- Access by Xinjiang University
On the origin of cosmic rays: Some problems in high-energy astrophysics
Rev. Mod. Phys. 48, 161 – Published 1 April, 1976Erratum Rev. Mod. Phys. 48, 675 (1976)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.48.161
Abstract
This paper reviews the present state of the problem of the origin of cosmic rays. Primary attention is paid to galactic diffusion models with a halo, and questions of cosmic-ray chemical composition, electron component, and synchrotron galactic radioemission. The authors' conclusion is that models with a large halo with a characteristic cosmic-ray age years are confirmed by radio data, and at least do not contradict the information on cosmic-ray chemical composition. The paper also deals with the problems of anisotropy, plasma phenomena in cosmic rays, and the prospects of gamma-ray astronomy.
Erratum
Erratum: On the origin of cosmic rays: Some problems in high-energy astrophysics
References (135)
- Allan, H. R., 1972, Astrophys. Lett. 12, 237
- Anand, K. C., R. P. Daniel, and A. A. Stephens, 1975, Astrophys. Space Sci. 13, 169
- Apparao, K. M. V., 1973, in Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Denver (University of Denver, Denver), 1, 126
- Arnett, W. D., and D. N. Schramm, 1973, Astrophys. J. 184, L47
- Baldwin, I. E., 1967, in IAU Symposium No. 31, edited by H. van Woerden (Academic, London)
- Bell, M. C., J. Kota, and A. W. Wolfendale, 1973, in Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Denver (University of Denver, Denver), Vol. 1, p. 390
- Berkey, G. B., and C. S. Shen, 1969, Phys. Rev. 188, 1994
- Berkhuijsen, E. M., 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 14, 359
- Blanford, G. E., M. W. Freidlander, J. Klarmann, R. M. Walker, and J. P. Wefel, 1973, Phys. Rev. D 8, 1722
- Bridle, A. H., 1967, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 136, 219
- Buffington, A., C. D. Orth, and G. F. Smoot, 1974, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 34
- Bulanov, S. V., and V. A. Dogel, 1974, Astrophys. Space Sci. 28, 305
- Bulanov, S. V., V. A. Dogel, and S. I. Syrovatskii, 1972a, Kosm. Issled. 10, 532
- Bulanov, S. V., V. A. Dogel, and S. I. Syrovatskii, 1972b, Kosm. Issled. 10, 721
- Bulanov, S. V., V. A. Dogel, and S. I. Syrovatskii, 1975a, Kosm, Issled. (in press)
- Bulanov, S. V., V. A. Dogel, and S. I. Syrovatskii, 1975b, in Proceedings of the XIV International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Munich, Vol. 2, p. 100
- Burbidge, G., 1974, Philos, Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A277, 481
- Daniel, R. R., and A. A. Stephens, 1970, Space Sci. Rev. 10, 599
- Davis, L., 1954, Phys. Rev. 96, 743
- Davis, L., 1960, in Proceedings of the X International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Moscow, Vol. 3, p. 220
- Dickinson, G. J., and J. L. Osborne, 1974, J. Phys. A 7, 728
- Dodds, D., A. W. Strong, and A. V. Wolfendale, 1975, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 171, 569
- Dogel, V. A., 1975, Astron. Zh. (in press)
- Dorman, L. I., and A. V. Sergeev, 1975, in Proceedings of the XIV International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Munich, Vol. 3, p. 928
- Fermi, E., 1949, Phys. Rev. 75, 1169
- Fichtel, C. E., R. C. Hartman, D. A. Kniffen, D. J. Thompson, G. F. Bignami, H. Ogelman, M. E. Özel, and T. Tümer, 1975, Astrophys. J. 198, 163
- Fowler, P. H., 1973, in Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Denver (University of Denver, Denver), Vol. 5, p. 3627
- Freier, X., et al., in Proceedings of the XIV International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Munich, Vol. 1, p. 425
- de Freitas, Pacheco J. A., 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 13, 58
- Gaisser, T. K., and E. H. Levy, 1974, Phys. Rev. D 10, 1731
- Galper, A. M., V. G. Kirrilov-Ugrumov, and B. I. Luchkov, 1974, Usp. Fiz. Nauk 112, 491 [Sov. Phys.-Usp. 17, 186]
- Garcia-Munoz, M., G. M. Mason, and J. A. Simpson, 1975, in Proceedings of the XIV International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Munich, Vol. 1, p. 331 1975, Astrophys. J. Lett. 201, L141, L145
- Getmantzev, G. G., 1968, Astron. Zh. 39, 607 [Sov. Astron. 6, 477]
- Ginzburg, V. L., 1965, Astron. Zh. 42, 1129 [Sov. Astron. 9, 877]
- Ginzburg, V. L., 1967, in IAU Symposium No. 31, edited by H. van Woerden (Academic, London)
- Ginzburg, V. L., 1972, Usp. Fiz. Nauk 108, 273 [Sov. Phys. Usp. 15, 626 (1973)]
- Ginzburg, V. L., 1972, Nat. Phys. Sci. 239, 8
- Ginzburg, V. L., 1974, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A277, 463
- Ginzburg, V. L., and V. S. Ptuskin, 1975, in Proceedings of the XIV International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Munich, Vol. 2, p. 265
- Ginzburg, V. L., V. S. Ptuskin, and V. N. Tsytovich, 1973, Astrophys. Space Sci. 21, 13
- Ginzburg, V. L., and S. I. Syrovatskii, 1964, The Origin of Cosmic Rays (Pergamon, London and New York)
- Ginzburg, V. L., and S. I. Syrovatskii, 1965, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 3, 297
- Ginzburg, V. L., and S. I. Syrovatskii, 1969, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 7, 375
- Ginzburg, V. L., and S. I. Syrovatskii, 1971, in Proceedings of the XII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Hobart (University of Tasmania, Hobart), Vol. 1, p. 53
- Gleeson, L. J., and W. I. Axford, 1968, Astrophys. Space Sci. 2, 431
- Le Guet, F., and M. Stanton, 1974, Astron. Astrophys. 35, 165
- Havnes, O., 1971, Nature 229, 548
- Hayakawa, S., 1969, Cosmic Ray Physics (Wiley-Interscience, New York)
- Higdon, J. C., and R. E. Lingenfelter, 1975, Astrophys. J. 198, L17
- Hillas, A. M., 1974, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A277, 413
- Hillas, A. M., and M. Ouldridge, 1975, Nature 253, 609
- Hristiansen, G. B., 1974, Cosmic Rays of Superhigh Energy (in Russian) (Moscow State University, Moscow)
- Ipavich, F. M., 1975, Astrophys. J. 196, 107
- Jokippi, J. R., 1971, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 9, 27
- Jokipii, J. R., 1973, Astrophys. J. 183, 1029
- Jokippi, J. R., and P. Meyer, 1968, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 752
- Jokippi, J. R., and E. N. Parker, 1969, Astrophys. J. 155, 799
- Jones, F. C., 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 1534
- Jones, F. C., 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, 477
- Juilusson, E., 1974, Astrophys. J. 191, 331
- Kaplan, S. A., and V. N. Tsytovich, 1972, Plasma Astrophysics (Nauka, Moscow) [Pergamon, Oxford and New York (1973)]
- Kiraly, P., J. L. Osborne, M. White, and A. W. Wolfendale, 1975, Nature 255, 619
- Krasilnikov, D. D., A. I. Kuzmin, J. Linsley, V. A. Orlov, R. J. O. Reid, A. A. Watson, and J. C. Wilson, 1974, J. Phys. A 7, L176
- Kraushaar, W. L., G. W. Clark, G. P. Garmire, R. Borken, P. Higbie, C. Leong, and T. Thorsos, 1972, Astrophys. J. 177, 341 ibid.Erratum 186, 401
- Kristiansson, K., 1971, Astrophys. Space Sci. 16, 405
- Krymkin, V. V., 1971, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Radiofiz. 14, 199
- Landecker, T. L., and R. Weilebinski, 1970, Austral. J. Phys. Astrophys. Suppl. N 16
- Lequeux, J., 1972, Astron. Astrophys. 24, 395
- Lingenfelter, R. E., 1969, Nature 224, 1182
- Meneguzzi, M., J. Audouze, and H. Reeves, 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 15, 337
- Meyer, P., 1974, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A277, 349
- Milogradov-Turin, J., and F. C. Smith, 1973, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 161, 269
- Müller, D., and P. Meyer, 1973, Astrophys. J. 186, 841
- Nesterova, N. M., and S. I. Nikolskii, 1973, Proc. P. N. Lebedev Physical Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR 64, 49
- O'Dell, F. W., M. M. Shapiro, R. Silberberg, and C. H. Tsao, 1973, in Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Denver (University of Denver, Denver), Vol. 1, p. 490
- Parker, E. N., 1969, Space Sci. Rev. 9, 651
- Perola, G. C., L. Scarsi, and G. Sironi, 1967, Nuovo Cim. 52B, 455
- Price, P. B., 1971, in Proceedings of the XII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Hobart (University of Tasmania, Hobart), 1, 453
- Price, P. B., 1973, Space Sci. Rev. 15, 69
- Prischep, V. L., and V. S. Ptuskin, 1975, Astrophys. Space Sci. 32, 265
- Ptuskin, V. S., 1972, Kosm. Issled. 10, 351
- Ptuskin, V. S., 1974, Astrophys. Space Sci. 28, 17
- Ptuskin, V. S., and Ya. M. Khazan, 1975, in Kosmicheskie Luchi (Cosmic Rays), Collection No. 17 (Nauka, Moscow)
- Raisbeck, G., and F. Yiou, 1973, in Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Denver (University of Denver, Denver), 1, 494
- Ramadurai, S., and S. Biswas, 1974, Astrophys. Space Sci. 30, 187
- Ramaty, R., and R. E. Lingenfelter, 1966, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3687
- Ramaty, R., and R. E. Lingenfelter, 1971, Isotopic Composition of the Primary Cosmic Radiation (Danish Space Research Institute), p. 203
- Razin, V. A., 1971, Astron. Zh. 48, 46 [Sov. Astron. 15, 35 (1971)]
- Rickett, B. J., 1970, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 150, 67
- Rochester, G. D., and A. W. Wolfendale, 1974, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A277, 318
- Rochester, G. D.A. W. WolfendaleRosen, S., 1969, editor, Selected Papers on Cosmic Rays Origin Theories (Dover, New York)
- Ryan, M. J., J. F. Ormes, and V. K. Balasubrahmanyan, 1970, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 913
- Shapiro, M. M., and R. Silberberg, 1974, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A277, 319
- Shen, C. S., 1970, Astrophys. J. 162, L. 181
- Scheuer, P. A. G., and V. N. Tsytovich, 1970, Astrophys. Lett. 7, 185
- Shishov, V. I., 1973, Astron. Zh. 50, 941 [Sov. Astron. 17, 598]
- Silberberg, R., and C. H. Tsao, 1973, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 25, 315; 335
- Silk, J., 1974, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 6, 1
- Simpson, J. A., 1971, in Proceedings of the XII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Hobart (University of Tasmania, Hobart), Vol. 1, p. 324
- Sofue, Y., K. Hamajima, and M. Fujimoto, 1974, Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 26, 399
- Speller, R., T. Thambyaphillai, and H. Elliot, 1972, Nature 235, 25
- Stecker, F. W., 1971, Cosmic Gamma Rays (NASA Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Washington, D. C.)
- Stecker, F. W., P. M. Solomon, N. Z. Scoville, and C. E. Ryter, 1975, Astrophys. J. 201, 90
- Syrovatskii, S. I., 1959, Astron. Zh. 36, 17 [Sov. Astron. 3, 22]
- Syrovatskii, S. I., 1971, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 3, 155
- Syrovatskii, S. I., and B. M. Kuzhevskii, 1969, in Proceedings of the XI International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Budapest, edited by A. Somogyi, E. Nagy, M. Pósch, F. Telbisz, and G. Vesztergombi (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest), published as a Supplement to Vol. 29 of Acta Physica
- Thompson, D. S., G. F. Bignami, C. E. Fichtel, and D. A. Kniffen, 1974, Astrophys. J. 190, L51
- Tokarev, J. V., 1969, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Radiofiz. 12, 161
- Toptygin, I. N., 1973, Astrophys. Space Sci. 20, 329
- Tsytovich, V. N., 1971, Theory of Plasma Turbulence (Atomizdat, Moscow) [Plenum, New York (1972)]
- Webber, W. R., 1974, in Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Denver (University of Denver, Denver), Vol. 5, p. 3568
- Webber, W. R., and J. A. Lezniak, 1974, Astrophys. Space Sci. 30, 361
- Webber, W. R., J. A. Lezniak, J. Kish, and S. V. Damle, 1973, Astrophys. Space Sci. 24, 17
- Webster, A. S., 1969, Astrophys. Lett. 5, 189
- Webster, A. S., 1974, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 166, 355
- Webster, A. S., 1975, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 171, 143
- Wentzel, D., 1974, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 71
- Wilkinson, A., and F. G. Smith, 1974, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 167, 593
- Willis, A. G., R. G. Stro, and A. S. Wilson, 1974, Nature 250, 625
- Yiou, F., and G. M. Raisbeck, 1972, Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 372
- Yates, K. W., 1968, Austral. J. Phys. 21, 167
- Zdanov, G. B., Usp. Fiz. Nauk 111, 109 [Sov. Phys. Usp. 16, 642 (1973)]
- Badhwar, G. D., R. L. Golden, M. L. Brown, and J. L. Lacy, 1975, "Cosmic ray antiproton production and positron production in the interstelar medium," Astrophys. Space Sci. 37, 283
- Daniel, R. R. and S. A. Stephens, 1975, "Propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy," Space Sci. Rev. 17, 45
- Garazzi, G. and G. Sironi, 1975, "Cosmic-ray electrons and galactic radio noise: some problems," Riv. Nuovo Cim. 5, 155
- Hainebach, K. L., E. B. Norman, and D. N. Sieber, 1976, "Consistency of cosmic-ray composition, acceleration mechanism, and supernova models," Astrophys. J. 203, 245
- Haymes, R. C. et al., 1975, "Detection of nuclear gamma rays from the galactic center region," Astrophys. J. 201, 593
- Hillas, A. M., 1975, "Some recent developments in cosmic rays," Phys. Rep. Letters 20 N2, 59
- Mael, R. C., A. J. Fisher, F. A. hagen, and J. F. Ormes, 1975, "Neutron-rich isotopes of cosmic rays with ," Astrophys. J. (Letters) 202, L119
- Rasmussen, I. L., and B. Peters, 1975, "The nuclear composition of cosmic rays at their source in closed galaxy," Nature 258, 412
- Schmidt, W. K. H., K. Alallah, T. F. Cleghorn, W. V. Jones A Modlinger and M. Simon, 1976, "Results of cosmic ray chemical composition at energies up to 100 GeV/nucl.," Astron. Astrophys. 46, 49
- Skilling, J. "Cosmic ray streaming," 1975, Nature 248, 687 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 172, 566 ibid.173, 245 255
- Tkaczyk, W., J. Wdowczyk, and A. W. Wolfendale, 1975, "Extragalactic heavy nuclei in cosmic rays?" J. Phys. A.: Math. Nucl. Gen. 8, 1518
- Wdowczyk, J. and A. W. Wolfendale, 1975, "Energy spectra of ultra high energy cosmic rays," Nature 285, 217
- S. E. Woosley, 1976, "Importance of isotopic composition of iron in cosmic rays," Astrophys. Space Sci. 39, 103