Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

The electronic structure of impurities and other point defects in semiconductors

Sokrates T. Pantelides

Sokrates T. Pantelides

  • IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598

Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, 797 – Published 1 October, 1978

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.50.797

Abstract

A review is presented of the various theoretical methods that have thus far been developed for the study of states introduced by impurities and other point defects in semiconductors. The main body of the paper is prefaced with brief sections on the role of impurities and defects in semiconductors and on the general aspects of experimental techniques, as an appropriate setting for the theoretical discourse. Theoretical methods, including those of the effective-mass type, and a wide range of methods appropriate to deep levels are then presented. Applications of these methods are discussed critically. Finally, the relative merits of the various approaches are compared and the prospects for future work are assessed.

References (359)

  1. Abarenkov, I. V. and V. Heine, 1965, Philos. Mag. 12, 529
  2. Adler, S. L., 1962, Phys. Rev. 126, 413
  3. Aggarwal, R. L., 1964, Solid State Commun. 2, 1963
  4. Aggarwal, R. L., P. Fisher, V. Mourzine, and A. K. Ramdas, 1965, Phys. Rev. 138, A882
  5. Aggarwal, R. L., and A. K. Ramdas, 1965, Phys. Rev. 140, A1246
  6. Ahlburn, B. T., and A. K. Ramdas, 1968, Phys. Rev. 167, 717
  7. Ahlburn, B. T., and A. K. Ramdas, 1969, Phys. Rev. 187, 932
  8. Allen, J. W., 1971, J. Phys. C 4, 1937
  9. Altarelli, M., and G. Iadonisi, 1971, Nuovo Cimento B 5, 21
  10. Altarelli, M., W. Y. Hsu, and R. A. Sabatini, 1977, J. Phys. C 10, L605
  11. Animalu, A. O. E., 1965, Cavendish Laboratory Technical Reports 1-3, unpublished
  12. Animalu, A. O. E., and V. Heine, 1965, Philos. Mag. 12, 1249
  13. Appapillai, M., and V. Heine, 1972, Tech. Rep. No. 5, Solid State Theory Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, England, unpublished
  14. Appelbaum, J. A., and D. R. Hamann, 1974, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 225
  15. Aten, A. C., J. H. Haanstra, and H. deVries, 1965, Philips Res. Rep. 20, 395
  16. Austin, B. J., V. Heine, and L. J. Sham, 1962, Phys. Rev. 127, 276
  17. Bajaj, K. K., 1970, Solid State Commun. 8, 1423
  18. Bajaj, K. K., 1972, in Polarons in Ionic Crystals and Polar Semiconductors, edited by J. T. Devreese (North-Holland, Amsterdam), p. 193
  19. Baldereschi, A., 1970, Phys. Rev. B 1, 4673
  20. Baldereschi, A., 1973, J. Lumin. 7, 79
  21. Baldereschi, A., and J. J. Hopfield, 1972, Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 171
  22. Baldereschi, A., and N. O. Lipari, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 8, 2697
  23. Baldereschi, A., and N. O. Lipari, 1974, Phys. Rev. B 9, 1525
  24. Baldereschi, A., and N. O. Lipari, 1976, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, edited by F. G. Fumi (Tipografia Marves, Rome), p. 595
  25. Bardeen, J., and W. H. Brattain, 1948, Phys. Rev. 74, 230
  26. Bardeen, J., and W. H. Brattain, 1949, Phys. Rev. 75, 1208
  27. Bassani, F., and V. Celli, 1961, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 20, 64
  28. Bassani, F., and G. Iadonisi, and B. Preziosi, 1969, Phys. Rev. 186, 735
  29. Bassani, F., G. Iadonisi, and B. Preziosi, 1974, Rep. Prog. Phys. 37, 1099
  30. Bassani, F., and G. Pastori Parravicini, 1975, Electronic States and Optical Transitions in Solids (Pergamon, Oxford)
  31. Bebb, H. B., 1969, Phys. Rev. 185, 1116
  32. Bebb, H. B., and R. A. Chapman, 1967, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 28, 2087
  33. Bernholc, J., and S. T. Pantelides, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 4935
  34. Bernholc, J., and S. T. Pantelides, 1978, Phys. Rev. B 18, Aug. 15, 1978
  35. Bernholc, J., S. T. Pantelides, and N. O. Lipari, 1978, to be published
  36. Bethe, H. A., 1942, "Theory of the Boundary Layer of Crystal Rectifiers," MIT Radiation Laboratory Report 43-12
  37. Bloch, F., 1928, Z. Phys. 52, 555
  38. Bloch, F., 1930, Z. Phys. 59, 208
  39. Blyholder, G., and C. A. Coulson, 1968, Theor. Chim. Acta 10, 316
  40. Boer, F. P., M. D. Newton, and W. N. Lipscomb, 1964, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 52, 890
  41. Bourgoin, J., and J. W. Corbett, 1972, Phys. Lett. A 38, 135
  42. Braun, F., 1874, Ann. der Physik und Chemie 153, 556
  43. Breitenecker, M., R. Sexl, and W. Thirring, 1964, Z. Phys. 182, 123
  44. Brillouin, L., 1930, J. Phys. (Paris) 9, 337
  45. Brooks, H., 1951, Phys. Rev. 83, 879
  46. Brooks, H., 1955, in Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, edited by L. Marton (Academic, New York), Vol. 7, p. 85
  47. Brust, D., 1964, Phys. Rev. 134, A1337
  48. Bube, R. H., 1960, Photoconductivity of Solids (Wiley, New York)
  49. Burstein, E., E. E. Bell, and J. W. Davisson, 1953, J. Phys. Chem. 57, 849
  50. Burstein, E., J. J. Oberly, and J. W. Davisson, 1953, Phys. Rev. 89, 331
  51. Burstein, E., J. J. Oberly, J. W. Davisson, and B. W. Henvis, 1951, Phys. Rev. 82, 764
  52. Burstein, E., G. S. Picus, B. Henvis, and R. Wallis, 1956, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1, 65
  53. Callaway, J., 1964, J. Math. Phys. 5, 783
  54. Callaway, J., 1967, Phys. Rev. 154, 515
  55. Callaway, J., 1971, Phys. Rev. B 3, 2556 (1971)
  56. Callaway, J., and A. J. Hughes, 1967a, Phys. Rev. 156, 860
  57. Callaway, J., and A. J. Hughes, 1967b, Phys. Rev. 164, 1043
  58. Cardona, M., W. Paul, and H. Brooks, 1959, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 204
  59. Carter, A. C., P. J. Dean, M. S. Skolnick, and R. A. Stradling, 1977, J. Phys. C 10, 5111
  60. Cartling, B., 1975, J. Phys. C 8, 3183
  61. Cartling, B. G., B. Roos, and U. Wahlgren, 1974, Chem. Phys. Lett. 32, 1244
  62. Chadi, D. J., 1977, Phys. Rev. B 16, 790
  63. Chadi, D. J., and M. L. Cohen, 1975, Phys. Status Solidi B 68, 405
  64. Chaney, R. C., 1976, Phys. Rev. B 14, 4578
  65. Chaney, R. C., and C. C. Lin, 1976, Phys. Rev. B 13, 843
  66. Chase, L. L., W. Hayes, and J. F. Ryan, 1977, J. Phys. C 10, 2957
  67. Chelikowsky, J. R., and M. Schlüter, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 4020
  68. Chui, S. T., C. Weigel, and J. W. Corbett, 1977, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 22, 267
  69. Clark, D. T., 1968, Tetrahedron 24, 2663
  70. Cohen, E., and M. D. Sturge, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 1039
  71. Cohen, M. H., and V. Heine, 1961, Phys. Rev. 122, 1821
  72. Cohen, M. L., and T. K. Bergstresser, 1966, Phys. Rev. 141, 789
  73. Cohen, M. L., M. Schlüter, J. R. Chelikowsky, and S. G. Louie, 1975, Phys. Rev. B 12, 5575
  74. Conwell, E., and V. F. Weisskopf, 1950, Phys. Rev. 77, 388
  75. Corbett, J. W., 1964, Solid State Phys., Suppl. 7
  76. Coulson, C. A., 1972, in Radiation Damage and Defects in Semiconductors, Conference Series No. 16, edited by J. E. Whitehouse (Institute of Physics, London), p. 249
  77. Coulson, C. A., and Mary J. Kearsley, 1957, Proc. R. Soc. A 241, 433
  78. Coulson, C. A., and F. P. Larkins, 1969, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 30, 1963
  79. Coulson, C. A., and F. P. Larkins, 1971, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 32, 2245
  80. Coulson, C. A.F. P. LarkinsCrawford, J. H., Jr., and L. M. Slifkin, 1975, editors, Point Defects in Solids, Volume 2 (Plenum, New York)
  81. Csavinszky, P., 1963, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 24, 1003
  82. Csavinszky, P., 1965, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 20, 2027
  83. Dean, P. J., 1968, Trans. Met. Soc. of AIME, 242, 1384
  84. Dean, P. J., 1973, Prog. Solid State Chem. 8, 1
  85. Dean, P. J., J. D. Cuthbert, and R. T. Lynch, 1969, Phys. Rev. 179, 754
  86. Dean, P. J., J. D. Cuthbert, G. D. Thomas, and R. T. Lynch, 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18, 122
  87. Dean, P. J., R. A. Faulkner, S. Kimura, and M. Ilegems, 1971, Phys. Rev. B 4, 1926
  88. Dean, P. J., C. J. Frosch, and C. H. Henry, 1968, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 5631
  89. Dean, P. J., and C. H. Henry, 1968, Phys. Rev. 176, 928
  90. Dean, P. J., and D. C. Herbert, 1976, J. Lumin. 14, 55
  91. deBoer, J. H., and W. C. vanGeel, 1935, Physica 2, 286
  92. deKock, A. J. R., 1973, Philips Res. Rep. Suppl. 1, 1
  93. deKock, A. J. R.Devreese, J. T., 1972, editor, Polarons in Ionic Crystals and Polar Semiconductors (North-Holland, Amsterdam)
  94. Djafari-Rouhani, M., M. Lannoo, and P. Lenglart, 1970, J. Phys. 31, 597
  95. Dresselhaus, G., A. F. Kip, and C. Kittel, 1955, Phys. Rev. 98, 368
  96. Edmonds, A. R., 1960, Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics (Princeton U.P., Princeton, N.J.)
  97. Engineer, M., and N. Tzoar, 1972, in Polarons in Ionic Crystals and Polar Semiconductors, edited by J. T. Devreese (North-Holland, Amsterdam), p. 747
  98. Engström, O., and H. G. Grimmeiss, 1975, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 831
  99. Fagelström, P. O., and H. G. Grimmeiss, 1977, to be published
  100. Faulkner, R. A., 1968, Phys. Rev. 175, 991
  101. Fetterman, H. R., D. M. Larsen, G. E. Stillman, P. E. Tannewald, and J. Waldman, 1971, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 975
  102. Fisher, P., and A. K. Ramdas, 1965, Phys. Lett. 16, 26
  103. Flynn, C. P., 1972, Point Defects and Diffusion (Clarendon, Oxford)
  104. Flynn, C. P.Fowler, W. B., 1968, editor, Physics of Color Centers (Academic, New York)
  105. Friedel, J., M. Lannoo, and G. Leman, 1967, Phys. Rev. 164, 1056
  106. Fritzsche, H., 1962, Phys. Rev. 125, 1560
  107. Frölich, H., 1937, Proc. R. Soc. A 160, 230
  108. Frölich, H., 1962, in Polarons and Excitons, edited by G. G. Kuper and G. D. Whitfield (Plenum, New York), p. 1
  109. Garcia-Moliner, F., 1971, in Theory of Imperfect Crystalline Solids, Trieste Lectures, 1970 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna), p. 1
  110. Gilbert, T. L., 1970, in Sigma Molecular Orbital Theory, edited by O. Sinanoglu and K. Wiberg (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.), p. 249
  111. Glodeanu, A., 1965a, Rev. Roum. Phys. 10, 433
  112. Glodeanu, A., 1965b, Rev. Roum. Phys. 10, 741
  113. Glodeanu, A., 1968, Phys. Lett. A28, 404
  114. Glodeanu, A., 1969a, Rev. Roum. Phys. 14, 139
  115. Glodeanu, A., 1969b, Phys. Status Solidi 35, 481
  116. Gombás, P., 1956, in Encyclopedia of Physics, edited by S. Flügge (Springer, Berlin), Vol. XXXVI, p. 109
  117. Grimmeiss, G. H., 1977, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 7, 341
  118. Grimmeiss, H. G., and L.-Å. Ledebo, 1975, J. Phys. C 8, 2615
  119. Gudden, B., 1931, Ber. Phys. Soz. Erlangen 62, 289
  120. Gummel, H., and M. Lax, 1955, Phys. Rev. 97, 1469
  121. Gunnarson, O., J. Harris, and R. O. Jones, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 3027
  122. Haller, E. E., and W. L. Hansen, 1974, Solid State Commun. 15, 687
  123. Harrison, W. A., 1966, Pseudopotentials in the Theory of Metals (Benjamin, New York)
  124. Haug, A., 1970, Z. Naturforsch. 25a, 143
  125. Haydock, R., V. Heine, and M. J. Kelly, 1972, J. Phys. C 5, 2845
  126. Haydock, R., V. Heine, and M. J. Kelly, 1975, J. Phys. C 8, 2591
  127. Haynes, J. R., and W. C. Westphal, 1956, Phys. Rev. 101, 1676
  128. Hedin, L., and B. I. Lundqvist, 1971, J. Phys. C 4, 2064
  129. Hemstreet, L. A., 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 834
  130. Henry, C. H., J. J. Hopfield, and L. C. Luther, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1178
  131. Henry, C. H., and D. V. Lang, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 989
  132. Hensel, J. C., H. Hasegawa, and M. Nakayama, 1965, Phys. Rev. 138, A225
  133. Hermanson, J., and J. C. Phillips, 1966, Phys. Rev. 150, 652
  134. Hermanson, J., and J. C. Phillips, 1940, Phys. Rev. 57, 1169
  135. Herring, C., 1954, in Photoconductivity Conference, Atlantic City, 1954, edited by R. C. Breckenridge, B. R. Russel, and E. E. Hahn (Wiley, New York), p. 81
  136. Ho, L. T., and A. K. Ramdas, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 462
  137. Hoffmann, R., 1963, J. Chem. Phys. 39, 1397
  138. Hohenberg, P., and W. Kohn, 1964, Phys. Rev. 136, 864
  139. Hopfield, J. J., G. D. Thomas, and M. Gershenzon, 1963, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 162
  140. Hsu, W. Y., J. D. Dow, D. J. Wolford, and B. G. Streetman, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 16, 1597
  141. Huang, K., and A. Rhys, 1950, Proc. R. Soc. A 204, 406
  142. Ivey, J. L., and R. L. Mieher, 1975a, Phys. Rev. B 11, 822
  143. Ivey, J. L., and R. L. Mieher, 1975b, Phys. Rev. B 11, 849
  144. James, H. M., 1949, Phys. Rev. 76, 1602
  145. Jaros, M., 1969, Phys. Status Solidi 36, 181
  146. Jaros, M., 1971, J. Phys. C 4, 1162
  147. Jaros, M., 1975, J. Phys. C 8, 2455
  148. Jaros, M., and S. Brand, 1976, Phys. Rev. B 14, 4494
  149. Jaros, M., and S. F. Ross, 1973, J. Phys. 6, 1753
  150. Jaros, M., and S. F. Ross, 1974, Solid State Commun. 14, 631
  151. Joannopoulos, J. D., and E. J. Mele, 1976, Solid State Commun. 20, 729
  152. Johnson, K. H., J. G. Norman, and J. W. D. Connolly, 1973, in Computational Methods for Large Molecules and Localized States in Solids, edited by F. Herman, A. D. McLean, and R. K. Nesbet (Plenum, New York), p. 161
  153. Johnson, K. H., and F. C. Smith, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 831
  154. Jones, R. L., and P. Fisher, 1965, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 1125
  155. Kaczmarek, E., 1966, Acta Phys. Pol. 30, 267
  156. Kane, E. O., 1956, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1, 82
  157. Kane, E. O., 1957, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1, 249
  158. Kauffer, E., P. Pecheur, and M. Gerl, 1976, J. Phys. C 9, 2319
  159. Kauffer, E., P. Pecheur, and M. Gerl, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 4107
  160. Kaus, P., 1958, Phys. Rev. 109, 1944
  161. Keldysh, L. V., 1963, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 45, 364 [Sov. Phys.-JETP 18, 253]
  162. Kimerling, L. C., 1977, in Radiation Effects in Semiconductors, 1976, Conference Series No. 31, edited by N. B. Urli and J. W. Corbett (Institute of Physics, London), p. 221
  163. Kishino, S., N. Shinone, H. Nakashima, and R. Ito, 1976, Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 488
  164. Kittel, C., 1963, Quantum Theory of Solids (Wiley, New York)
  165. Kittel, C., 1976, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 5th edition (Wiley, New York)
  166. Kittel, C., and A. H. Mitchell, 1954, Phys. Rev. 96, 1488
  167. Kleiman, G., 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 802
  168. Kleiner, W. H., and W. E. Kragg, 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 1490
  169. Kleinman, L., and J. C. Phillips, 1959, Phys. Rev. 116, 287
  170. Kogan, S. M., and B. I. Segunov, 1967, Soviet Phys.-Solid State 8, 1898
  171. Kohn, W., 1957, Solid State Phys. 5, 257
  172. Kohn, W., and J. M. Luttinger, 1955a, Phys. Rev. 97, 883
  173. Kohn, W., and J. M. Luttinger, 1955b, Phys. Rev. 97, 1721
  174. Kohn, W., and J. M. Luttinger, 1955c, Phys. Rev. 98, 915
  175. Kohn, W., and N. Rostocker, 1954, Phys. Rev. 94, 1111
  176. Kohn, W., and D. Schechter, 1955, Phys. Rev. 99, 1903
  177. Kohn, W., and L. J. Sham, 1965, Phys. Rev. 140, A1133
  178. Korringa, J., 1947, Physica 13, 392
  179. Kosicki, B. B., and W. Paul, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 246
  180. Kosicki, B. B., W. Paul, A. J. Strauss, and G. W. Iseler, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1175
  181. Koster, G. F., 1954, Phys. Rev. 95, 1436
  182. Koster, G. F., and J. C. Slater, 1954a, Phys. Rev. 95, 1167
  183. Koster, G. F., and J. C. Slater, 1954b, Phys. Rev. 96, 1208
  184. Kovarskii, V. A., 1962, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 4, 1636 [Sov. Phys.-Solid State 4, 1200]
  185. Kovarskii, V. A., and E. P. Sinyavskii, 1962, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 4, 3202 [Sov. Phys.-Solid State 4, 2345]
  186. Kovarskii, V. A., and E. P. Sinyavskii, 1964, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 6, 636 [Sov. Phys.-Solid State 6, 498]
  187. Krag, W. E., and H. J. Zeiger, 1962, Phys. Rev. Lett. 8, 485
  188. Krag, W. E., W. H. Kleiner, H. J. Zieger, and S. Fischler, 1966, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. Suppl. 21, 230
  189. Kronig, R., and W. G. Penney, 1931, Proc. R. Soc. A 130, 499
  190. Kubo, R., and I. Toyozawa, 1955, Prog. Theor. Phys. 13, 160
  191. Kukimoto, H., C. H. Henry, and F. R. Merritt, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 7, 2486
  192. Kukimoto, H.C. H. HenryF. R. MerrittKuper, C. G., and G. D. Whitefield, 1962, editors, Polarons and Excitons (Plenum, New York)
  193. Lang, D. V., 1974, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 3023
  194. Lang, D. V., 1977, unpublished
  195. Lang, N. D., and A. R. Williams, 1976, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 212
  196. Lannoo, M., and P. Lenglart, 1969, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 30, 2409
  197. Larkins, F. P., 1971, J. Phys. C 4, 3065
  198. Larkins, F. P., 1971, J. Phys. C 4, 3077
  199. Larsen, D. M., 1972, in Polarons in Ionic Crystals and Polar Semiconductors, edited by J. T. Devreese (North-Holland, Amsterdam), p. 237
  200. Lawaetz, P., 1971, Phys. Rev. B 4, 3460
  201. Lax, M., 1952, J. Chem. Phys. 20, 1752
  202. Lax, M., 1960, Phys. Rev. 119, 1502
  203. Lee, T. F., and T. C. McGrill, 1973, J. Phys. C 6, 3438
  204. Levinger, B. W., and D. R. Frankl, 1961, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 20, 291
  205. Lifshitz, J. M., and M. I. Kaganov, 1959, Usp. Fiz. Nauk 69, 419 [1960, Sov. Phys.-Usp. 2, 831]
  206. Lifshitz, J. M., and F. Ya Nad, 1965, Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 10, 532
  207. Lipari, N. O., and A. Baldereschi, 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 1660
  208. Lipari, N. O., and A. Baldereschi, 1978, Solid State Commun. 25, 665
  209. Louie, S. G., M. Schlüter, J. R. Chelikowsky, and M. L. Cohen, 1976, Phys. Rev. B 13, 1654
  210. Lowther, J. E., 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 3928
  211. Lucovsky, G., 1965, Solid State Commun. 3, 299
  212. Luttinger, J. M., 1956, Phys. Rev. 102, 1030
  213. Luttinger, J. M., and W. Kohn, 1955, Phys. Rev. 97, 969
  214. Manchon, D. D., and P. J. Dean, 1970, in The Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (U.S.AEC, Oak Ridge), p. 760
  215. Mendelson, K. S., and H. M. James, 1964, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 25, 729
  216. Mendelson, K. S., and D. R. Schultz, 1969, Phys. Status Solidi 31, 59
  217. Menzel, W. P., K. Mednick, C. C. Lin, and C. F. Dorman, J. Chem. Phys. 63, 4708
  218. Merzbacher, E., 1967, Quantum Mechanics (Wiley, New York)
  219. Messmer, R. P., 1971, Chem. Phys. Lett. 11, 589
  220. Messmer, R. P., and G. D. Watkins, 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 656
  221. Messmer, R. P., and G. D. Watkins, 1972, in Radiation Damage and Defects in Semiconductors, Conference Series No. 16, edited by J. E. Whitehouse (Institute of Physics, London), p. 255
  222. Messmer, R. P., and G. D. Watkins, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 7, 2568
  223. Miller, G. L., D. V. Lang, and L. C. Kimerling, 1977, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 7, 377
  224. Milnes, A. G., 1973, Deep Impurities in Semiconductors (Wiley, New York)
  225. Monemar, B., and L. Samuelson, 1976, J. Lumin. 12/13, 507
  226. Morgan, T. N., 1970, Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, edited by S. P. Keller, J. C. Hensel, and F. Stern (U.S. AEC, Oak Ridge), p. 266
  227. Morgan, T. N., 1975, J. of Electronic Materials 4, 1029
  228. Morgan, T. N., 1978, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 190
  229. Morita, A., and H. Nara, 1966, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. Suppl. 21, 234
  230. Morse, P. M., 1930, Phys. Rev. 35, 1310
  231. Moruzzi, V. L., A. R. Williams, and J. F. Janak, 1977, Phys. Rev. B 15, 2854
  232. Mott, N. F., and R. W. Gurney, 1940, Electronic Processes in Ionic Crystals (Clarendon, Oxford)
  233. Müller, A. M. K., 1964, Solid State Commun. 2, 205
  234. Müller, A. M. K., 1965, Z. Naturforsch. 20a, 1476
  235. Mulliken, R. S., 1949a, J. Chim. Phys. 46, 497
  236. Mulliken, R. S., 1949b, J. Chim. Phys. 46, 675
  237. Naber, J. A., C. E. Mallon, and R. E. Leadon, 1972, in Radiation Damage and Defects in Semiconductors, Conference Series No. 16, edited by J. E. Whitehouse (Institute of Physics, London), p. 26
  238. Nara, H., 1965, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 20, 778
  239. Nara, H., and A. Morita, 1967, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 23, 831
  240. Newton, M. D., F. P. Boer, and W. N. Lopscomb, 1966, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 2353
  241. Ning, T. H., and C. T. Sah, 1971a, Phys. Rev. B 4, 3468
  242. Ning, T. H., 1971b, Phys. Rev. B 4, 3482
  243. Onton, A., 1971, Phys. Rev. B 4, 4449
  244. Onton, A., 1969, Phys. Rev. 186, 786
  245. Onton, A., P. Fisher, and A. K. Ramdas, 1967, Phys. Rev. 163 686
  246. Onton, A., and R. C. Taylor, 1970, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2587
  247. Pandey, K. C., and J. C. Phillips, 1974a, Solid State Commun. 14, 439
  248. Pandey, K. C., and J. C. Phillips, 1974b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 1433
  249. Pandey, K. C., and J. C. Phillips, 1976, Phys. Rev. B 13, 750
  250. Pantelides, S. T., 1973, doctoral thesis, Solid State Electronics Lab. T. R. No. 24, University of Illinois (unpublished)
  251. Pantelides, S. T., 1974a, in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, edited by M. H. Pilkuhn (Teubnes, Stuttgart), p. 396
  252. Pantelides, S. T., 1974b, Solid State Commun. 14, 1255
  253. Pantelides, S. T., 1975, in Festkörperprobleme, edited by H. J. Queisser (Pergamon/Vieweg, Braunschweig), Vol. XV, p. 149
  254. Pantelides, S. T., 1976, unpublished
  255. Pantelides, S. T., 1978, to be published
  256. Pantelides, S. T., and J. Bernholc, 1977, in Radiation Effects in Semiconductors 1976, Conference Series No. 31, edited by N. B. Urli and J. W. Corbett (Institute of Physics, London), p. 465
  257. Pantelides, S. T., and W. A. Harrison, 1975, Phys. Rev. B 11, 3006
  258. Pantelides, S. T., and C. T. Sah, 1972, Solid State Commun. 11, 1713
  259. Pantelides, S. T., and C. T. Sah, 1974a, Phys. Rev. B 10, 621
  260. Pantelides, S. T., and C. T. Sah, 1974b, Phys. Rev. B 10, 638
  261. Peierls, R., 1930, Ann. Phys. 4, 121
  262. Penn, D. R., 1962, Phys. Rev. 128, 2093
  263. Petroff, P. M., and R. L. Hartmann, 1973, Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 469
  264. Phillips, J. C., 1970, Phys. Rev. B 1, 1540
  265. Phillips, J. C., 1973, Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors (Academic, New York)
  266. Phillips, J. C., 1974, Surf. Sci. 44, 290
  267. Phillips, J. C., and L. Kleinman, 1959, Phys. Rev. 116, 287
  268. Platzman, P. M., 1962, Phys. Rev. 125, 1961
  269. Pollmann, J., and H. Büttner, 1975, Solid State Commun. 17, 1171
  270. Pollmann, J., and S. T. Pantelides, 1978, Phys. Rev. B, to be published
  271. Pople, J. A., and G. A. Segal, 1965, J. Chem. Phys. 43, S136
  272. Pople, J. A., and D. L. Beveridge, 1970, Approximate Molecular-Orbital Theory (McGraw-Hill, New York)
  273. Preziosi, B., 1971, Nuovo Cimento B6, 131
  274. Queisser, H. J., 1971, in Festkörperprobleme, edited by O. Madelung (Pergamon/Vieweg, Braunschweig), Vol. XI, p. 45
  275. Rebane, K. K., 1970, Impurity Spectra of Solids (Plenum, 1970)
  276. Reiss, H., 1956, J. Chem. Phys. 25, 681
  277. Reitz, J. R., 1955, Solid State Phys. 1, 1
  278. Resta, R., 1977, J. Phys. C 10, L179
  279. Reuszer, J. H., and P. Fisher, 1964, Phys. Rev. 135, A1125
  280. Roitsin, A. B., 1974, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 8, 3 (Sov. Phys.-Semicond. 8, 1)
  281. Ross, S. F., and M. Jaros, 1973, Solid State Commun. 13, 1751
  282. Ross, S. F., and M. Jaros, 1974, J. Phys. C 7, L235
  283. Rynne, E. F., J. R. Cox, J. B. McGuire, and J. S. Blakemore, 1976, Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 155
  284. Sah, C. T., 1976, Solid-State Electron. 19, 975
  285. Sah, C. T., 1977a, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices ED-24, p
  286. Sah, C. T., 1977b, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Silicon Materials, Science, and Technology, edited by H. R. Huff and E. Sirtl (Electrochemical Society, Princeotn), Vol. 77, p. 868
  287. Sah, C. T., W. W. Chan, H. S. Fu, and J. W. Walker, 1972, Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 193
  288. Sah, C. T., L. Forbes, L. L. Rosier, and A. F. Tasch, 1970, Solid-State Electron. 13, 759
  289. Sah, C. T., and C. T. Wang, 1975, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 1767
  290. Sak, J., 1971, Phys. Rev. B 3, 3356
  291. Samuelson, L., and B. Monemar, 1977, to be published
  292. Schlüter, M., J. R. Chelikowsky, S. G. Louie, and M. L. Cohen, 1975a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 1385
  293. Schlüter, M., J. R. Chelikowsky, S. G. Louie, and M. L. Cohen, 1975b, Phys. Rev. B 12, 4200
  294. Schultz, T. D., 1962, in Polarons and Excitons, edited by G. G. Kuper and G. D. Whitfield (Plenum, New York), p. 71
  295. Schechter, D., 1962, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 23, 237
  296. Schechter, D., 1969, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 26, 8
  297. Seeger, A., and K. P. Chick, 1969, Phys. Status Solidi 29, 455
  298. Shaffer, J. C., and F. Williams, 1964, Proceedings of the International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (Dunod, Paris), p. 811
  299. Shaffer, J., and F. Williams, 1970, Phys. Stat. Sol. 38, 657
  300. Shimizu, T., and K. Minami, 1971, Phys. Status Solidi B 48, K181
  301. Shindo, K., and H. Nara, 1976, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 40, 1640
  302. Shinohara, S., 1961, Nuovo Cimento 22, 18
  303. Shive, J. N., 1959, Semiconductor Devices (Van Nostrand, New York)
  304. Shockley, W., 1949, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 28, 453
  305. Shockley, W., 1950, Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors (Van Nostrand, New York)
  306. Skolnick, M. S., L. Eaves, R. A. Stradling, J. C. Portal, and S. Askcnazy, 1974, Solid State Commun. 15, 1403
  307. Slater, J. C., 1930, Phys. Rev. 36, 57
  308. Slater, J. C., 1949, Phys. Rev. 76, 1592
  309. Slater, J. C., 1951, Phys. Rev. 81, 385
  310. Slater, J. C., 1972, in Advances in Quantum Chemistry, edited by P.-O. Löwdin (Academic, New York), Vol. 6
  311. Slater, J. C., and K. H. Johnson, 1972, Phys. Rev. B 5, 844
  312. Smith, R. A., 1959, Semiconductors (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)
  313. Sommerfeld, A. J. W., 1928, Z. Phys. 47, 1
  314. Stoneham, 1970, J. Phys. C 3, L131
  315. Stoneham, A. M., 1975, Theory of Defects in Solids (Clarendon, Oxford)
  316. Street, R. A., and W. Senske, 1976, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 1292
  317. Summers, C. J., R. Dingle, and D. E. Hill, 1970, Phys. Rev. B 1, 1603
  318. Suzuki, K., M. Okazaki, and H. Hasegawa, 1964, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 19, 930
  319. Swalin, R. A., 1961, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 18, 290
  320. Thomas, D. G., J. J. Hopfield, and C. J. Frosch, 1965, Phys. Rev. Lett. 857
  321. Thomas, D. G., J. J. Hopfield, and R. T. Lynch, 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 312
  322. Torrey, H. C., and C. A. Whitmer, 1948, Crystal Rectifiers (McGraw-Hill, New York)
  323. Tossell, J. A., D. J. Vaughn, and K. H. Johnson, 1973, Chem. Phys. Lett. 20, 329
  324. Van Vechten, J. A., 1977, Radiation Effects in Semiconductors, edited by N. B. Urli and J. W. Corbett, Conference Series No. 31 (Institute of Physics, London), p. 441
  325. Van Vechten, J. A., and C. T. Thurmond, 1976, Phys. Rev. B 14, 3539
  326. Vul, A. Ya., G. L. Bir, and Ya. V. Shmartsev, 1970, FizTekh. Poluprovodn. 4, 2331 [Sov. Phys.-Semicond. 4, 2005]
  327. Walter, W., and J. L. Birman, in II-VI Semiconducting Compounds, edited by D. G. Thomas (Benjamin, New York), p. 89
  328. Wannier, G., 1937, Phys. Rev. 52, 191
  329. Watkins, G. D., 1963, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 18, Suppl. II, 22
  330. Watkins, G. D., 1965, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference of the Physics of Semiconductors, Paris, 1964, edited by M. Hulin (Academic, New York), Vol. 3, p. 97
  331. Watkins, G. D., and J. W. Corbett, 1961, Phys. Rev. 121, 1001
  332. Watkins, G. D., and R. P. Messmer, 1973, in Computational Methods for Large Molecules and Localized States in Solids, edited by F. Herman, A. D. McLean, and R. K. Nesbet (Plenum, New York), p. 133
  333. Watkins, G. D., and R. P. Messmer, 1974, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 1244
  334. Watkins, G. D., R. P. Messmer, C. Weigel, D. Peak, and J. W. Corbett, 1971, Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 1573
  335. Watts, R. K., 1977, Point Defects in Crystals (Wiley, New York)
  336. Weigel, C., D. Peak, J. W. Corbett, G. D. Watkins, and R. P. Messmer, 1973, Phys. Rev. B 8, 2906
  337. Weinreich, G., 1959, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 216
  338. White, A. M., P. Porteous, W. F. Sherman, and A. A. Stadtmuller, 1977, J. Phys. C 10, L473
  339. White, A. M.P. PorteousW. F. ShermanA. A. StadtmullerWhitehouse, J. E., 1972, editor, Proceedings of the International Conference on Radiation Damage and Defects in Semiconductors, Reading, Berkshire, England (Institute of Physics and Physical Society, London)
  340. Williams, A. R., and J. van W. Morgan, 1974, J. Phys. C 7, 37
  341. Williams, F., 1960, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 12, 265
  342. Williams, F., 1968, Phys. Status Solidi 25, 493
  343. Williams, R., 1966, J. Appl. Phys. 37, 3411
  344. Wilson, A. H., 1931, Proc. R. Soc. A 133, 458
  345. Wilson, A. H., 1932, Proc. R. Soc. A 134, 277
  346. Wilson, K., 1975, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 773
  347. Wiser, N., 1963, Phys. Rev. 129, 62
  348. Wright, G. B., and A. Mooradian, 1968, in the Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, Moscow, 1968 (Nauka, Leningrad), Vol. 2, p. 1067
  349. Yau, L. D., and C. T. Sah, 1974, Solid-State Electron. 17, 193
  350. Yamaguchi, T., 1962, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 17, 1359
  351. Yamaguchi, T., 1963, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 18, 368
  352. Yi-Hsiang, C., and H. Yu-Ping, 1966, Chin. J. Phys. 22, 24
  353. Yip, K. L., 1974, Phys. Status Solidi B 66, 619
  354. Yip, K. L., and W. B. Fowler, 1974, Phys. Rev. B 10, 1400
  355. Ziman, J. M., 1964, Principles of the Theory of Solids (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)
  356. Zunger, A., and A. J. Freeman, 1977a, Phys. Rev. B 15, 4716
  357. Zunger, A., and A. J. Freeman, 1977b, Phys. Rev. B 15, 5049
  358. Zunger, A., and A. J. Freeman, 1977c, Phys. Rev. B, to be published
  359. Zwerdling, S., B. Loux, K. J. Button, and L. M. Roth, 1960, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 173

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation