Recent Investigation of the Shapes of <span class="aps-inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>β</mi></math></span>-Ray Spectra

Chien-shiung Wu

doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.22.386

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Recent Investigation of the Shapes of $β$ -Ray Spectra

Chien-shiung Wu

Columbia University, New York, New York

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 22, 386 – Published 1 October, 1950

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.22.386

References (65)

presented as an invited paper at the Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society in New York, 1950
E. J. Konopinski, Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, 209 (1943)
E. Fermi, Zeits. f. Physik 88, 161 (1934)
Mott and Massey, Theory of Atomic Collisions (Oxford University Press, New York, 1933) Kurie, Richardson, and Paxton, Phys. Rev. 49, 368 (1936)
H. A. Bethe and R. F. Bacher, Rev. Mod. Phys. 8, 194 (1936)
M. E. Rose, Phys. Rev. 49, 727 (1936) C. Longmire and H. Brown, 75, 264 (1949) J. R. Reitz, 77, 10 (1950)
Kurie, Richardson, and Paxton, Phys. Rev. 49, 368 (1936)
E. J. Konopinski, Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, 209 (1943)
A. W. Lawson, Phys. Rev. 56, 131 (1939) A. W. Lawson and J. W. Cork, 57, 982 (1940)
A. W. Tyler, Phys. Rev. 56, 125 (1939)
C. S. Cook and L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 73, 601 (1948)
R. D. Albert and C. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. 75, 847 (1948)
C. S. Wu and R. D. Albert, Phys. Rev. 75, 315 (1949) ibid.75, 1107 (1949)
John Backus, Phys. Rev. 68, 59 (1945)
Langer, Moffat, and Price, Phys. Rev. 76, 1725 (1949)
G. E. Owen and C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 76, 1726 (1949)
Price, Motz, and Langer, Phys. Rev. 77, 743 (1950) 77, 798 (1950)
L. Gross and D. R. Hamilton, Phys. Rev. 78, 318 (1950)
Curran, Angus, and Cockcroft, Phil. Mag. 50, 53 (1949) Nature 162, 302 (1948)
Hanna and Pontecorvo, Phys. Rev. 75, 983 (1949)
Curran, Angus, and Cockcroft, Phys. Rev. 76, 853 (1949)
C. S. Cook and L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 74, 227 (1948)
G. E. Owen and C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 76, 1536 (1949)
Boehm, Blaser, Marmier, and Preiswerk, Phys. Rev. 77, 295 (1950)
G. E. Owen, C. S. Cook, and P. H. Owen, Phys. Rev. 78, 686 (1950)
Brown and Perez-Mendez, Phys. Rev. 75, 1286 (1949) ibid.77, 404 (1950)
E. P. Wigner, Phys. Rev. 56, 519 (1939)
Konopinski and Uhlenbeck, Phys. Rev. 60, 308 (1941)
Flammersfeld, Zeits. f. Physik 112, 727 (1939) Neary, Proc. Royal Soc. A175, 71 (1940) L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 75, 328 (1949) R. Morrissey and C. S. Wu, 75, 1288 (1949)
L. M. Langer and H. C. Price, Jr., Phys. Rev. 75, 1109 (1949)
E. Feenberg and K. C. Hammack, Phys. Rev. 75, 1877 (1949)
G. Gamow and E. Teller, Phys. Rev. 49, 895 (1936)
E. J. Konopinski and G. E. Uhlenbeck, Phys. Rev. 60, 308 (1941) E. Greuling, 61, 568 (1942)
E. N. Jensen and L. Laslett, Phys. Rev. 75, 1949 (1949) Braden, Slack, and Shull, 75, 1964 (1949)
Slack, Braden, and Shull, Phys. Rev. 75, 1965 (1949)
A. C. G. Mitchell and C. L. Peacock, Phys. Rev. 75, 197 (1949) C. L. Peacock and A. C. G. Mitchell, 75, 1272 (1949)
Zaffarano, Kern, and Mitchell, Phys. Rev. 74, 682 (1948)
F. B. Shull and E. Feenberg, Phys. Rev. 75, 1768 (1949)
L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 77, 50 (1950)
L. M. Langer, private communication
C. A. Helmholz, private communication Ketelle, Nelson, and Boyd, Phys. Rev. 79, 242 (1950)
Shull and Feenberg, Phys. Rev. 75, 1768 (1949)
L. W. Nordheim, Phys. Rev. 78, 294 (1950)
S. F. Frankel, and E. C. Nelson, ONR report NP-1120 June 1948 S. F. Frankel, Phys. Rev. 73, 804 (1948)
E. Persico, Rev. Sci. Inst. 20, 191 (1949)
C. S. Wu and L. Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 693 (1949)
R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. 75, 513 (1949)
Wu, Townes, and Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 692 (1949)
C. H. Townes and L. G. Aamodt, Phys. Rev. 76, 691 (1949)
Longmire, Wu, and Townes, Phys. Rev. 76, 695 (1949)
S. R. de Groot and H. A. Tolholk, Physica XVI, 456 (1950) R. Bouchez, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 230, 440 (1950)
R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. 70, 980 (1946)
P. R. Bell and J. M. Cassidy, Phys. Rev. 76, 183 (1949)
L. Feldman and C. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. 76, 697 (1949)
C. S. Wu and L. Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 698 (1949)
H. W. Fulbright and J. C. D. Milton, Phys. Rev. 76, 1271 (1949)
Alburger, Hughes, and Eggler, Phys. Rev. 78, 318 (1950)
L. Feldman and C. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. 78, 318 (1950)
P. R. Bell and J. M. Cassidy, Phys. Rev. 77, 301 (1950)
Bell, Weaver, and Cassidy, Phys. Rev. 77, 399 (1950)
D. E. Alburger, Phys. Rev. 79, 236 (1950)
D. L. Falkoff, Phys. Rev. 79, 323, 334 (1950) Ph.D. Thesis R. L. Garwin, Phys. Rev. 76, 1876 (1949)
D. T. Stevenson and M. Deutsch, Phys. Rev. 78, 640 (1950) R. Stump and S. Frankel, 79, 243 (1950)
T. B. Novey, Phys. Rev. 78, 66 (1950)
S. L. Ridgway, Phys. Rev. 79, 243 (1950)

[c1] presented as an invited paper at the Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society in New York, 1950

[c2] E. J. Konopinski, Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, 209 (1943)

[c3] E. Fermi, Zeits. f. Physik 88, 161 (1934)

[c4] Mott and Massey, Theory of Atomic Collisions (Oxford University Press, New York, 1933) Kurie, Richardson, and Paxton, Phys. Rev. 49, 368 (1936)

[c5] H. A. Bethe and R. F. Bacher, Rev. Mod. Phys. 8, 194 (1936)

[c6] M. E. Rose, Phys. Rev. 49, 727 (1936) C. Longmire and H. Brown, 75, 264 (1949) J. R. Reitz, 77, 10 (1950)

[c7] Kurie, Richardson, and Paxton, Phys. Rev. 49, 368 (1936)

[c8] E. J. Konopinski, Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, 209 (1943)

[c9] A. W. Lawson, Phys. Rev. 56, 131 (1939) A. W. Lawson and J. W. Cork, 57, 982 (1940)

[c10] A. W. Tyler, Phys. Rev. 56, 125 (1939)

[c11] C. S. Cook and L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 73, 601 (1948)

[c12] R. D. Albert and C. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. 75, 847 (1948)

[c13] C. S. Wu and R. D. Albert, Phys. Rev. 75, 315 (1949) ibid.75, 1107 (1949)

[c14] John Backus, Phys. Rev. 68, 59 (1945)

[c15] Langer, Moffat, and Price, Phys. Rev. 76, 1725 (1949)

[c16] G. E. Owen and C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 76, 1726 (1949)

[c17] Price, Motz, and Langer, Phys. Rev. 77, 743 (1950) 77, 798 (1950)

[c18] L. Gross and D. R. Hamilton, Phys. Rev. 78, 318 (1950)

[c19] Curran, Angus, and Cockcroft, Phil. Mag. 50, 53 (1949) Nature 162, 302 (1948)

[c20] Hanna and Pontecorvo, Phys. Rev. 75, 983 (1949)

[c21] Curran, Angus, and Cockcroft, Phys. Rev. 76, 853 (1949)

[c22] C. S. Cook and L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 74, 227 (1948)

[c23] G. E. Owen and C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 76, 1536 (1949)

[c24] Boehm, Blaser, Marmier, and Preiswerk, Phys. Rev. 77, 295 (1950)

[c25] G. E. Owen, C. S. Cook, and P. H. Owen, Phys. Rev. 78, 686 (1950)

[c26] Brown and Perez-Mendez, Phys. Rev. 75, 1286 (1949) ibid.77, 404 (1950)

[c27] E. P. Wigner, Phys. Rev. 56, 519 (1939)

[c28] Konopinski and Uhlenbeck, Phys. Rev. 60, 308 (1941)

[c29] Flammersfeld, Zeits. f. Physik 112, 727 (1939) Neary, Proc. Royal Soc. A175, 71 (1940) L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 75, 328 (1949) R. Morrissey and C. S. Wu, 75, 1288 (1949)

[c30] L. M. Langer and H. C. Price, Jr., Phys. Rev. 75, 1109 (1949)

[c31] E. Feenberg and K. C. Hammack, Phys. Rev. 75, 1877 (1949)

[c32] G. Gamow and E. Teller, Phys. Rev. 49, 895 (1936)

[c33] E. J. Konopinski and G. E. Uhlenbeck, Phys. Rev. 60, 308 (1941) E. Greuling, 61, 568 (1942)

[c34] E. N. Jensen and L. Laslett, Phys. Rev. 75, 1949 (1949) Braden, Slack, and Shull, 75, 1964 (1949)

[c35] Slack, Braden, and Shull, Phys. Rev. 75, 1965 (1949)

[c36] A. C. G. Mitchell and C. L. Peacock, Phys. Rev. 75, 197 (1949) C. L. Peacock and A. C. G. Mitchell, 75, 1272 (1949)

[c37] Zaffarano, Kern, and Mitchell, Phys. Rev. 74, 682 (1948)

[c38] F. B. Shull and E. Feenberg, Phys. Rev. 75, 1768 (1949)

[c39] L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 77, 50 (1950)

[c40] L. M. Langer, private communication

[c41] C. A. Helmholz, private communication Ketelle, Nelson, and Boyd, Phys. Rev. 79, 242 (1950)

[c42] Shull and Feenberg, Phys. Rev. 75, 1768 (1949)

[c43] L. W. Nordheim, Phys. Rev. 78, 294 (1950)

[c44] S. F. Frankel, and E. C. Nelson, ONR report NP-1120 June 1948 S. F. Frankel, Phys. Rev. 73, 804 (1948)

[c45] E. Persico, Rev. Sci. Inst. 20, 191 (1949)

[c46] C. S. Wu and L. Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 693 (1949)

[c47] R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. 75, 513 (1949)

[c48] Wu, Townes, and Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 692 (1949)

[c49] C. H. Townes and L. G. Aamodt, Phys. Rev. 76, 691 (1949)

[c50] Longmire, Wu, and Townes, Phys. Rev. 76, 695 (1949)

[c51] S. R. de Groot and H. A. Tolholk, Physica XVI, 456 (1950) R. Bouchez, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 230, 440 (1950)

[c52] R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. 70, 980 (1946)

[c53] P. R. Bell and J. M. Cassidy, Phys. Rev. 76, 183 (1949)

[c54] L. Feldman and C. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. 76, 697 (1949)

[c55] C. S. Wu and L. Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 698 (1949)

[c56] H. W. Fulbright and J. C. D. Milton, Phys. Rev. 76, 1271 (1949)

[c57] Alburger, Hughes, and Eggler, Phys. Rev. 78, 318 (1950)

[c58] L. Feldman and C. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. 78, 318 (1950)

[c59] P. R. Bell and J. M. Cassidy, Phys. Rev. 77, 301 (1950)

[c60] Bell, Weaver, and Cassidy, Phys. Rev. 77, 399 (1950)

[c61] D. E. Alburger, Phys. Rev. 79, 236 (1950)

[c62] D. L. Falkoff, Phys. Rev. 79, 323, 334 (1950) Ph.D. Thesis R. L. Garwin, Phys. Rev. 76, 1876 (1949)

[c63] D. T. Stevenson and M. Deutsch, Phys. Rev. 78, 640 (1950) R. Stump and S. Frankel, 79, 243 (1950)

[c64] T. B. Novey, Phys. Rev. 78, 66 (1950)

[c65] S. L. Ridgway, Phys. Rev. 79, 243 (1950)

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Recent Investigation of the Shapes of $β$ -Ray Spectra

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Recent Investigation of the Shapes of β-Ray Spectra

References (65)

Recent Investigation of the Shapes of $β$ -Ray Spectra