Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Radioactivity's two early puzzles

A. Pais*

A. Pais*

  • Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021

  • *Work supported in part by the U. S. Energy and Development Administration under Contract Grant No. EY-76-C-02-2232B.

Rev. Mod. Phys. 49, 925 – Published 1 October, 1977

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.49.925

Abstract

Since the discovery of radioactivity predates the birth of quantum mechanics by nearly thirty years, it was inevitable that the most fundamental aspect of radioactive processes, its spontaneity, was also the most baffling one to physicists during the first quarter of the twentieth century. The ensuing struggles in that period with regard to the origins of the radioactive energy release, and to the significance of the life time concept are discussed.

References (117)

  1. Académie Royale, 1778, Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Année 1775 (Imprimerie Royale, Paris), pp. 61-66
  2. Andrade, E.N. da C., 1964, Rutherford and the Nature of the Atom (Doubleday, New York), p. 40
  3. Badash, L., 1966, Sci. Am. 215, No. 2, 89
  4. Bainbridge, K. T., M. Goldhaber, and E. Wilson, 1951, Phys. Rev. 84, 1260
  5. Bainbridge, K. T., M. Goldhaber, and E. Wilson, 1953, Phys. Rev. 90, 430
  6. Becquerel, H., 1896, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 122, 501
  7. Becquerel, A. H., 1899, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 128, 771
  8. Becquerel, J., 1924, La Radioactivité et les transformations des elements (Librairie Payot, Paris)
  9. Bohr, N., 1913, Phil. Mag. 26, 476
  10. Boltzmann, L., 1964, Lectures on Gas Theory (University of California, Berkeley), Part 2, Chap. 6
  11. Bouchez, R., et al., 1956, J. Phys. Radium 17, 363
  12. Briner, E., 1925, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 180, 1586
  13. Carnot, H., 1878, letter in C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 87, 967
  14. Chadwick, J., 1914, Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 16, 383
  15. Cooper, J. A., J. M. Hollander, and J. O. Rasmussen, 1965, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 680
  16. Coriolis, G. G., 1829, Du Calcul de l'effet des machines, ou Considérations sur l'emploi des moteurs et sur leur évaluation pour servir d'introduction à l'étude spéciale des machines (Carilian-Goeury, Paris)
  17. Crookes, W., 1898, Nature 58, 438
  18. Crookes, W., 1899, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 128, 176
  19. Crookes, W., 1910, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 83, xx
  20. Curie, M., 1899, Rev. Gen. Sci. Pures Appl. 10, 41
  21. Curie, M., 1900, Rev. Sci. 14, 65
  22. Curie, M., 1910, Traité de Radioactivité (Gauthier-Villars, Paris), Vol. 1, Chap. 3
  23. Curie, P., 1967, in Nobel Lectures in Physics (Elsevier, New York), p. 78
  24. Curie, P., and M. Curie, 1902, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 134, 85
  25. Curie, P., S. Curie, and G. Bémont, 1898, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 127, 1215
  26. Curie, P., and A. Laborde, 1903, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 136, 673
  27. Curie, S., 1898, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 126, 1101
  28. Daudel, R., 1947, Rev. Sci. 85, 162
  29. Debierne, A., 1914, Recherches sur les phénomènes de radioactivité (Gauthier-Villars, Paris)
  30. Einstein, A., 1905, Ann. Phys. (Leipz.) 18, 639
  31. Elkana, Y., 1974, The Discovery of the Conservation of Energy (Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.)
  32. Ellis, C. D., and W. A. Wooster, 1927, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 117, 109
  33. Elster, J., and H. Geitel, 1898, Ann. Phys. (Leipz.) 66, 735
  34. Elster, J., and H. Geitel, 1899, Ann. Phys. (Leipz.) 69, 83
  35. Elster, J., and H. Geitel, 1903, Phys. Z. 4, 439
  36. Emery, G. T., 1972, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 22, 165
  37. Frauenfelder, H., 1962, The Mössbauer Effect (Benjamin, New York)
  38. Fürth, R., 1920, Schwankungserscheinungen in der Physik (Vieweg, Braunschweig), Chap. 6
  39. Gamow, G., 1928, Z. Phys. 51, 204
  40. Geiger, H., and J. M. Nuttall, 1912, Phil. Mag. 23, 439
  41. Gouy, L. G., 1888, J. Phys. (Paris) 7, 561
  42. Gurney, R. W., and E. U. Condon, 1928, Nature 122, 439
  43. Gurney, R. W., and E. U. Condon, 1929, Phys. Rev. 33, 127
  44. Hammer, W. J., 1903, Radium (Van Nostrand, New York), p. 18
  45. Hellund, E., 1953, Phys. Rev. 89, 919
  46. Helmholtz, H., 1883, Wissenschaftiche Abhandlungen (Barth, Leipzig), Vol. 2, p. 972
  47. Hiebert, E. N., 1962, Historical Roots of the Principle of Conservation of Energy, (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
  48. Höhler, G., 1958, Z. Phys. 152, 546
  49. Howorth, M., 1958, The Life Story of Frederick Soddy (New World, London), p. 83
  50. Jauncey, G., 1946, Am. J. Phys. 14, 227
  51. Jeans, J., 1943, Physics and Philosophy (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), pp. 149, 150
  52. Joliot, F., 1930, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 191, 132
  53. Kahl, Russell, 1971, Selected Writings of Hermann von Helmholtz (Wesleyan University, Watertown, Conn.)
  54. Kaufmann, W., 1897, Ann. Phys. (Leipz.) 61, 545
  55. Kelvin, Lord, 1904, Phil. Mag. 7, 220
  56. Kuhn, T. S., in Critical Problems in the History of Science, edited by M. Clagett (University of Wisconsin, Madison), p. 321
  57. Lawson, R. W., 1924, Nature 113, 432
  58. Lévy, M., 1959, Nuovo Cimento 14, 612
  59. Lindemann, F. A., 1915, Phil. Mag. 30, 560
  60. Mach, E., 1896, Die Principien der Wärmelehre (Barth, Leipzig)
  61. Matthews, P., and A. Salam, 1959, Phys. Rev. 115, 1079
  62. Meitner, L., and W. Orthmann, 1930, Z. Phys. 60, 143
  63. Meyer, S., and E. Schweidler, 1927, Radioaktivität (Teubner, Leipzig)
  64. Pais, A., 1969, in Oppenheimer (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York)
  65. Pauli, W., 1921, "Relativitätstheorie," in Enzyklöpadie der Math. Wiss. (Teubner, Leipzig), Vol. 5, Part 2
  66. Pauli, W., 1929, letter to O. Klein, Feb. 18, 1929
  67. Pauli, W., 1964, Collected Scientific Papers (Interscience, New York), Vol. 2, p. 1313
  68. Perrin, J., 1919, Ann. Phys. (Paris) 11, 5
  69. Perrin, J., 1920, Revue du Mois, Feb. 10, 1920, p. 113
  70. Petzold, J., 1959a, Z. Phys. 155, 422
  71. Petzold, J., 1959b, Z. Phys. 157, 122
  72. Planck, M., 1887, Das Princip der Erhaltung der Energie (Teubner, Leipzig)
  73. Pohl, R., 1924, Naturwissenschaften 12, 685
  74. Poincaré, H., 1913. The Foundations of Science (Science Press, New York), Chap. VIII
  75. Poole, H. H., 1914, Phil. Mag. 27, 714
  76. Ramsey, W., and F. Soddy, 1904, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 13, 346
  77. Rayleigh, Lord, 1969, The Life of Sir J. J. Thomson (Dawsons, London), p. 141
  78. Robinson, H. R., 1943, Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 55, 161
  79. Russell, A. S., 1951, Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 64, 217
  80. Rutherford, E., 1899, Phil. Mag. 47, 109
  81. Rutherford, E., 1900, Phil. Mag. 49, 1
  82. Rutherford, E., 1904, Radioactivity (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England), pp. 2-4
  83. Rutherford, E., 1911a, Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc. 55, 18
  84. Rutherford, E., 1911b, Phil. Mag. 21, 669
  85. Rutherford, E., 1911c, Wiener Ber. 120, 303
  86. Rutherford, E., 1911d, Radioactive Transformations (Yale University, New Haven), p. 267
  87. Rutherford, E., 1912, Clark University Lectures, Sept. 7-11, 1909 (Clark University, Wooster, Mass.), p. 83
  88. Rutherford, E., 1921, in La structure de la matière: Proceedings of the 2nd Solvay Congress (Gauthier-Villars, Paris), p. 67
  89. Rutherford, E., and E. N. da C. Andrade, 1914, Phil. Mag. 27, 854
  90. Rutherford, E., and H. T. Barnes, 1904, Phil. Mag. 1, 202
  91. Rutherford, E., J. Chadwick, and C. D. Ellis, 1930, Radiations from Radioactive Substances (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England)
  92. Rutherford, E., and A. H. Compton, 1919, Nature 104, 412
  93. Rutherford, E., and F. Soddy, 1902, Phil. Mag. 4, 370, 569
  94. Rutherford, E., and F. Soddy, 1903, Phil. Mag. 6, 576
  95. Sagnac, G., 1906, J. Phys. (Paris) 15, 455
  96. Schmidt, G. C. N., 1898, Ann. Phys. (Leipz.) 65, 141
  97. Schweidler, E. v., 1905, Premier Congrès de Radiologie, Liège
  98. Schwinger, J., 1960, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 9, 169
  99. Segrè, E., 1947, Phys. Rev. 71, 247
  100. Smyth, H. D., 1976, The Smyth Report, The Princeton University Library Chronicle 37, 173
  101. Soddy, F., 1912, Matter and Energy (Holt, New York)
  102. Soddy, F., 1920, The Interpretation of Radium (Putnam's Sons, New York), p. 114
  103. Soddy, F., 1975, in Radioactivity and Atomic Theory, edited by Th. Trenn (Wiley, New York), p. 84
  104. Swinne, R., 1913, Phys. Z. 14, 145
  105. Thomson, J. J., 1903, Nature 67, 601
  106. Thomson, J. J., 1905, in Transactions of the International Electrical Congress (J. B. Lyons, Albany, N. Y.), Vol. 1, p. 234
  107. Thomson, J. J., 1936, Recollections and Reflections (G. Bell & Sons, London), p. 341
  108. Thomson, J. J., 1970, in The Royal Institution Library of Science, Vol. 5, edited by W. Bragg and G. Porter (Elsevier, Amsterdam), p. 36
  109. Villard, P., 1900, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 130, 1010, 1178
  110. Wiechert, J. E., 1897, Schriften der Phys.-Ökonomischen Ges. zu Königsberg 38 (3)
  111. Winter, R. G., 1962, Phys. Rev. 126, 1152
  112. Wolff, H. Th., 1920, Phys. Z. 21, 175
  113. Wooster, W. A., 1977, letter to A. Pais
  114. Young, Th., 1807, A course of lectures on natural philosophy and the mechanical acts (Taylor and Walton, London), Vol. 1, lecture 8, p. 75
  115. Zeeman, P., 1896a, K. Ned. Akad. Wet. Versl. Gewone Vergad. Afd. Natuurkd. 5, 181
  116. Zeeman, P., 1896b, K. Ned. Akad. Wet. Versl. Gewone Vergad. Afd. Natuurkd. 5, 242
  117. Zeeman, P., 1897, Phil. Mag. 43, 226

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation