Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Theoretical and experimental aspects of the energy loss of relativistic heavily ionizing particles

Steven P. Ahlen*

Steven P. Ahlen*

  • Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720

  • *Mailing address: Department of Physics, University of California, Berkelcy, California 94720.

Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 121 – Published 1 January, 1980Erratum Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 653 (1980)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.52.121

Abstract

We review the theory of the electromagnetic interactions between rapidly moving charged particles and the matter through which they pass. The emphasis will be on very massive electric (100Z1100) and magnetic (|g|=137e and 137e2) particles moving with relativistic velocities (β>0.2, γ<100). Consideration will be given to both the stopping power of the projectile and to the response of the absorbing medium to the excitation caused by the projectile.

Erratum

References (279)

  1. Abramowitz, M., and I. A. Stegun, 1970, Handbook of Mathematical Functions (National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.)
  2. Ahlen, S. P., 1976, Phys. Rev. D 14, 2935
  3. Ahlen, S. P., B. G. Cartwright, and G. Tarlé, 1976, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 136, 235
  4. Ahlen, S. P., 1977, Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1398
  5. Ahlen, S. P., B. G. Cartwright, and G. Tarlé, 1977, Nucl. Instrum. and Methods 147, 321
  6. Ahlen, S. P., 1978a, Phys. Rev. A 17, 1236
  7. Ahlen, S. P., 1978b, Phys. Rev. D 17, 229
  8. Ahlen, S. P., and M. H. Salamon, 1978, in Abstracts of Papers for the 26th Annual Meeting of the Radiation Research Society (Academic, New York), p. 28
  9. Allison, S. K., and S. D. Warshaw, 1953, Rev. Mod. Phys. 25, 779
  10. Alvarez, L. W., 1969, Science 165, 1071
  11. Andersen, H. H., J. F. Bak, H. Knudsen, and B. R. Nielsen, 1977, Phys. Rev. A 16, 1929
  12. Andersen, H. H., A. F. Garfinkel, C. C. Hanke, and H. Sørensen, 1966, K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-Fys. Medd. 35, No. 4
  13. Andersen, H. H., C. C. Hanke, H. Sørensen, and P. Vajda, 1967, Phys. Rev. 153, 338
  14. Andersen, H. H. and J. F. Ziegler, 1977, Hydrogen Stopping Powers and Ranges in all Elements (Pergamon, New York)
  15. Ashley, J. C., R. H. Ritchie, and W. Brandt, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 2393
  16. Ashley, J. C., R. H. Ritchie, and W. Brandt, 1973, Phys. Rev. A 8, 2402
  17. Baglin, J. E. E., and J. F. Ziegler, 1974, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 1413
  18. Bakker, C. J., and E. Segré, 1951, Phys. Rev. 81, 489
  19. Ball, J. A., J. A. Wheeler, and E. L. Fireman, 1973, Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 333
  20. Ball, J. A.J. A. WheelerE. L. FiremanBangerter, R. O., W. B. Herrmannsfeldt, D. L. Judd, and L. Smith, editors., 1976, Final Report of the ERDA Summer Study of Heavy Ions for Inertial Fusion, LBL Report 5543 (National Technical Information Service, U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va.)
  21. Barkas, W. H., 1963, Nuclear Research Emulsions: Techniques and Theory (Academic, New York)
  22. Barkas, W. H., 1973, Nuclear Research Emulsions: Particle Behavior and Emulsion Applications (Academic, New York)
  23. Barkas, W. H. and M. J. Berger, 1967, in Penetration of Charged Particles in Matter, 2nd printing, edited by U. Fano (National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D. C.), Publ. 1133, Paper 7
  24. Barkas, W. H., W. Birnbaum, and F. M. Smith, 1956, Phys. Rev. 101, 778
  25. Barkas, W. H., and S. von Friesen, 1961, Nuovo Cimento Suppl., Ser. 10, 19, 41
  26. Bauer, E., 1951, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 47, 777
  27. Becchetti, F. D., C. E. Thorn, and M. J. Levine, 1976, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 138, 93
  28. Bednyukov, A. A., U. V. Bulgakov, V. S. Nikolaev, V. P. Sobakin, and V. L. Chernov, 1977, Phys. Lett. A 62, 183
  29. Benton, E. V., 1970, Radiat. Eff. 2, 273
  30. Benton, E. V., and R. P. Henke, 1969, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 67, 87
  31. Benton, E. V. and R. P. Henke, 1972, University of San Francisco, Technical Report No. 19
  32. Besenbacher, F., J. Heinemeier, P. Hvelplund, and H. Knudsen, 1977, Phys. Lett. A 61, 75
  33. Bethe, H., 1930, Ann. Physik 5, 325
  34. Bethe, H. 1932, Z. Phys. 76, 293
  35. Bethe, H. A., 1933, in Handbuch der Physik 24/1, 2nd edition, edited by H. Geiger and K. Scheel (Springer, Berlin), p. 273
  36. Bethe, H., and J. Ashkin, 1953, in Experimental Nuclear Physics 1, edited by E. Segré (Wiley, New York) Chap. 2
  37. Betz, H. D. 1972, Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 465
  38. Betz, H. D., and L. Grodzins, 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 903
  39. Bhabha, H. J., 1935, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 31, 394
  40. Bichsel, H., 1968, in Radiation Dosimetry 1, edited by F. H. Attix and W. C. Roesch (Academic, New York), p. 157
  41. Bichsel, H., 1970, Phys. Rev. V 1, 2854
  42. Bichsel, H., 1972, in A.I.P. Handbook, edited by D. E. Gray (McGraw-Hill, New York), pp. 8-142
  43. Bichsel, H., R. F. Mozley, and W. A. Aron, 1957, Phys. Rev. 105, 1788
  44. Bichsel, H., and S. Yu, 1972, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 19, 172
  45. Birks, J. B., 1964, The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting (Pergamon, New York)
  46. Birks, J. B., 1967, in Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Solid State 2, edited by D. Fox, M. M. Labes, and A. Weissberger (Wiley, New York), Chap. 5
  47. Birks, J. B., 1970, Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules (Wiley, New York)
  48. Birks, J. B., 1973, Organic Molecular Photophysics 1, (Wiley, New York)
  49. Birks, J. B., 1975, Organic Molecular Photophysics 2, (Wiley, New York)
  50. Bizzeti, P. G., and M. Della Corte, 1959, Nuovo Cimento 11, 317
  51. Bjorken, J. D., and S. D. Drell, 1964, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (McGraw-Hill, New York)
  52. Bleehen, N. M., 1972, in Recent Advances in Cancer and Radiotherapeutics: Clinical Oncology edited by K. E. Halnan (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore), Chap. 8
  53. Bloch, F., 1933a, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 16, 285
  54. Bloch, F., 1933b, Z. Phys. 81, 363
  55. Blunck, O., and S. Leisegang, 1950, Z. Phys. 128, 500
  56. Bohr, N., 1913, Philos. Mag. 25, 10
  57. Bohr, N., 1915, Philos. Mag. 30, 581
  58. Bohr, N., 1941, Phys. Rev. 59, 270
  59. Bohr, N., 1948a, K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-Fys. Medd. 18, (8)
  60. Bohr, A., 1948b, K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-Fys. Medd. 24, (19)
  61. Bonderup, E., 1967, K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-Fys. Medd. 35, (17)
  62. Bonderup, E., and P. Hvelplund, 1971, Phys. Rev. A 4, 562
  63. Born, M., 1926, Z. Phys. 38, 803
  64. Box, H. C., 1972, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 22, 355
  65. Bradt, H. L., and B. Peters, 1948, Phys. Rev. 74, 1828
  66. Bragg, W. H., and R. Kleeman, 1905, Philos. Mag. 10, S318
  67. Brandt, W., 1956, Phys. Rev. 104, 691
  68. Brolley, J. E., and R. L. Ribe, 1955, Phys. Rev. 98, 1112
  69. Brooks, F. D. 1956, in Progress in Nuclear Physics 5, edited by O. R. Frisch (Pergamon, London), p. 284
  70. Buffington, A., C. D. Orth, and T. S. Mast, 1978, submitted to Astrophys. J. (LBL Report 7551)
  71. Burkig, V. C., and K. R. MacKenzie, 1957, Phys. Rev. 106, 848
  72. Cameron, J. F., et al., 1962, Nuclear Electronics (IAEA), 1, 95
  73. Carrigan, R. A., 1977, Fermilab Report 77/42
  74. Cartwright, B. G., E. K. Shirk and P. B. Price, 1978, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 153, 457
  75. Cerenkov, P. A., 1934, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 2, 451
  76. Chan, E. K. L., R. B. Brown, A. S. Lodhi, D. Powers, S. Matteson, and S. R. Eisenbarth, 1977, Phys. Rev. A 16, 1407
  77. Charpak, G., 1970, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 20, 195
  78. Chatterjee, A., H. D. Maccabbee, and C. A. Tobias, 1973, Radiat. Res. 54, 479
  79. Chatterjee, A., and H. J. Schaefer, 1976, Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 13, 215
  80. Chu, W. K., and D. Powers, 1972, Phys. Lett. A 40, 23
  81. Chu, W. K., 1976, Phys. Rev. A 13, 2057
  82. Cole, H. J. D., 1951, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 47, 196
  83. Crispin, A., and G. N. Fowler, 1970, Rev. Mod. Phys. 42, 290
  84. Curr, R. M., 1955, Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. A 68, 156
  85. Dalton, P., and J. E. Turner, 1968, Health Phys. 15, 257
  86. Darwin, C. G., 1912, Philos. Mag. 23, 901
  87. Datz, S., 1977, private communication
  88. Datz, S., C. Erginsoy, G. Leibfried, and H. O. Lutz, 1967, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 17, 129
  89. Datz, S., 1977, private communication
  90. Datz, S., J. Gomez del Campo, P. F. Dittner, P. N. Miller, and J. A. Biggerstaff, 1977, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1145
  91. Dehmer, J. L., M. Inokuti, and R. P. Saxon, 1975, Phys. Rev. A 12, 102
  92. Dirac, P. A. M., 1931, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 133, 60
  93. Doggett, J. A., and L. V. Spencer, 1956, Phys. Rev. 103, 1597
  94. Eby, P. B., and S. H. Morgan, 1972, Phys. Rev. A 5, 2536
  95. Eriksson, K. E., B. Larsson, and G. A. Rinander, 1963, Nuovo Cimento 30, 1434
  96. Esbensen, H., O. Fich, J. A. Golovchenko, K. O. Nielsen, E. Uggerhøj, C. Vraast-Thomsen, G. Charpak, S. Majewski, F. Sauli, and J. P. Ponpon, 1977, Nucl. Phys. B 127, 281
  97. Esbensen, H., 1977, Ph. D. Thesis (University of Aarhus)
  98. Esbensen, H., O. Fich, J. A. Golovchenko, S. Madsen, H. Nielsen, H. E. Schiøtt, E. Uggerhøj, C. Vraast-Thomsen, G. Charpak, S. Majewski, G. Odyniec, G. Petersen, F. Saulo, J. P. Ponpon, and D. Siffert, 1978, Phys. Rev. B 18, 1039
  99. Fano, U., 1947, Phys. Rev. 72, 26
  100. Fano, U., 1956a, Phys. Rev. 102, 385
  101. Fano, U., 1956b, Phys. Rev. 103, 1202
  102. Fano, U., 1963, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 13, 1
  103. Fano, U., 1970, in Charged Particle Tracks in Solids and Liquids, edited by G. E. Adams, D. K. Bewley and J. W. Boag (Institute of Physics and Physical Society, London)
  104. Feller, W., 1968, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, 3rd edition (Wiley, New York), Vol. 1, Ch. 10
  105. Feng, J. S.-Y., W. K. Chu, and M. A. Nicolet, 1974, Phys. Rev. B 10, 3781
  106. Fermi, E., 1940, Phys. Rev. 57, 485
  107. Fleischer, R. L., P. B. Price, and R. M. Walker, 1965, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 15, 1
  108. Fleischer, R. L., P. B. Price and R. M. Walker, 1975, Nuclear Tracks in Solids: Principles and Applications (University of California, Berkeley)
  109. Fowler, P. H, 1965, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 85, 1051
  110. Fowler, P. H., 1977, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 147, 183
  111. Fowler, P. H., C. Alexandre, V. M. Clapham, D. L. Henshaw, C. O. Ceallaigh, D. Sullivan, and A. Thompson, 1977, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 147, 195
  112. Fowler, P. H., V. M. Clapman, V. G. Cowen, J. M. Kidd, and R. T. Moses, 1970, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 318, 1
  113. Fretter, W. B., 1955, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 5, 145
  114. Garcia, J. D., R. J. Fortner, and T. M. Kavanagh, 1973, Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 111
  115. Gaunt, I. A., 1927, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 23, 732
  116. Gemmel, D. S., 1974, Rev. Mod. Phys. 46, 129
  117. Ginoza, W., 1967, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 17, 469
  118. Ginsberg, E. S., and R. H. Pratt, 1964, Phys. Rev. 134, B773
  119. Ginsburg, V. L., 1940, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 10, 589
  120. Gnedin, Yu N., A. Z. Dolginov, and A. I. Tsygan, 1968, Sov. Phys.-JETP 27, 267
  121. Golden, J. H., and E. A. Hazell, 1963, J. Polym. Sci. A 1, 1671
  122. Goulding, F. S, and Y. Stone, 1970, Science 170, 280
  123. Greiner, D., 1978, private communication
  124. Greiner, D. E., P. J. Lindstrom, H. H. Heckman, B. Cork, and F. S. Bieser, 1975, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 152
  125. Grunder, H. A., W. D. Hartsough, and E. J. Lofgren, 1971, Science 174, 1128
  126. Grunder, H. A., and F. B. Selph, 1977, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 27, 353
  127. Gwin, R., 1962, Oak Ridge National Lab. Report ORNL 3354
  128. Hagstrom, R., 1975, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 1677
  129. Hagstrom, R., 1977, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 729
  130. Hahn, B. D., D. G. Ravenhall, and R. Hofstadter, 1956, Phys. Rev. 101, 1131
  131. Hanke, C. C., and H. Bichsel, 1975, unpublished results
  132. Hart, E. J., 1965, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 15, 125
  133. Heckman, H. H., and P. J. Lindstrom, 1969, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 871
  134. Hemmer, P. C., and I. E. Farquhar, 1968, Phys. Rev. 168, 294
  135. Henderson, G. H., 1922, Philos. Mag. 44, 680
  136. Herman, R., and R. Hofstadter, 1960, High Energy Electron Scattering Tables (Stanford University, Stanford)
  137. Hill, K. W., and E. Merzbacher, 1974, Phys. Rev. A 9, 156
  138. Hoffman, G. E., and D. Powers, 1976, Phys. Rev. A 13, 2042
  139. Hvelplund, P., 1978, private communication
  140. Inokuti, M., 1978, private communication
  141. Inokuti, M., Y. Itikawa, and J E. Turner, 1978, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, 23
  142. Israel, M. H., P. B. Price, and C. J. Waddington, 1975, Physics Today 28, 23
  143. Jackson, J. D., 1975, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd edition, (Wiley, New York), Chap. 13, 15
  144. Jackson, J. D., and R. L. McCarthy, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 6, 4131
  145. Jacobsson, L., and R. Rosander, 1974, Radiat. Eff. 22, 123
  146. Jankus, V. Z., 1953, Phys. Rev. 90, 4
  147. Jauch, J. M. 1952, Phys. Rev. 85, 951
  148. Jensen, M., L. Larsson, O. Mathiesen, and R. Rosander, 1976, Phys. Scr. 13, 65
  149. Jones, L. W., 1977, Rev. Mod. Phys. 49, 717
  150. Karol, P. J., 1975, Phys. Rev. C 11, 1203
  151. Katz, R., and J. J. Butts, 1965, Phys. Rev. 137, B198
  152. Katz, R., and E. J. Kobetich, 1968, Phys. Rev. 170, 401
  153. Katz, R., and E. J. Kobetich, 1969, Phys. Rev. 186, 344
  154. Katz, R., S. C. Sharma, and M. Homayoonfar, 1972, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 100, 13
  155. Kazama, Y., C. N. Yang, and A. S. Goldhaber, 1977, Phys. Rev. D 15, 2287
  156. Kobetich, E. J., and R. Katz, 1968, Phys. Rev. 170, 391
  157. Landau, L., 1944, J. Phys. USSR 8, 201
  158. Landau, L. M., and E. M. Lifshitz, 1960, Electrodynamics of Continuous Media (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.), Chap. 12
  159. Langley, R. A., and R. S. Blewer, 1976, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 132, 109
  160. Lapidus, R., and J. L. Pieterpol, 1960, Am. J. Phys. 28, 17
  161. Laulainen, N., and H. Bichsel, 1972, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 104, 531
  162. Lindhard, J., 1964, Phys. Lett. 12, 126
  163. Lindhard, J., 1976, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 132, 1
  164. Lindhard, J., and M. Scharff, 1953, K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-Fys. Medd. 27, (15)
  165. Litt, J., and R. Mennier, 1973, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 23, 1
  166. Livinston, M. S., and H. A. Bethe, 1937, Rev. Mod. Phys. 9, 282
  167. Lodhi, A. S., and D. Powers, 1974, Phys. Rev. A 10, 2131
  168. Lutz, H., and R. Sizmann, 1963, Phys. Lett. 5, 113
  169. Maccabee, H. D., and D. G. Papworth, 1969, Phys. Lett. A 30, 241
  170. Marion, J. B., and B. A. Zimmerman, 1967, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 51, 93
  171. Martem'yanov, V. P., and S. Kh. Khakimov, 1972, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 62, 35 [Sov. Phys.-JETP 35, 20 (1972)]
  172. Mather, R., and E. Segré, 1951, Phys. Rev. 84, 191
  173. McKinely, W. A., and H. Feshbach, 1948, Phys. Rev. 74, 1759
  174. McNulty, P. J., and R. C. Filz, 1977, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 147, 41
  175. Menefee, J., and Y. Cho, 1966, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 13 (3), 159
  176. Merzbacher, E., 1970, Quantum Mechanics (Wiley, New York), Chap. 18
  177. Merzbacher, E., 1972, in Proceedings of Heavy Ion Summer Study (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee), p. 465
  178. Messel, H., and D. M. Ritson, 1950, Philos. Mag. 41, 1129
  179. Meyer, A., and R. B. Murray, 1962, Phys. Rev. 128, 98
  180. Meyer, P., and G. Minagawa, 1977, Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Plovdiv), G-68
  181. Miller, G. L., W. M. Gibson, and P. F. Donovan, 1962, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 12, 189
  182. Mole, R. H., 1965, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 15, 207
  183. Moliere, G., 1948, Z. Naturforsch. A 3, 78
  184. Moliere, G., 1955, Z. Naturforsch. A 10, 177
  185. Møller, C., 1932, Ann. Physik 14, 531
  186. Morgan, K. Z., and J. E. Turner, 1972, in A. I. P. Handbook, edited by D. E. Gray (McGraw-Hill, New York), p. 8-291
  187. Morgan, S. H., and P. B. Eby, 1973, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 106, 429
  188. Mott, N. F., 1929, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 124, 42
  189. Mott, N. F., 1931, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 27, 553
  190. Mott, N. F., 1932, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 135, 42
  191. Mott, N. F., and H. S. W. Massey, 1965, The Theory of Atomic Collisions (Oxford University, London), p. 110
  192. Motz, J. W., H. Olsen, and H. W. Koch, 1964, Rev. Mod. Phys. 36, 881
  193. Nakano, G. H., K. R. MacKenzie, and H. Bichsel, 1963, Phys. Rev. 132, 291
  194. NCRP, 1961, National Committee on Radiation Protection, "Stopping powers for use with cavity chambers" (National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.), Handbook 79
  195. Neamtan, S. M., 1953, Phys. Rev. 92, 1362
  196. Nielsen, L. P., 1961, K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk Mat.-Fys. Medd. 33, (6)
  197. Nikolaev, V. S., and I. S. Dmitriev, 1968, Phys. Lett. A 28, 277
  198. Northcliffe, L. C., 1963, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 13, 67
  199. Northcliffe, L. C., and R. F. Schilling, 1970, Nuclear Data Tables A 7, 233
  200. O'Sullivan, D., P. B. Price, E. K. Shirk, P. H. Fowler, J. M. Kidd, E. J. Kobetich, and R. Thorne, 1971, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 463
  201. Paretzke, H. G., 1977, Radiat. Eff. 34, 3
  202. Pierce, T. E. and M. Blann, 1968, Phys. Rev. 173, 390
  203. Piercy, G. R., F. Brown, J. A. Davies, and M. McCargo, 1963, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 399
  204. Platzman, R. L., 1952, Symp. Radiobiol., Oberlin Coll., 1950
  205. Polyakov, A. M., 1974, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. Pis'ma Red. 20, 430 [JETP Lett. 20, 194 (1974)]
  206. Powell, C. F., P. H. Fowler, and D. H. Perkins, 1959, The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method (Pergamon, New York)
  207. Price, P. B., and R. L. Fleischer, 1971, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 21, 295
  208. Price, P. B., E. K. Shirk, W. Z. Osborne, and L. S. Pinsky, 1975, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 487
  209. Price, P. B., E. K. Shirk, W. Z. Osborne, and L. S. Pinsky, 1978, Phys. Rev. D 18, 1382
  210. PT 1978, Physics Today 31, 17
  211. Raisbeck, G. M., H. J. Crawford, P. J. Lindstrom, D. E. Greiner, F. S. Bieser, and H. H. Heckman, 1977, in the Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Plovdiv), Vol. 2, p
  212. RCA, 1970, Photomultiplier Manual, RCA Technical Series PT-61, Harrison, N. J
  213. Reames, D. V., 1974, in High Energy Particles and Quanta in Astrophysics, edited by F. B. McDonald and C. E. Fichtel (MIT, Cambridge, Mass.), p. 54
  214. Rossi, B., 1952, High Energy Particles (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs), Chap. 2
  215. Rutherford, E., and H. Geiger, 1908, Proc. Soc. A 81, 141
  216. Rutherford, E., 1911, Philos. Mag. 21, 669
  217. Sachs, D. C., and J. R. Richardson, 1951, Phys. Rev. 83, 834
  218. Sachs, D. C., and J. R. Richardson, 1953, Phys. Rev. 89, 1163
  219. Sakuraii, J. J., 1967, Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.), Chap. 2 and Appendix A
  220. Schimmerling, W., K. G. Vosburgh, and P. W. Todd, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 7, 2895
  221. Schwinger, J., 1966, Phys. Rev. 151, 1048
  222. Schwinger, J., 1975, Phys. Rev. D 12, 3105
  223. Scott, W. T., 1963, Rev. Mod. Phys. 35, 231
  224. Sellers, B., and F. A. Hanser, 1972, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 104, 233
  225. Shirk, E. K., and P. B. Price, 1978, Astrophys. J. 220, 719
  226. Shulek, P., B. M. Golovin, L. A. Kulyukina, S. V. Medved, and P. Pavlovich, 1967, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 4, 400
  227. Sigmund, P., 1976, Phys. Rev. A 14, 996
  228. Silberberg, R., and C. H. Tsao, 1973, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 25, 315
  229. Silk, E. C., and R. S. Barnes, 1959, Philos. Mag. 4, 970
  230. Stark, J., and G. Wendt, 1912, Ann. Physik 38, 921
  231. Sternheimer, R. M., 1952, Phys. Rev. 88, 851
  232. Sternheimer, R. M., 1953a, Phys. Rev. 91, 256
  233. Sternheimer, R. M., 1953b, Phys. Rev. 93, 351
  234. Sternheimer, R. M., 1956, Phys. Rev. 103, 511
  235. Sternheimer, R. M., 1961, in Methods of Experimental Physics, 5A, edited by L. C. L. Yuan and C. S. Wu (Academic, New York), p. 4
  236. Sternheimer, R. M., 1963, unpublished results
  237. Sternheimer, R. M., 1966, Phys. Rev. 145, 247
  238. Sternheimer, R. M., 1967, Phys. Rev. 164, 349
  239. Sternheimer, R. M., and R. F. Peierls, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 3, 3681
  240. Stevens, D. M., 1973, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Report: VPI-EPP-73-5
  241. Steward, P. G., and R. W. Wallace, 1970, "Stopping power and range for any nucleus in any nongaseous material—a composite method," UCRL 19428
  242. Swann, W. F. G., 1938, J. Franklin Inst. 226, 598
  243. Symon, K., 1948, Fluctuations in Energy Loss by High Energy Charged Particles in Passing Through Matter (Ph. D. Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.)
  244. Tamm, I. E., and I. M. Frank, 1937, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 14, 107
  245. Tarlé, G., S. P. Ahlen, and B. G. Cartwright, 1978, Astrophys. J. 230, 607
  246. Tarlé, G., and M. Solarz, 1978, Phys. Rev. Lett 41, 483
  247. Tavendale, A. J., 1967, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 17, 73
  248. Thompson, T. J., 1952, "Effect of chemical structure on stopping powers for high energy protons," USAEC Report, UCRL 1910, Ph. D. Thesis
  249. Thomson, J. J., 1903, Conduction of Electricity Through Gases (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), p. 370
  250. Thomson, J. J., 1912, Philos. Mag. 23, 449
  251. 't Hooft, G., 1974, Nucl. Phys. B 79, 276
  252. Tobias, C. A., J. T. Lyman, A. Chatterjee, J. Howard, H. D. Maccabee, M. R. Raju, A. R. Smith, J. M. Sperinde, and G. P. Welch, 1971, Science 174, 1131
  253. Tobias, C. A. and P. Todd, 1966, Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 24, 1
  254. Todd, P., C. B. Schroy, K. G. Vosburgh, and W. Schimmerling, 1971, Science 174, 1127
  255. Tompkins, D. R., 1965, Phys. Rev. 138, B248
  256. Tschalär, C., 1967, Ph. D. Thesis (University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California)
  257. Tschalär, C., 1968a, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 61, 141
  258. Tschalär, C., 1968b, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 64, 237
  259. Tueller, J., P. Love, J. W. Epstein, M. H. Israel, and J. Klarmann, 1977, Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Plovdiv), G-71
  260. Turner, J. E., V. N. Neelavathi, R. B. Vora, T. S. Subramanian, and M. A. Prasad, 1969, Phys. Rev. 183, 453
  261. Turner, J. E., P. D. Roecklein, and R. B. Vora, 1970, Health Phys. 18, 159
  262. Uehling, E. A., 1954, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 4, 315
  263. Upton, A. C., 1968, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 18, 495
  264. van Roosbroeck, W., 1965, Phys. Rev. 139, A1702
  265. Vavilov, P. V., 1957, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 920 [Sov. Phys.-JETP 5, 749 (1957)]
  266. Vavilov, S. I., 1934, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 2, 457
  267. Voltz, R., J. Lopes da Silva, G. Laustriat, and A. Coche, 1966 J. Chem. Phys. 45, 3306
  268. Vora, R. B. and J. E. Turner, 1970, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2011
  269. Walske, M. C., 1952, Phys. Rev. 88, 1283
  270. Walske, M. C., 1956, Phys. Rev. 101, 940
  271. Walske, M. C.Weast, R. C., 1968, editor, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 49th edition (The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio), p. F-158
  272. White, M. G., M. Isaila, K. Prelec, and H. L. Allen, 1971, Science 174, 1211
  273. Williams, E. J., 1945, Rev. Mod. Phys. 17, 217
  274. Williams, F., 1972, in A. I. P. Handbook, edited by D. E. Gray, Ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York), p. 9-158
  275. Wilson, L., 1978, Ph. D. Thesis (University of California, Berkeley)
  276. Windsor, M. W., 1967, in Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Solid State 2, edited by (D. Fox, MM. Labes, and A. Weissberger (Wiley, New York), Chap. 4
  277. Ziegler, J. F., 1978, private communication
  278. Zrelov, V. P., S. P. Kruglov, K. F. Mas, V. D. Savel'ev, and P. Sulek, 1974, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 19, 653
  279. Zrelov, V. P., and G. D. Stoletov, 1959, Sov. Phys. JETP 9, 461

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation