291
  83. Hardy, W. N., I. F. Silvera, and J. P. McTague, 1968b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 297
  84. Hardy, W. N., I. F. Silvera, and J. P. McTague, 1971, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 127
  85. Hardy, W. N., I. F. Silvera, and J. P. McTague, 1975, Phys. Rev. B 12, 753
  86. Harrick, N. J., and N. F. Ramsey, 1952, Phys. Rev. 88, 228
  87. Harris, A. B., 1968, Solid State Commun. 6, 149
  88. Harris, A. B., 1970, Phys. Rev. B 1, 1881
  89. Harris, A. B., A. J. Berlinsky, Solid State Commun. 24, 159
  90. Harris, A. B., A. J. Berlinsky, and W. N. Hardy, 1977, Can. J. Phys. 55, 1180
  91. Harris, A. B., A. J. Berlinsky, and H. Meyer, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 7, 4720
  92. Herzberg, G., and L. L. Howe, 1959, Can. J. Phys. 37, 636
  93. Herzberg, G., and A. Monfils, 1960, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 5, 482
  94. Hill, R. W., and O. V. Lounasmaa, 1959, Philos. Mag. 37, 785
  95. Hill, R. W., and W. A. Rickelson, 1954, Philos. Mag. 45, 277
  96. Hill, R. W., and B. Schneidmesser, 1958, Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge 16, 257
  97. Hirschfelder, J. O., C. F. Curtiss, and R. B. Bird, 1954, Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids (John Wiley and Sons, New York)
  98. Holian, B. L., 1978, Phys. Rev. 18, 4780
  99. Homma, S., and H. Nakano, 1975, Prog. Theor. Physics 54, 19
  100. Horner, H., 1974, in Dynamical Properties of Solids, edited by G. K. Horton and A. A. Maradudin (North-Holland, Amsterdam), Vol. 2, Chap. 8
  101. Huebler, J. E., and R. G. Bohn, 1978, Phys. Rev. B 17, 1991
  102. Husa, D. L., and J. G. Daunt, 1978, Phys. Lett. A65, 354
  103. Ishimoto, H., K. Nagamine, and Y. Kimura, 1973, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 35, 300
  104. Ishimoto, H., K. Nagamine, Y. Kimura, and H. Kumagai, 1976, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 40, 312
  105. James, H., 1968, Phys. Rev. 167, 862
  106. James, H., 1970, Phys. Rev. B 2, 2213
  107. James, H. M., and J. C. Raich, 1967a, Phys. Rev. 162, 649
  108. James, H. M., and J. C. Raich, 1967b, Phys. Rev. 162, 649
  109. Jarvis, J. E., H. Meyer, and D. Ramm, 1969, Phys. Rev. 178, 1461
  110. Jarvis, J., D. Ramm, and H. Meyer, 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18, 119
  111. Jaszuński, M., E. Kochanski, and P. Siegbahn, 1977, Mol. Phys. 33, 139
  112. Jochemsen, R., 1978, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, unpublished
  113. Jochemsen, R., A. J. Berlinsky, F. Verspaandonk, and I. F. Silvera, 1978, J. Low Temp. Physics 32, 185
  114. Jochemsen, R., V. V. Goldman, and I. F. Silvera, 1979, J. Low Temp. Phys. 36, 243
  115. Karl, G., and J. D. Poll, 1967, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 2944
  116. Keesom, W. H., J. de Smedt, and H. H. Mooy, 1930, Commun. Kamerlingh Onnes Lab., Univ. Leiden 19, 2090
  117. Kelly, H. P., 1970, Phys. Rev. A 1, 274
  118. Ketchin, V. V., A. J. Likhter, Yu. M., Parlyuchenko, L. Z. Ponizovskii, and A. N. Utyzh, 1977, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 72, 345
  119. Kim, Y. S., and R. G. Gordon, 1974, J. Chem. Phys. 61, 1
  120. Kim, Y. S., and R. G. Gordon, 1975a, Phys. Rev. A11, 796 1975b, 11, 804
  121. Knaap, H. F. P., and J. J. M. Beenakker, 1961, Physica 27, 523
  122. Kochanski, E., B. Roos, P. Siegbahn, and M. H. Wood, 1974, Theor. Chim. Acta 32, 151
  123. Koehler, T. R., 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18, 654
  124. Koehler, T., 1974, Dynamical Properties of Solids, edited by G. K. Horton and A. A. Maradudin, (North-Holland, Amsterdam), Vol. II, Chap. 1
  125. Kogan, V. S., 1963, Sov. Phys.-Usp. 5, 951
  126. Kogan, V. S., A. S. Bulatov, and L. F. Yakimenko, 1964, Sov. Phys.-JETP 19, 107
  127. Kogan, V. S., B. G. Lazarev, and R. F. Bulatova, 1957, Sov. Phys.-JETP 4, 593
  128. Kogan, V. S., B. G. Lazarev, and R. F. Bulatova, 1960, Sov. Phys.-JETP 10, 485
  129. Kogan, V. S., B. G. Lazarev, R. P. Ozerov, and Zhdanov, 1961, Sov. Phys.-JETP 13, 718
  130. Kolos, W., and C. J. J. Roothaan, 1960, Rev. Mod. Phys. 32, 219
  131. Kolos, W., and L. Wolniewicz, 1964a, J. Chem. Phys. 41, 3663
  132. Kolos, W., and L. Wolniewicz, 1964b, J. Chem. Phys. 41, 3674
  133. Kolos, W., and L. Wolniewicz, 1965, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 2429
  134. Kolos, W., and L. Wolniewicz, 1966a, J. Chem. Phys. 45, 509
  135. Kolos, W., and L. Wolniewicz, 1966b, J. Chem. Phys. 45, 515
  136. Kolos, W., and L. Wolniewicz, 1967, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 1426
  137. Kolos, W., and L. Wolniewicz, 1968, J. Chem. Phys. 49, 404
  138. Kolos, W., and L. Wolniewicz, 1974, Chem. Phys. Lett. 24, 457
  139. Krause, J. K., 1978, Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University, unpublished
  140. Krause, J. K., and C. A. Swenson, 1979, Solid State Commun. 31, 833
  141. Krumhansl, J. A., and S. Y. Wu, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4155
  142. Langhoff, P. W., R. G. Gordon, and M. Karplus, 1971, J. Chem. Phys. 55, 2126
  143. Le Roy, R. J., 1971, J. Chem. Phys. 54, 5433
  144. Lee, R. J., and J. C. Raich, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 1591
  145. Luryi, S., and J. Van Kranendonk, 1979a, Can. J. Phys. 57, 307
  146. Luryi, S., and J. Van Kranendonk, 1979b, Can. J. Phys. 57, 136
  147. Luryi, S., and J. Van Kranendonk, 1979c, Can. J. Phys. 57, 933
  148. Luryi, S., J. Van Kranendonk, and J. Noolandi, 1977, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 418
  149. MacAdam, K. B., and N. F. Ramsey, 1972, Phys. Rev. A 6, 898
  150. Manzhelli, V. G., B. G. Udovidchenko, and V. B. Esel'son, 1973, JETP Lett. 18, 16
  151. Manzhelli, V. G., B. G. Udovidchenko, and V. B. Esel'son, 1975, Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. 1, 384
  152. Margenau, H., 1943, Phys. Rev. 64, 385
  153. Margenau, H., and N. R. Kestner, 1971, Theory of Intermolecular Forces (Pergamon, Oxford)
  154. McKellar, A. R. W., and T. Oka, 1978, Can. J. Phys. 56, 1315
  155. McMahan, A. K., H. Beck, and J. A. Krumhansl, 1974, Phys. Rev. A 9, 1852
  156. Megaw, H., 1939, Philos. Mag. 28, 129
  157. Mertens, F. G., 1972, Z. Phys. 250, 1
  158. Mertens, F. G., and W. Biem, 1972, Z. Phys. 250, 273
  159. Meyer, W., 1976, Chem. Phys. 17, 27
  160. Meyer, H., F. Weinhaus, B. Maraviglia, and R. L. Mills, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1112
  161. Milenko, Ju., Ja., and R. M. Sibileva, 1974, Ukrainian J. of Phys. 19, 2008
  162. Milenko, Ju., Ja., and R. M. Sibileva, 1975, Sov. J. Low. Temp. Phys. 1, 382
  163. Michels, A., W. de Graaff, and C. A. Ten Seldam, 1960, Physica 26, 393
  164. Mills, R. L., 1978, J. Low Temp. Phys. 31, 423
  165. Mills, R. L., and E. R. Grilly, 1956, Phys. Rev. 101, 1246
  166. Mills, R. L., D. H. Liebenberg, J. C. Bronson, and L. C. Schmidt, 1977, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 3076
  167. Mills, R. L., D. H. Liebenberg, and J. C. Bronson, 1978, J. Chem. Phys. 68, 2663
  168. Mills, R. L., and A. F. Schuch, 1964, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 722
  169. Mills, R. L., J. L. Yarnell, and A. F. Schuch, 1973, Proceedings of the Low Temperature Physics Conference 13, Boulder (Plenum, New York), Vol. II, p. 202
  170. Miyagi, H., 1968, Prog. Theor. Phys. 40, 1448
  171. Miyagi, H., and T. Nakamura, 1967, Prog. Theor. Phys. 37, 641
  172. Motizuki, K., 1957, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 12, 163
  173. Motizuki, K., 1962, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 17, 1192
  174. Motizuki, K., and T. Nagamiya, 1956a, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 11, 93
  175. Motizuki, K., and T. Nagamiya, 1956b, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 11, 654
  176. Mucker, K. F., P. M. Harris, D. White, and R. A. Erickson, 1968, J. Chem. Phys. 49, 1922
  177. Mucker, K. F., S. Talhouk, P. M. Harris, and D. White, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 799
  178. Mulder, F., and A. van der Avoird, 1977, private communication
  179. Mulder, F., A. van den Avoird, and P. E. S. Wormer, 1979, Mol. Physics 37, 159
  180. Nagai, O., and T. Nakamura, 1960, Prog. Theor. Phys. 24, 432
  181. Nakamura, T., 1955, Prog. Theor. Phys. 14, 135
  182. Nakamura, T., 1970, Progr. Theor. Phys. Supp. 46, 343
  183. Nakamura, T., and H. Miyagi, 1970, Progr. Theor. Phys. 44, 833
  184. Ng, K., W. J. Meath, and A. R. Allnatt, 1976, Mol. Phys. 32, 177
  185. Niebel, K. F., and J. A. Venables, 1974, Proc. Roy. Soc. A336, 365
  186. Nielsen, M., 1973, Phys. Rev. B 7, 1626
  187. Nielsen, M., and H. Bjerrum-Møller, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 3, 4383
  188. Nielsen, M., W. Ellenson, S. Shapirow, and K. Carneiro, 1975, Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. 1, 371
  189. Noolandi, J., 1970, Can. J. Phys. 48, 2032
  190. Noolandi, J., and J. Van Kranendonk, 1969, Phys. Lett. 30A, 258
  191. Noolandi, J., and J. Van Kranendonk, 1970, Can. J. Phys. 48, 675
  192. Nosanow, L. H., 1966, Phys. Rev. 146, 120
  193. Omar, M. H., and Z. Dokoupil, 1962, Physica 28, 461
  194. Orlikowski, T., and L. Wolniewicz, 1974, Chem. Phys. Lett. 24, 461
  195. Orttung, W. H., 1962, J. Chem. Phys. 36, 652
  196. Ostgaard, E., 1972, J. Low Temp. Phys. 8, 479
  197. Oyarzun, R., and J. Van Kranendonk, 1971, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 646
  198. Oyarzun, R., and J. Van Kranendonk, 1972, Can. J. Phys. 50, 1494
  199. Pauling, L., 1930, Phys. Rev. 36, 430
  200. Pedroni, P., M. Chan, R. Schweiz, and H. Meyer, 1975, J. Low Temp. Phys. 19, 537
  201. Pedroni, P., F. Weinhaus, and H. Meyer, 1974, Solid State Commun. 14, 279
  202. Petzinger, K. G., and D. J. Scalapino, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 8, 266
  203. Poll, J. D., and G. Karl, 1966, Can. J. Phys. 44, 1467
  204. Poll, J. D., and L. Wolniewicz, 1978, J. Chem. Phys. 68, 3053
  205. Pollock, E. L., T. A. Bruce, G. V. Chester, and J. A. Krumhansl, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4180
  206. Raich, J. C., and K. Albert, 1979, Sol. State Commun. 30, 125
  207. Raich, J. C., A. B. Anderson, and W. England, 1976, J. Chem. Phys. 64, 5088
  208. Raich, J. C., and R. D. Etters, 1968, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 29, 1561
  209. Raich, J. C., and R. D. Etters, 1972, J. Low Temp. Phys. 6, 229
  210. Raich, J. C., and H. M. James, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 173
  211. Raich, J. C., and L. B. Kanney, 1977, J. Low Temp. Phys. 28, 95
  212. Ramm, D., H. Meyer, and R. L. Mills, 1970, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2763
  213. Ramsey, N. F., 1956, Molecular Beams (Clarendon, Oxford), p. 172
  214. Reif, F., and E. M. Purcell, 1953, Phys. Rev. 91, 631
  215. Roberts, R. J., and J. G. Daunt, 1970, Phys. Lett. 33A, 353
  216. Roberts, R. J., and J. G. Daunt, 1972, J. Low Temp. Phys. 6, 97
  217. Roberts, R. J., and J. G. Daunt, 1974, J. Low Temp. Phys. 16, 405
  218. Roberts, R. J., E. Rojas, and J. G. Daunt, 1976, J. Low Temp. Phys. 24, 265
  219. Roffey, B. F., S. A. Boggs, and H. L. Welsh, 1974, Can. J. Phys. 52, 2451
  220. Rollin, B. V., and E. Watson, 1955, in Conf. de Physique des Basses Temp. (Paris), 474
  221. Rose, M. E., 1957, Elementary Theory of Angular Momentum (Wiley, New York)
  222. Ross, M., 1974, J. Chem. Phys. 60, 3634
  223. Rotenberg, M., R. Bivins, N. Metropolis, and J. K. Wooten, Jr., 1959, The 3−J and 6−J Symbols (MIT, Cambridge, Mass)
  224. Rulis, A. M., and G. Scoles, 1977, Chem. Phys. 25, 183
  225. Sandler, Y. L., 1954, J. Phys. Chem. 53, 58
  226. Schaefer, J., and W. Meyer, 1979, J. Chem. Phys. 70, 344
  227. Schmidt, F., 1974, Phys. Rev. B 10, 4480
  228. Schnepp, O., 1970, Phys. Rev. A 2, 2574
  229. Schuch, A. F., and R. L. Mills, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 616
  230. Schuch, A. F., R. L. Mills, and D. A. Depatie, 1968, Phys. Rev. 165, 1032
  231. Schweitzer, R., S. Washburn, and H. Meyer, 1978, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 1036 ibid.[41, 913 (E)]
  232. Schweitzer, R., S. Washburn, and H. Meyer, 1979, preprint
  233. Sharma, S. K., H. K. Mao, and P. M. Bell, 1979, preprint
  234. Silver, D. M., and R. M. Stevens, 1973, J. Chem. Phys. 59, 3378
  235. Silvera, I. F., 1975, Proceedings of the 14th Int. Conf. on Low Temp. Physics (North-Holland, Amsterdam), edited by M. Krusius and M. Vuorio, p. 123
  236. Silvera, I. F., 1978, in Correlation Functions and Quasiparticle Interactions in Condensed Matter, edited by J. W. Halley (Plenum, New York), p. 612
  237. Silvera, I. F., P. J. Berkhout, and L. M. Van Aernsbergen, 1979, J. Low Temp. Phys. 35, 611
  238. Silvera, I. F., A. Driessen, and J. A. de Waal, 1978, Phys. Lett. A 68, 207
  239. Silvera, I. F., and V. V. Goldman, 1978, J. Chem. Phys. 69, 4209
  240. Silvera, I. F., W. N. Hardy, and J. P. McTague, 1969, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 48, 54
  241. Silvera, I. F., W. N. Hardy, and J. P. McTague, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 4, 2724
  242. Silvera, I. F., and R. Jochemsen, 1979, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 377
  243. Silvera, I. F., and M. Nielsen, 1976, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 1275
  244. Simon, F., 1923, Z. Phys. 15, 307
  245. Simon, F., K. Mendelssohn, and M. Ruhemann, 1930, Naturwissenschaften 18, 34
  246. Simon, F., M. Ruhemann, and W. A. M. Edwards, 1929, Z. Phys. Chem. B 6, 331
  247. Sivardière, J., 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 2094
  248. Smith, G. W., and R. M. Housley, 1960, Phys. Rev. 117, 732
  249. Smith, G. W., and C. F. Squire, 1958, Phys. Rev. 111, 188
  250. Souers, P. C., 1979, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory report UCRL-52628
  251. Spain, I. L., and S. Segall, 1971, Cryogenics 11, 26
  252. Srivistava, I. B., and A. K. Barua, 1965, Indian J. Phys. 35, 722
  253. Stewart, F. S., N. R. Davidson, and W. T. Simpson, 1965, J. Chem. Phys. 42, 3175
  254. Stewart, J. W., 1956, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1, 146
  255. Stoicheff, B. P., 1957, Can. J. Phys. 35, 730
  256. Sullivan, N. S., 1976a, J. Phys. (Paris) 37, 981
  257. Sullivan, N. S., 1976b, J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 37, L-209
  258. Sullivan, N. S., and M. Devoret, 1978, J. Phys. (Suppl. 8), Vol. 1, C6-92
  259. Sullivan, N. S., M. Devoret, B. P. Cowan, and C. Urbina, 1978, Phys. Rev. B 17, 5016
  260. Sullivan, N. S., and R. V. Pound, 1972a, Phys. Letters 39A, 23
  261. Sullivan, N. S., and R. V. Pound, 1972b, Phys. Rev. A, 1102
  262. Sullivan, N. S., H. Vinegar, and R. V. Pound, 1975, Phys. Rev. B 12, 2596
  263. Tang, K. T., and J. P. Toennies, 1977, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 1496
  264. Tapia, O., and G. Bessis, 1972, Theor. Chim. Acta 25, 130
  265. Thakkar, A. J., 1977, Chem. Phys. Lett. 46, 453
  266. Thomas, P. J., S. C. Rand, and B. P. Stoicheff, 1978, Can. J. Phys. 56, 1494
  267. Van Kranendonk, J., 1960, Can. J. Phys. 38, 240
  268. Van Kranendonk, J., and G. Karl, 1968, Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 531
  269. Van Kranendonk, J., and V. Sears, 1966, Can. J. Phys. 44, 313
  270. Victor, G. A., and A. Dalgarno, 1969, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 2535
  271. Victor, G. A., and A. Dalgarno, 1970, J. Chem. Phys. 53, 1316
  272. Vinegar, H. J., J. J. Byleckie, and R. V. Pound, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 16, 3016
  273. Waech, T. H., and R. B. Bernstein, 1967, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 4905
  274. Wanner, R., and H. Meyer, 1973, J. Low Temp. Phys. 11, 715
  275. Weinhaus, F., and H. Meyer, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 7, 2974
  276. Weinhaus, F., S. M. Meyers, B. Maraviglia, and H. Meyer, 1970, Phys. Rev. B 3, 626
  277. Werthamer, N. R., 1976, in Rare Gas Solids, edited by M. L. Klein and J. A. Venables (Academic, New York)
  278. White, D., 1976, Chem. Phys. 14, 301
  279. White, D., and E. N. Lassettre, 1960, J. Chem. Phys. 32, 72
  280. Woolley, H. W., R. B. Scott, and F. G. Brickwedde, 1948, NBS Journal Res. 41, 379
  281. Yarnell, J. L., R. L. Mills, and A. F. Schuch, 1974, Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. 1, 366
  282. Younglove, B. A., 1968, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 4181
  283. Zandee, L., and J. Reuss, 1977, Chem. Phys. 26, 345

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 393– Published 1 April, 1980

    © 1980 American Physical Society

    Sign In to Your Journals Account

    Filter

    Filter

    Article Lookup

    Enter a citation