- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Semiconductor-to-Metal Transition in n-Type Group IV Semiconductors

MICHAEL N. ALEXANDER* and DONALD F. HOLCOMB

MICHAEL N. ALEXANDER*

  • Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York and Materials Research Laboratory, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Massachusetts

DONALD F. HOLCOMB

  • Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

  • *Present address: Materials Research Laboratory, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass.
PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 815 – Published 1 October, 1968

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.40.815

Abstract

A synthesis is given of the most significant experimental features of the semiconductor-to-metal transition in group IV semiconductors. Two characteristic concentrations are discussed, the first being for a delocalization of electrons (the "Mott" transition), and the second being associated with the entry of the Fermi level into the conduction band of the host material. Experimental values are given for the two concentrations in several materials. Experimental data covering measurements of Hall coefficient, electrical resistivity and carrier mobility, NMR properties, magnetoresistance, magnetic susceptibility, and ESR properties are employed in arriving at values for the two characteristic concentrations. Si: P is taken as the model system because of the completeness of experimental measurements. Si: As is also briefly considered. Existing data for n-Ge are examined, as well as the more restricted evidence concerning n-SiC.

View figure in article

References (83)

  1. G. Busch and H. Labhart, Helv. Phys. Acta 19, 463 (1946) C. S. Hung and J. R. Gliessman, Phys. Rev. 79, 726 (1950) C. S. Hung, 79, 727 (1950)
  2. W. Baltensperger, Phil. Mag. 44, 1355 (1953) E. M. Conwell, Phys. Rev. 103, 51 (1956)
  3. N. F. Mott. Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 62, 416 (1949) Phil. Mag. 6, 287 (1961) Advan. Phys. 16, 49 (1967)
  4. N. F. Mott, Can. J. Phys. 34, 1356 (1956)
  5. J. Hubbard, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A281, 401 (1964) W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. 133, A171 (1964) G. Kemeny, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 32, 69, 404 (1965) W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. Letters 19, 789 (1967)
  6. W. Kohnthe International Conference on the Metal-Nonmetal Transition, 14-16 March 1968
  7. N. F. Mott and W. D. Twose, Advan. Phys. 10, 107 (1961)
  8. P. W. Chapman, O. N. Tufte, J. D. Zook, and D. Long, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 3291 (1963)
  9. C. Yamanouchi, K. Mizuguchi, and W. Sasaki, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 22, 859 (1967)
  10. H. Fritzsche, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 6, 69 (1958)
  11. R. K. Sundfors and D. F. Holcomb, Phys. Rev. 136, A810 (1964)
  12. G. Feher, Phys. Rev. 114, 1219 (1959)
  13. S. Maekawa and N. Kinoshita, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 20, 1447 (1965)
  14. F. J. Morin, Phys. Rev. Letters 3, 34 (1959)
  15. M. E. Fisher and J. W. Essam, J. Math. Phys. 2, 609 (1961)
  16. J. Korringa, Physica 16, 601 (1950)
  17. A. Abragam, Principles of Nuclear Magnetism (Oxford University Press, London, 1961), p. 201ff
  18. R. G. Schulman and B. J. Wyluda, Phys. Rev. 103, 1127 (1956)
  19. A. M. Portis, A. F. Kip, C. Kittel, and W. H. Brattain, Phys. Rev. 90, 988 (1953) D. Jerome, Ch. Ryter, and J. Winter, Physics 2, 81 (1966) S. Maekawa, J. Phys. Soc. Japan (Suppl.) 21, 574 (1966) S. Maekawa and H. Ue, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 22, 401 (1967)
  20. W. Sasaki, S. Maekawa, and N. Kinoshita, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 22, 928 (1967)
  21. I. Gränacher and W. Czaja, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 28, 231 (1967)
  22. T. Matsubara and Y. Toyozawa, Progr. Theoret. Phys. (Kyoto) 26, 739 (1961)
  23. F. J. Morin and J. P. Maita, Phys. Rev. 96, 28 (1955)
  24. G. A. Swartz, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 12, 245 (1960)
  25. E. Sonder and D. K. Stevens, Phys. Rev. 110, 1027 (1958)
  26. H. Fritzsche, Phys. Rev. 125, 1552 (1962)
  27. C. Yamanouchi, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 18, 1775 (1963)
  28. B. J. Wyluda, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 23, 63 (1962)

  29. Omitted endnote

  30. D. H. Damon and A. N. Gerritsen, Phys. Rev. 127, 405 (1962)
  31. Y. Furukawa, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 17, 630 (1962)
  32. M. Cuevas and H. Fritzsche, Phys. Rev. 137, A1847 (1965)
  33. M. Cuevas and H. Fritzsche, Phys. Rev. 139, A1628 (1965)
  34. W. Sasaki and R. de Bruyn Ouboter, Physica 27, 877 (1961)
  35. W. Sasaki, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 20, 825 (1965)
  36. M. Mirzabaev, B. M. Tuchkevich, and Yu. V. Shmartsev, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 5, 1625 (1963) [Sov. Phys.—Solid State 5, 1179 (1963)]
  37. G. Sadasiv, Phys. Rev. 128, 1131 (1962)
  38. H. Roth, W. D. Straub, W. Bernard, and J. E. Mulhern, Jr., Phys. Rev. Letters 11, 328 (1963)
  39. Y. Furukawa, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 17, 630 (1962)
  40. Y. Furukawa, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 18, 1374 (1963)
  41. Mirzabaev et al. (Ref. 36)
  42. N. Majlis, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 90, 811 (1967)
  43. D. K. Wilson, Phys. Rev. 134, A265 (1964)
  44. G. Feher, D. K. Wilson, and E. A. Gere, Phys. Rev. Letters 3, 25 (1959)
  45. S. Maekawa and N. Kinoshita, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 20, 1447 (1965)
  46. H. Kodera, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 21, 1040 (1966)
  47. J. A. Lely and F. A. Kröger, in Proceedings International Colloquium Partenkirchen, M. Schön and H. Welker, Eds. (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1958), p. 525
  48. G. N. Violina, Yeh Liang-hsiu, and G. F. Kholuyanov, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 5, 3406 (1963) [Sov. Phys.—Solid State 5, 2500 (1964)]
  49. A. R. Verma and P. Krishna, Polymorphism and Polytypism in Crystals (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1966)
  50. M. N. Alexander, Ph. D. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 1967 (unpublished)
  51. M. N. Alexander, Phys. Rev. 172, 331 (1968)
  52. (Refs. 50, 51, 64) Ref. 47 (Ref. 60) Ref. 47 (Ref. 47)
  53. J. S. van Wieringen, Ref. 47, p. 367
  54. H. H. Woodbury and G. W. Ludwig, Phys. Rev. 124, 1083 (1961)
  55. G. E. G. Hardeman, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 24, 1223 (1963)
  56. A. I. Veinger, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprov. 1, 20 (1967) [Sov. Phys.—Semicond. 1, 14 (1967)]
  57. Veinger (Ref. 56) (Refs. 53, 58, 59) Ref. 53
  58. E. Sonder and H. C. Schweinler, Phys. Rev. 117, 1216 (1960)
  59. C. P. Slichter, Phys. Rev. 99, 479 (1955)
  60. G. A. Slack and R. I. Scace, J. Chem. Phys. 42, 805 (1965)
  61. D. R. Hamilton, W. J. Choyke, and L. Patrick, Phys. Rev. 131, 127 (1963)
  62. W. E. Nelson, F. A. Halden, and A. Rosengreen, J. Appl. Phys. 37, 333 (1966)
  63. J. S. Ziomek and P. B. Pickar, Phys. Status Solidi 21, 271 (1967)
  64. M. N. Alexander and D. F. Holcomb, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 12, 469 (1967)
  65. F. Bassani and M. Yoshimine, Phys. Rev. 130, 20 (1963)
  66. F. Herman, R. L. Kortum, and C. D. Kuglin, Intern. J. Quantum Chem. 15, 533 (1967)
  67. Y. Katayama and S. Tanaka, Phys. Rev. 153, 873 (1967) D. M. Finlayson and A. E. Mathewson, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 28, 1501 (1967) J. F. Woods and C. Y. Chen, Phys. Rev. 135, A1462 (1964)
  68. Y. Toyozawa, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 17, 986 (1962) Proceedings of the International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, Exeter (The Institute of Physics and the Physical Society, London, 1962), p. 104
  69. K. Yosida, Phys. Rev. 107, 396 (1957)

  70. Omitted endnote

  71. F. T. Hedgcock, Can. J. Phys. 45, 1473 (1967)
  72. P. W. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 124, 41 (1961)
  73. M. Balkanski and A. Geismar, Solid State Commun. 4, 111 (1966) Refs. 8 and 9 Refs. 8 and 9 Refs. 8 and 9
  74. Roth et al. (Ref. 38) [K. Sugiyama, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 22, 109 (1967)]
  75. J. Kondo, Progr. Theoret. Phys. (Kyoto) 32, 37 (1964)
  76. W. Sasaki and M. Nakamura, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 20, 1092 (1965) W. Sasaki, 20, 2293 (1965)
  77. F. T. Hedgcock, J. Electron 2, 513 (1957)
  78. R. Bowers, Phys. Rev. 108, 683 (1957)
  79. F. T. Hedgcock and D. P. Mathur, Can. J. Phys. 41, 1226 (1963)
  80. W. Zawadski, Phys. Status Solidi 3, 1421 (1963)
  81. E. N. Adams, Phys. Rev. 89, 633 (1953)
  82. F. T. Hedgcock and D. P. Mathur, Can. J. Phys. 43, 2008 (1965)
  83. R. H. Silsbee (private communication)

Outline

Information

Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 815– Published 1 October, 1968

    © 1968 American Physical Society

    Sign In to Your Journals Account

    Filter

    Filter

    Article Lookup

    Enter a citation