A Report on the Wilson Cloud Chamber and Its Applications in Physics

N. N. Das Gupta; S. K. Ghosh

doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.18.225

Access by Xinjiang University

A Report on the Wilson Cloud Chamber and Its Applications in Physics

N. N. Das Gupta^* and S. K. Ghosh

Palit Laboratory in Physics, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India

^*At present, research associate, Stanford University, California.

PDF

Rev. Mod. Phys. 18, 225 – Published 1 April, 1946

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.18.225

References (240)

J. Aitken, Collected Scientific Papers 1880-1916 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1923)
T. Alper, "On the $δ$ -rays and the range-velocity relation of slow electrons," Zeits. f. Physik 76, 172 (1932)
C. D. Anderson, "Energies of cosmic-ray particles," Phys. Rev. 41, 405 (1932)
C. D. Anderson, "Cosmic-ray negative and positive electrons," Phys. Rev. 44, 406 (1933)
C. D. Anderson and S. H. Neddermeyer, "Cloud-chamber observations of cosmic rays at 4300 meters elevation and at sea level," Phys. Rev. 50, 263 (1936)
P. Auger, "On composite photoelectric effect," J. de phys. et rad. 6, 208 (1925)
P. Auger and P. Ehrenfest, "Counter controlled cloud-chamber results at different altitudes," J. de phys. et rad. 6, 285 (1935)
P. Auger and P. Ehrenfest, "Showers produced by cosmic rays," J. de phys. et rad. 8, 204 (1937)
R. H. Bacon, E. N. Grisewood, and C. W. Merwe, "The Radioactivity of ${Mn}^{56}$ and $I^{128}$ ," Phys. Rev. 59, 531 (1941)
F. Barendengt and G. F. Sizoo, "Cloud chamber with electrical automatic control," Physica 6, 1077 (1939)
H. Bauer, "Portable Wilson cloud chamber," Physik. Zeits. 37, 627 (1936)
J. A. Bearden, "Wilson chamber with an increased time of sensitivity," Rev. Sci. Inst. 6, 256 (1935)
C. Beck, "Optimum liquid combination for cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 12, 602 (1941)
R. A. Becker, W. A. Fowler, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Short range $α$ -particles from flourine bombarded with protons," Phys. Rev. 62, 186 (1942)
H. J. Bhabha, "On the theory of heavy electrons and nuclear forces," Proc. Roy. Soc. 166, 501 (1938)
P. C. Bhattacharya, "A search for the double proton," Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. Ind. 7, 275 (1941)
P. M. S. Blackett, "On the analysis of $α$ -ray photographs," Proc. Roy. Soc. 102, 294 (1922)
P. M. S. Blackett, "The study of forked $α$ -ray tracks," Proc. Roy. Soc. 103, 62 (1923)
P. M. S. Blackett, "Ejection of protons from nitrogen nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 107, 349 (1925)
P. M. S. Blackett, "An automatic cloud chamber for the rapid production of $α$ -ray photographs," J. Sci. Inst. 4, 433 (1927)
P. M. S. Blackett, "On the automatic use of Wilson cloud chamber," J. Sci. Inst. 6, 184 (1929a)
P. M. S. Blackett, "Double camera for artificial disintegrations," Proc. Roy. Soc. 123, 619 (1929b)
P. M. S. Blackett, "On the collision loss of $α$ -particles and $H$ -particles," Proc. Roy. Soc. 135, 132 (1932)
P. M. S. Blackett, "Technique of counter controlled Wilson chamber," Proc. Roy. Soc. 146, 281 (1934)
P. M. S. Blackett, "The measurement of the energy of cosmic rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 154, 564 (1936)
P. M. S. Blackett, "Measurement of cosmic-ray energy spectrum," Proc. Roy. Soc. 159, 1 (1937)
P. M. S. Blackett and R. Brode, "Curvature measurement and energy spectrum of cosmic rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 154, 573 (1936)
P. M. S. Blackett and D. S. Lees, "Range velocity relation of $α$ -rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 134, 658 (1931)
P. M. S. Blackett and D. S. Lees, "The range velocity of recoil atoms," Proc. Roy. Soc. 134, 658 (1932)a
P. M. S. Blackett and D. S. Lees, "On the photography of artificial disintegration collision by $α$ -rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 136, 325 (1932b)
P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Some photographs of the tracks of penetrating radiations," Proc. Roy. Soc. 139, 699 (1933)
P. M. S. Blackett and J. G. Wilson, "Energy loss of cosmic-ray particles in metal plates," Proc. Roy. Soc. 160, 304 (1937)
P. M. S. Blackett and J. G. Wilson, "Scattering of cosmic-ray particles in matter," Proc. Roy. Soc. 165, 290 (1938)
F. Bloch, "Stopping power of matter for swiftly moving charged particles," Ann. d. Physik 16, 285 (1933)a
F. Bloch, "Stopping power of atoms with several electrons," Zeits. f. Physik 81, 363 (1933)b
N. Bohr, "Successive transformations in nuclear fission," Phys. Rev. 58, 864 (1940)
N. Bohr, J. K. Boggild, K. J. Brostrom, and T. Lauritsen, "Velocity range relation for fission fragments," Phys. Rev. 58, 839 (1940)
N. Bohr, J. K. Boggild, K. J. Brostrom, and T. Lauritsen, "Velocity range relation for. fission fragments," Phys. Rev. 59, 270 (1941)
T. W. Bonner, "Determination of the energy of neutrons," Phys. Rev. 59, 237 (1941)
T. W. Bonner and W. M. Brubaker, "The disintegration of nitrogen by slow neutrons," Phys. Rev. 49, 778 (1936)a
T. W. Bonner and W. M. Brubaker, "Disintegration of Be, B, and carbon by deuterons," Phys. Rev. 50, 308 (1936)b
T. W. Bonner and L. M. Mott-Smith, "Energy spectrum of neutrons from the disintegration of F, B, and Be by $α$ -particles," Phys. Rev. 46, 258 (1934)
D. M. Bose, B. Chaudhuri, and M. Sinha, "Cosmic-ray meson spectra," Phys. Rev. 65, 341 (1944)
W. H. Bostick, "Cloud-chamber photographs at 4300 meters altitude," Phys. Rev. 61, 557 (1942)
H. Brinkman, "Continuously active cloud chamber," K. Akad. Amsterdam. Proc. 39, 1185 (1939a)
H. Brinkman, "Wilson chamber with several expansions per second," Physica 6, 519 (1939b)
R. B. Brode, "Specific ionization of high speed particles," Rev. Mod. Phys. 11, 222 (1939)
R. B. Brode, H. G. Macpherson, and M. A. Starr, "The heavy particle component of cosmic radiation," Phys. Rev. 50, 587 (1936)
K. J. Brostrom, J. K. Boggild, and T. Lauritsen, "Cloud-chamber studies of fission fragment track," Phys. Rev. 58, 651 (1940)
K. J. Brostrom, J. K. Boggild, and T. Lauritsen, "Range and straggling of fission fragments," Phys. Rev. 59, 275 (1941)
W. M. Brubaker and T. W. Bonner, "Automatic high pressure Wilson cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 6, 143 (1935)
J. Chadwick, N. Feather, and Davies, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 30, 357 (1934)
J. Chadwick, N. Feather, and E. Bretscher, "Range, angle, projection of protons from photo-disintegration of deuterium," Proc. Roy. Soc. 163, 366 (1937)
F. C. Champion, "The distribution of energy in the $β$ -ray spectrum of RaE," Proc. Roy. Soc. 134, 672 (1932)a
F. C. Champion, "On some close collisions of fast $β$ -particles with electrons photographed by expansion method," Proc. Roy. Soc. 136, 631 (1932b)
F. C. Champion, "Scattering of fast $β$ -particles by nitrogen nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 153, 353 (1936)
F. L. Code, "Scattering of mesotrons in tungsten," Phys. Rev. 59, 229 (1941)
D. R. Corson and R. B. Brode, "The specific ionization and mass of cosmic-ray particles," Phys. Rev. 53, 773 (1938)
D. R. Corson and R. L. Thornton, "Disintegration of uranium," Phys. Rev. 55, 509 (1939)
Coulier, J. de Pharm. et de Chimie 22, 165 (1875)
H. R. Crane, "Cloud chamber for nuclear disintegration studies," Rev. Sci. Inst. 8, 440 (1937)
H. R. Crane, "New experimental evidence for a neutrino," Phys. Rev. 53, 789 (1938)
H. R. Crane, E. R. Gaerttner, and J. J. Turin, "A cloud-chamber study of the Compton effect," Phys. Rev. 50, 302 (1936)
H. R. Crane and O. H. Halpern, "Experiments on the recoil of nucleus in $β$ -decay," Phys. Rev. 56, 232 (1939)
M. Curie, "Distribution of $α$ -ray ranges," J. de phys. et rad. 4, 170 (1923)
I. Curie and F. Joliot, "Penetrating radiation," J. de phys. et rad. 4, 494 (1933)
L. F. Curtiss, "A new method of analyzing $α$ -ray photographs," Bur. Stand. J. Research 4, 663 (1930)
L. F. Curtiss, "Simplified automatic cloud chamber," Bur. Stand. J. Research 8, 579 (1932)
B. R. Curtiss and J. R. Richardson, "Radiations from radioactive In(116)," Phys. Rev. 57, 1121 (1940)
O. Dahl, L. R. Hafstad, and M. A. Tuve, "Permanently sealed chamber with metallic sylphon bellows," Rev. Sci. Inst. 4, 373 (1933)
P. I. Dee, "Disintegration of the diplon," Nature 133, 564 (1934)
P. I. Dee, "Cloud track method for artificial transmutations," Proc. Roy. Soc. 148, 623 (1935)
P. I. Dee and C. W. Gilbert, "The transmutation of heavy hydrogen investigated by the cloud track method," Proc. Roy. Soc. 149, 200 (1935)
P. I. Dee and C. W. Gilbert, "The disintegration of boron into three $α$ -particles," Proc. Roy. Soc. 154, 294 (1936)
P. I. Dee and E. T. S. Walton, "Transmutations of Li and B," Proc. Roy. Soc. 141, 733 (1933)
L. A. Delsasso, W. A. Fowler, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Protons from the disintegration of Li by deuterons," Phys. Rev. 48, 848 (1935)
L. A. Delsasso, W. A. Fowler, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Energy and absorption of the $γ$ -radiation from ${Li}^{7}$ + $H^{1}$ ," Phys. Rev. 51, 391 (1937)a
L. A. Delsasso, W. A. Fowler, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Gammaradiations from F bombarded with protons," Phys. Rev. 51, 527 (1937)b
A. J. Dempster, "Automatic Wilson cloud chamber of simple design," Rev. Sci. Inst. 5, 158 (1934)
P. Duhem and M. Margules, "Observations on the vapor pressure of binary liquid mixtures," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 35, 483 (1900)
J. R. Dunning, "Emission and scattering of neutrons," Phys. Rev. 45, 586 (1934)
H. Euler and W. Heisenberg, "Theoretical considerations for the interpretations of cosmic radiation," Ergeb. d. exakt. Naturwiss. 17, 1 (1938)
L. Farkas, "Rate of formation of drops in supersaturated vapor," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 125, 236 (1927)
N. Feather, "Collisions of neutrons with nitrogen nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 136, 709 (1932)
N. Feather, "Collision of $α$ -particles with F nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 141, 194 (1933)a
N. Feather, "Collision of neutrons with light nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 142, 689 (1933)b
N. Feather and F. Nimmo, "Distribution of ranges of $α$ -particles," Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 25, 198 (1929)
H. Flood, "Formation of drops in supersaturated ethyl alcohol water vapor mixture," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 170, 294 (1934)
W. A. Fowler, L. A. Delsasso, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Radioactive elements of low atomic numbers," Phys. Rev. 49, 561 (1936)
W. A. Fowler and C. C. Lauritsen, "Radioactive $α$ -particles from ${Li}^{7}$ + $H^{2}$ ," Phys. Rev. 51, 1103 (1937)
W. A. Fowler, E. R. Gaerttner, and C. C. Lauritsen, " $γ$ -radiation from B bombarded with protons," Phys. Rev. 53, 628 (1938)
J. A. Froemke, C. R. Bloomquist, and E. X. Anderson, "Formation of drops in methyl alcohol water vapor mixture," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 166, 305 (1933)
D. K. Froman and J. C. Stearns, "Cosmic-ray showers and bursts," Rev. Mod. Phys. 10, 133 (1938)
L. Fussel, "Exhaust valve for pneumatic cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 10, 321 (1939)
E. R. Gaerttner and L. A. Pardue, " $γ$ -radiations from N bombarded with deuterons," Phys. Rev. 57, 386 (1940)
T. N. Gautier and A. E. Ruark, "Composition of mixed vapor in cloud chamber," Phys. Rev. 57, 1040 (1940)
I. A. Getting, "A cloud-chamber control circuit," Rev. Sci. Inst. 10, 332 (1939)
L. Grosev, N. Dobrotin, and J. Frank, "Stereocomparator for work with cloud chamber," Comptes rendus, U.S.S.R. 3-6, 289 (1936)
O. Hahn and F. Strassman, "Fission tracks in Wilson chamber," Naturwiss. 27, 11 (1939)
J. Halpern and H. R. Crane, "The internal conversion coefficient in the $F^{19}$ + $H^{1}$ reaction and measurements on the $γ$ -ray spectrum," Phys. Rev. 55, 260 (1939)
J. Hamilton, W. Heitler, and H. W. Peng, "Cosmic-ray mesons," Phys. Rev. 64, 78 (1943)
W. D. Harkins, D. M. Gans, and H. W. Newson, "The disintegration of the nuclei of light atoms by nitrogen," Phys. Rev. 47, 52 (1935)
W. E. Hazen, "Some operating characteristics of the Wilson cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 13, 247 (1942)
W. E. Hazen, "Electrons in equilibrium with the penetrating component of cosmic rays in lead at 10,000 ft. and at sea level," Phys. Rev. 64, 7 (1943)
W. E. Hazen, "Cascade showers and nuclear disintegrations," Phys. Rev. 65, 67 (1944)a
W. E. Hazen, "Average energy loss of mesotrons in air," Phys. Rev. 65, 259 (1944b)
G. Herzog, "A large cloud chamber," J. Sci. Inst. 12, 153 (1935)
G. Herzog, "Wilson chamber for projection purpose," Helv. Phys. Acta 10, 68 (1937)
G. Herzog, "Cloud track of cosmic rays in the substratosphere," Phys. Rev. 59, 117 (1941)
G. Herzog and W. H. Bostick, "Cloud-chamber picture of cosmic rays at 29,000 ft. altitude," Phys. Rev. 59, 122 (1941)
Hilsch, "Cloud chamber for lecture experiments," Physik. Zeits. 40, 594 (1939)
R. Holm, "Cloud-chamber investigation of electric discharges through gases," Zeits. f. Physik 101, 138 (1936)
D. J. Hughes, "Positive excess and electron component in the cosmic-ray spectrum," Phys. Rev. 57, 592 (1940)
D. J. Hughes, "Cloud-chamber photographs of slow mesotron pair," Phys. Rev. 60, 414 (1941)
L. Janossy, "Note on the production of cosmic-ray mesons," Phys. Rev. 64, 345 (1943)
W. Jenstchke and F. Prankal, "Nuclear disintegration products of U," Physik. Zeits. 40, 706 (1939)
T. H. Johnson, J. G. Barry, and R. P. Shutt, "Direct evidence of the proton component of cosmic radiation," Phys. Rev. 57, 1047 (1940)
T. H. Johnson, S. D. Benedetti, and R. P. Shutt, "A hydrostatically supported cloud chamber of new design at high pressures," Rev. Sci. Inst. 14, 265 (1943)
T. H. Johnson and R. P. Shutt, "Track of a decaying mesotron in cloud chamber," Phys. Rev. 61, 380 (1942)
F. Jolliot, "Wilson apparatus for variable pressures," J. de phys. et rad. 5, 216 (1934)
F. Jolliot, "Trajectories of products of uranium fission," Comptes rendus 208, 647 (1939)
C. C. Jones, "Time delay circuit for Wilson cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 8, 319 (1937)
C. C. Jones and A. E. Ruark, "Apparatus for viewing and measurements on stereoscopic cloud-chamber photographs," Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 82, 353 (1940)
H. Jones, "Energy distribution and positive excess of mesotrons," Rev. Mod. Phys. 11, 235 (1939)
H. Jones and D. J. Hughes, "Magnet and cloud chamber for cosmic-ray studies," Rev. Sci. Inst. 11, 79 (1940)
Kiessling, Naturwiss. Verein d. Hamburg-Altona 8 (1884)
P. Kipfer, "A high pressure Wilson cloud chamber," Nature 135, 431 (1935)
F. Kirchner and H. Neuert, "On the transformation of Be by slow protons," Physik. Zeits. 36, 54 (1935)
P. Kunze, "Magnetic deflections of the cosmic radiations in the Wilson chamber," Zeits. f. Physik 80, 559 (1933)a
P. Kunze, "Investigations of cosmic rays in the Wilson chamber," Zeits. f. Physik 83, 18 (1933)b
P. Kunze, "A portable cloud chamber for demonstration purposes," Physik. Zeits. 42, 405 (1941)
F. N. D. Kurie, "Use of Wilson chamber for measuring the range of $α$ -particles from weak sources," Rev. Sci. Inst. 3, 655 (1932)
F. N. D. Kurie, "New mode of disintegrations induced by neutrons," Phys. Rev. 45, 904 (1934)
T. H. Laby, "The supersaturation and nuclear condensation of certain organic vapors," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 208, 445 (1908)
W. E. Lamb, "Passage of fission fragments through matter," Phys. Rev. 58, 696 (1940)
W. E. Lamb, "Range of fission fragments," Phys. Rev. 59, 687 (1941)
R. M. Langer, "Growth of droplets in Wilson chamber," Phys. Rev. 56, 851 (1938)
A. Langsdorf, "A continuously sensitive diffusion cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 10, 91 (1939)
P. Leprince-Ringuet, and J. Crussard, "Study of high energy cosmic particles in the Bellevue electromagnet," J. de Phys. et rad. 8, 207 (1937)
W. K. Lewis and E. Y. Murphee, "Relation between vapor pressure and vapor composition in binary mixtures of volatile liquids," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 46, 1 (1924)
W. B. Lewis and C. E. Wynn-Williams, "The range of $α$ -particles from radioactive emanations and A products," Proc. Roy. Soc. 136, 349 (1932)
M. S. Livingston, "Projection cloud chambers," Am. Phys. Teach. 4, 33 (1936)
M. S. Livingston and H. Bethe, "Nuclear dynamics," Rev. Mod. Phys. 9, 285 (1937)
J. J. Livingood and G. T. Seaborg, "A table of induced radioactivities," Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 30 (1940)
G. L. Locher, "Cloud chamber photographs of cosmic-ray stosse," J. Frank. Inst. 216, 673 (1933a)
G. L. Locher, "Wilson cloud chamber for portable use," Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 471 (1933b)
D. H. Loughridge and H. C. Trueblood, "Organic liquids suitable for cloud expansion works," Phys. Rev. 46, 323 (1934)
A. C. B. Lovell, "Showers produced by penetrating cosmic rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 172, 568 (1939)
H. Maier-Leibnitz, "Investigations with slow Wilson chambers," Zeits. f. Physik 112, 569 (1939)
L. Meitner, "Long range $α' s$ from Th C," Zeits. f. Physik 37, 481 (1926)
L. Meitner and K. Philip, "Further measurements with neutrons," Zeits. f. Physik 87, 484 (1934)
J. M. W. Miliatz and G. A. W. Rutgers, "Total and specific ionization of Po $α$ -particles," Physica 7, 13 (1940)
L. Mott-Smith, "A high pressure Wilson chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 5, 346 (1934)
E. B. M. Murrel and C. L. Smith, "Transmutations of Na by deuterons," Proc. Roy. Soc. 173, 410 (1939)
U. Nakaya and F. Yamasiki, "Applications of Wilson chamber to the study of spark discharge," Proc. Roy. Soc. 148, 446 (1935)
S. H. Neddermeyer and C. D. Anderson, "Note on the nature of cosmic rays," Phys. Rev. 51, 884 (1937)
H. Neurt, "Range measurements of fragments of a light element bombarded by fast protons," Physik. Zeits. 36, 629 (1935)
H. Neurt, "Simple Wilson chamber," Physik. Zeits. 37, 629 (1936)
C. E. Nielson and W. M. Powell, "Mesotron mass and heavy tracks on Mt. Evans," Phys. Rev. 63, 384 (1943)
Y. Nishina, M. Takeuchi, and T. Ichimiya, "On the nature of the cosmic-ray particles," Phys. Rev. 52, 1198 (1937)
R. Peierls, "The meson," Report Prog. Phys. 6, 78 (1939)
C. F. Powell, "Condensation phenomenon at different temperatures," Proc. Roy. Soc. 119, 553 (1928)
W. Powell, "Photon production of mesotrons," Phys. Rev. 58, 474 (1940)
W. Powell, "Stars and protons at 14,125 ft.," Phys. Rev. 61, 670 (1942)
H. Raether, "Gas discharge in a cloud chamber," Zeits. f. Physik 94, 567 (1935)
H. Raether, "Electrical discharge in cloud chamber," Physik. Zeits. 37, 560 (1936)
H. Raether, "Examination of electron surge in the expansion chamber," Physik. Zeits. 38, 990 (1937)
H. Raether, "Ionizing radiation accompanying a spark discharge," Zeits. f. Physik 110, 611 (1938)
G. Rathenau, "Simple Wilson chamber for demonstration purpose," Physica 5, 427 (1938)
Lord J. W. S. Rayleigh, Collected Scientific Papers 1899-1920 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England), Vol. 1, p. 415
W. M. Rayton and T. R. Wilkins, "A Wilson cloudchamber investigation of the alpha-particles from uranium," Phys. Rev. 51, 818 (1937)
J. R. Richardson, "Radiations produced from artificially produced ratio elements," Phys. Rev. 53, 124 (1938)a
J. R. Richardson, "Valve control circuits for Wilson chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 9, 152 (1938)b
J. R. Richardson, "Radiations from radioactive substances, ${Au}^{198}$ , ${Eu}^{152}$ , ${Ag}^{106}$ , ${Cu}^{64}$ , $N^{13}$ ," Phys. Rev. 55, 609 (1939)
J. R. Richardson and L. Emo, "Photo-disintegration of $H^{2}$ by $γ$ -rays from ${Na}^{24}$ ," Phys. Rev. 53, 234 (1938)
J. R. Richardson and F. N. D. Kurie, "The radiations emitted from artificially produced radioactive substances," Phys. Rev. 50, 999 (1936)
H. O. W. Richardson and A. Leigh-Smith, " $β$ -rays of Ra D," Proc. Roy. Soc. 162, 391 (1937)
F. Richarz, "The value of the ratio of specific heats for a mixture of two gases," Ann. d. Physik 19, 639 (1906)
D. Roaf, "Disintegration of B by $α$ -particles," Proc. Roy. Soc. 153, 568 (1936)
M. Rohr, The formation of images in optical instruments (Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, H. M. Stationary Office, London, 1920)
B. Rossi and K. Greisen, "Cosmic-ray theory," Rev. Mod. Phys. 13, 240 (1941)
B. Rossi, L. Janossy, R. Rochester, and M. Bound, "Production of secondary ionizing particles by non-ionizing agents," Phys. Rev. 58, 762 (1940)
Lord Rutherford, W. B. Lewis, and B. V. Bowden, "Analysis of long range $α$ -particles from radium C' by the magnetic focusing method," Proc. Roy. Soc. 142, 347 (1933)
L. Scharrer, "Condensation of supersaturated vapor on ions," Ann. d. Physik 35, 619 (1939)
G. T. Seaborg, "Table of isotopes," Rev. Mod. Phys. 16, 1 (1944)
R. L. Sen Gupta, "Specific ionization of cosmic-ray particles," Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. Ind. 9, 295 (1943)
L. Seren, "Cloud-chamber study of collision electrons in equilibrium with mesons," Phys. Rev. 62, 204 (1942)
T. Shimizu, "A reciprocating expansion apparatus for detecting ionizing rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 99, 425 (1921)
K. Shinohara and M. Hatoyama, "Pair production in the field of electrons," Phys. Rev. 59, 461 (1941)
R. P. Shutt, S. D. Benedetti, and T. H. Johnson, "Cloud-chamber track of a decaying mesotron," Phys. Rev. 62, 552 (1942)
G. C. Simpson, "On the formation of cloud and rain," Quat. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 67, 99 (1941)
M. Sinha, "Cloud chamber study of shower production in lead," Trans. Bose Res. Inst. 15, 191 (1943)
G. J. Sizoo and F. Barendregt, "Production of positrons by $β$ -particles," Physica 6, 1085 (1939)
D. Skobelzyn, "Intensity distribution in the spectrum of $γ$ -rays from Ra C," Zeits. f. Physik 43, 354 (1927)
D. Skobelzyn, "On a new type of fast $β$ -rays," Zeits. f. Physik 54, 686 (1929)
L. B. Snoddy and C. D. Bradley, "A method for investigating electrical breakdown process," Phys. Rev. 45, 432 (1934)
J. C. Street and E. C. Stevenson, "Design and operation of counter-controlled Wilson chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 347 (1936)
J. C. Street and E. C. Stevenson, "New evidence for the existence of a particle of mass intermediate between the proton and electron," Phys. Rev. 52, 1003 (1937)
J. E. Thomas and W. E. Ramsay, "Small cloud chamber for electron showers," J. Frank. Inst. 227, 789 (1939)
G. Tohmfor and M. Volmer, "Production of condensation nuclei in the presence of electrical charges," Ann. d. Physik 33, 109 (1938)
J. J. Thomson, "Charge carried by Röntgen ions," Phil. Mag. 46, 528 (1898)
F. Trey, "A new radially expanding cloud chamber," Physik Zeits. 39, 343 (1938)
F. Trey, "Production of clouds in gases saturated with water vapor by removal of heat from the vapor by conduction," Physik. Zeits. 41, 415 (1940)
B. Trumpy, "Secondary processes of the soft and penetrating components of cosmic rays," Zeits. f. Physik 111, 338 (1939)
J. J. Turin and H. R. Crane, "The absorption of high energy electrons, Part I," Phys. Rev. 52, 63 (1937)a
J. J. Turin and H. R. Crane, "The absorption of electrons, Part II," Phys. Rev. 52, 610 (1937)b
R. E. Vollrath, "Continuously active cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 409 (1936)
M. Volmer and A. Weber, "Number of drops formed per cc per second in supersaturated space," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 119, 277 (1926)
M. Volmer and H. Flood, "Drop formation in saturated ethyl alcohol water vapor," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 170, 273 (1934)
H. Walke, E. J. Williams, and G. R. Evans, " $K$ electron capture, nuclear isomerism and the long period activities of titanium and scandium," Proc. Roy. Soc. 171, 360 (1939)
C. G. Webb, "On the scattering of light by water drops," Phil. Mag. 19, 927 (1935)
J. A. Wheeler and R. Ladenburg, "Mass of meson by the method of momentum loss," Phys. Rev. 60, 754 (1941)
E. J. Williams, "Sensitive time of a Wilson expansion chamber," Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 35, 512 (1939)a
E. J. Williams, "Some observations on cosmic ray using a large randomly operated cloud chamber," Proc. Roy. Soc. 172, 194 (1939)b
E. J. Williams and G. R. Evans, "Transformation of mesons into electrons," Nature 145, 818 (1940)
E. J. Williams and E. Pickup, "Heavy electrons in cosmic rays," Nature 141, 684 (1938)
E. J. Williams and G. E. Roberts, "Track of a decay electron," Nature 145, 102 (1940)
E. J. Williams and F. R. Terroux, "Investigations on the passage of fast $β$ -particles through gas, "Proc. Roy. Soc. 126, 289 (1930)
C. T. R. Wilson, "Condensation of water vapor in the presence of dust free air and other gases," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 189, 265 (1897)
C. T. R. Wilson, "On the condensation nuclei produced in gases by the action of Röntgen rays, uranium rays, ultraviolet light and other agents," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 192, 403 (1899)a
C. T. R. Wilson, "On the comparative efficiency as condensation nuclei of positively and negatively charged ions," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 193, 289 (1899b)
C. T. R. Wilson, "Condensation method of demonstrating the ionization of air," Phil. Mag. 7, 681 (1904)
C. T. R. Wilson, "Cloud-chamber technique," Proc. Roy Soc. 85, 285 (1911)
C. T. R. Wilson, "Cloud-chamber technique," Proc. Roy. Soc. 87, 277 (1912)
C. T. R. Wilson, "Investigation on x-rays and $β$ -rays by the cloud method," Proc. Roy. Soc. 104, 1, 192 (1923)
C. T. R. Wilson, "New type of expansion cloud chamber," Proc. Roy. Soc. 142, 88 (1933)
C. T. R. Wilson and J. G. Wilson, "Falling cloud chamber and radially expanding cloud chamber," Proc. Roy. Soc. 148, 523 (1935)
J. G. Wilson, "Production of secondary electrons by cosmicray particles," Nature 142, 73 (1938)
J. G. Wilson, "Scattering of mesotrons in metal plates," Proc. Roy. Soc. 174, 73 (1940)
K. Zuber, "Automatic Wilson cloud chamber," Helv. Phys. Acta 11, 366 (1938)
K. K. Darrow, Introduction to Contemporary Physics (D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, 1939)
H. Geiger, Handbuch der Physik (Verlagsbuchhandlung Julius Springer, Berlin, 1927), Vol. 22
R. Glazebrooke, Dictionary of Applied Physics (Macmillan and Company, London 1927), Vol. 4
W. Heitler, Quantum Theory of Radiation (The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1935)
Lord Rutherford, J. Chadwick, and C. D. Ellis, Radiations From Radioactive Substances (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England, 1935)
M. N. Saha and B. N. Srivastava, A Treatise on Heat (Indian Press, Allahabad, India, 1935)
M. N. Saha and N. K. Saha, A Treatise on Modern Physics (Indian Press, Allahabad, India, 1934)
J. J. Thomson, Application of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry (Macmillan and Company, London, 1888)
J. J. Thomson and G. P. Thomson, Conduction of Electricity through Gases (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1928), Vol. 1
F. A. B. Ward, Atom Tracks (London, 1937)

[c1] J. Aitken, Collected Scientific Papers 1880-1916 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1923)

[c2] T. Alper, "On the $δ$ -rays and the range-velocity relation of slow electrons," Zeits. f. Physik 76, 172 (1932)

[c3] C. D. Anderson, "Energies of cosmic-ray particles," Phys. Rev. 41, 405 (1932)

[c4] C. D. Anderson, "Cosmic-ray negative and positive electrons," Phys. Rev. 44, 406 (1933)

[c5] C. D. Anderson and S. H. Neddermeyer, "Cloud-chamber observations of cosmic rays at 4300 meters elevation and at sea level," Phys. Rev. 50, 263 (1936)

[c6] P. Auger, "On composite photoelectric effect," J. de phys. et rad. 6, 208 (1925)

[c7] P. Auger and P. Ehrenfest, "Counter controlled cloud-chamber results at different altitudes," J. de phys. et rad. 6, 285 (1935)

[c8] P. Auger and P. Ehrenfest, "Showers produced by cosmic rays," J. de phys. et rad. 8, 204 (1937)

[c9] R. H. Bacon, E. N. Grisewood, and C. W. Merwe, "The Radioactivity of ${Mn}^{56}$ and $I^{128}$ ," Phys. Rev. 59, 531 (1941)

[c10] F. Barendengt and G. F. Sizoo, "Cloud chamber with electrical automatic control," Physica 6, 1077 (1939)

[c11] H. Bauer, "Portable Wilson cloud chamber," Physik. Zeits. 37, 627 (1936)

[c12] J. A. Bearden, "Wilson chamber with an increased time of sensitivity," Rev. Sci. Inst. 6, 256 (1935)

[c13] C. Beck, "Optimum liquid combination for cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 12, 602 (1941)

[c14] R. A. Becker, W. A. Fowler, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Short range $α$ -particles from flourine bombarded with protons," Phys. Rev. 62, 186 (1942)

[c15] H. J. Bhabha, "On the theory of heavy electrons and nuclear forces," Proc. Roy. Soc. 166, 501 (1938)

[c16] P. C. Bhattacharya, "A search for the double proton," Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. Ind. 7, 275 (1941)

[c17] P. M. S. Blackett, "On the analysis of $α$ -ray photographs," Proc. Roy. Soc. 102, 294 (1922)

[c18] P. M. S. Blackett, "The study of forked $α$ -ray tracks," Proc. Roy. Soc. 103, 62 (1923)

[c19] P. M. S. Blackett, "Ejection of protons from nitrogen nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 107, 349 (1925)

[c20] P. M. S. Blackett, "An automatic cloud chamber for the rapid production of $α$ -ray photographs," J. Sci. Inst. 4, 433 (1927)

[c21] P. M. S. Blackett, "On the automatic use of Wilson cloud chamber," J. Sci. Inst. 6, 184 (1929a)

[c22] P. M. S. Blackett, "Double camera for artificial disintegrations," Proc. Roy. Soc. 123, 619 (1929b)

[c23] P. M. S. Blackett, "On the collision loss of $α$ -particles and $H$ -particles," Proc. Roy. Soc. 135, 132 (1932)

[c24] P. M. S. Blackett, "Technique of counter controlled Wilson chamber," Proc. Roy. Soc. 146, 281 (1934)

[c25] P. M. S. Blackett, "The measurement of the energy of cosmic rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 154, 564 (1936)

[c26] P. M. S. Blackett, "Measurement of cosmic-ray energy spectrum," Proc. Roy. Soc. 159, 1 (1937)

[c27] P. M. S. Blackett and R. Brode, "Curvature measurement and energy spectrum of cosmic rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 154, 573 (1936)

[c28] P. M. S. Blackett and D. S. Lees, "Range velocity relation of $α$ -rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 134, 658 (1931)

[c29] P. M. S. Blackett and D. S. Lees, "The range velocity of recoil atoms," Proc. Roy. Soc. 134, 658 (1932)a

[c30] P. M. S. Blackett and D. S. Lees, "On the photography of artificial disintegration collision by $α$ -rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 136, 325 (1932b)

[c31] P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Some photographs of the tracks of penetrating radiations," Proc. Roy. Soc. 139, 699 (1933)

[c32] P. M. S. Blackett and J. G. Wilson, "Energy loss of cosmic-ray particles in metal plates," Proc. Roy. Soc. 160, 304 (1937)

[c33] P. M. S. Blackett and J. G. Wilson, "Scattering of cosmic-ray particles in matter," Proc. Roy. Soc. 165, 290 (1938)

[c34] F. Bloch, "Stopping power of matter for swiftly moving charged particles," Ann. d. Physik 16, 285 (1933)a

[c35] F. Bloch, "Stopping power of atoms with several electrons," Zeits. f. Physik 81, 363 (1933)b

[c36] N. Bohr, "Successive transformations in nuclear fission," Phys. Rev. 58, 864 (1940)

[c37] N. Bohr, J. K. Boggild, K. J. Brostrom, and T. Lauritsen, "Velocity range relation for fission fragments," Phys. Rev. 58, 839 (1940)

[c38] N. Bohr, J. K. Boggild, K. J. Brostrom, and T. Lauritsen, "Velocity range relation for. fission fragments," Phys. Rev. 59, 270 (1941)

[c39] T. W. Bonner, "Determination of the energy of neutrons," Phys. Rev. 59, 237 (1941)

[c40] T. W. Bonner and W. M. Brubaker, "The disintegration of nitrogen by slow neutrons," Phys. Rev. 49, 778 (1936)a

[c41] T. W. Bonner and W. M. Brubaker, "Disintegration of Be, B, and carbon by deuterons," Phys. Rev. 50, 308 (1936)b

[c42] T. W. Bonner and L. M. Mott-Smith, "Energy spectrum of neutrons from the disintegration of F, B, and Be by $α$ -particles," Phys. Rev. 46, 258 (1934)

[c43] D. M. Bose, B. Chaudhuri, and M. Sinha, "Cosmic-ray meson spectra," Phys. Rev. 65, 341 (1944)

[c44] W. H. Bostick, "Cloud-chamber photographs at 4300 meters altitude," Phys. Rev. 61, 557 (1942)

[c45] H. Brinkman, "Continuously active cloud chamber," K. Akad. Amsterdam. Proc. 39, 1185 (1939a)

[c46] H. Brinkman, "Wilson chamber with several expansions per second," Physica 6, 519 (1939b)

[c47] R. B. Brode, "Specific ionization of high speed particles," Rev. Mod. Phys. 11, 222 (1939)

[c48] R. B. Brode, H. G. Macpherson, and M. A. Starr, "The heavy particle component of cosmic radiation," Phys. Rev. 50, 587 (1936)

[c49] K. J. Brostrom, J. K. Boggild, and T. Lauritsen, "Cloud-chamber studies of fission fragment track," Phys. Rev. 58, 651 (1940)

[c50] K. J. Brostrom, J. K. Boggild, and T. Lauritsen, "Range and straggling of fission fragments," Phys. Rev. 59, 275 (1941)

[c51] W. M. Brubaker and T. W. Bonner, "Automatic high pressure Wilson cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 6, 143 (1935)

[c52] J. Chadwick, N. Feather, and Davies, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 30, 357 (1934)

[c53] J. Chadwick, N. Feather, and E. Bretscher, "Range, angle, projection of protons from photo-disintegration of deuterium," Proc. Roy. Soc. 163, 366 (1937)

[c54] F. C. Champion, "The distribution of energy in the $β$ -ray spectrum of RaE," Proc. Roy. Soc. 134, 672 (1932)a

[c55] F. C. Champion, "On some close collisions of fast $β$ -particles with electrons photographed by expansion method," Proc. Roy. Soc. 136, 631 (1932b)

[c56] F. C. Champion, "Scattering of fast $β$ -particles by nitrogen nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 153, 353 (1936)

[c57] F. L. Code, "Scattering of mesotrons in tungsten," Phys. Rev. 59, 229 (1941)

[c58] D. R. Corson and R. B. Brode, "The specific ionization and mass of cosmic-ray particles," Phys. Rev. 53, 773 (1938)

[c59] D. R. Corson and R. L. Thornton, "Disintegration of uranium," Phys. Rev. 55, 509 (1939)

[c60] Coulier, J. de Pharm. et de Chimie 22, 165 (1875)

[c61] H. R. Crane, "Cloud chamber for nuclear disintegration studies," Rev. Sci. Inst. 8, 440 (1937)

[c62] H. R. Crane, "New experimental evidence for a neutrino," Phys. Rev. 53, 789 (1938)

[c63] H. R. Crane, E. R. Gaerttner, and J. J. Turin, "A cloud-chamber study of the Compton effect," Phys. Rev. 50, 302 (1936)

[c64] H. R. Crane and O. H. Halpern, "Experiments on the recoil of nucleus in $β$ -decay," Phys. Rev. 56, 232 (1939)

[c65] M. Curie, "Distribution of $α$ -ray ranges," J. de phys. et rad. 4, 170 (1923)

[c66] I. Curie and F. Joliot, "Penetrating radiation," J. de phys. et rad. 4, 494 (1933)

[c67] L. F. Curtiss, "A new method of analyzing $α$ -ray photographs," Bur. Stand. J. Research 4, 663 (1930)

[c68] L. F. Curtiss, "Simplified automatic cloud chamber," Bur. Stand. J. Research 8, 579 (1932)

[c69] B. R. Curtiss and J. R. Richardson, "Radiations from radioactive In(116)," Phys. Rev. 57, 1121 (1940)

[c70] O. Dahl, L. R. Hafstad, and M. A. Tuve, "Permanently sealed chamber with metallic sylphon bellows," Rev. Sci. Inst. 4, 373 (1933)

[c71] P. I. Dee, "Disintegration of the diplon," Nature 133, 564 (1934)

[c72] P. I. Dee, "Cloud track method for artificial transmutations," Proc. Roy. Soc. 148, 623 (1935)

[c73] P. I. Dee and C. W. Gilbert, "The transmutation of heavy hydrogen investigated by the cloud track method," Proc. Roy. Soc. 149, 200 (1935)

[c74] P. I. Dee and C. W. Gilbert, "The disintegration of boron into three $α$ -particles," Proc. Roy. Soc. 154, 294 (1936)

[c75] P. I. Dee and E. T. S. Walton, "Transmutations of Li and B," Proc. Roy. Soc. 141, 733 (1933)

[c76] L. A. Delsasso, W. A. Fowler, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Protons from the disintegration of Li by deuterons," Phys. Rev. 48, 848 (1935)

[c77] L. A. Delsasso, W. A. Fowler, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Energy and absorption of the $γ$ -radiation from ${Li}^{7}$ + $H^{1}$ ," Phys. Rev. 51, 391 (1937)a

[c78] L. A. Delsasso, W. A. Fowler, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Gammaradiations from F bombarded with protons," Phys. Rev. 51, 527 (1937)b

[c79] A. J. Dempster, "Automatic Wilson cloud chamber of simple design," Rev. Sci. Inst. 5, 158 (1934)

[c80] P. Duhem and M. Margules, "Observations on the vapor pressure of binary liquid mixtures," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 35, 483 (1900)

[c81] J. R. Dunning, "Emission and scattering of neutrons," Phys. Rev. 45, 586 (1934)

[c82] H. Euler and W. Heisenberg, "Theoretical considerations for the interpretations of cosmic radiation," Ergeb. d. exakt. Naturwiss. 17, 1 (1938)

[c83] L. Farkas, "Rate of formation of drops in supersaturated vapor," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 125, 236 (1927)

[c84] N. Feather, "Collisions of neutrons with nitrogen nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 136, 709 (1932)

[c85] N. Feather, "Collision of $α$ -particles with F nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 141, 194 (1933)a

[c86] N. Feather, "Collision of neutrons with light nuclei," Proc. Roy. Soc. 142, 689 (1933)b

[c87] N. Feather and F. Nimmo, "Distribution of ranges of $α$ -particles," Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 25, 198 (1929)

[c88] H. Flood, "Formation of drops in supersaturated ethyl alcohol water vapor mixture," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 170, 294 (1934)

[c89] W. A. Fowler, L. A. Delsasso, and C. C. Lauritsen, "Radioactive elements of low atomic numbers," Phys. Rev. 49, 561 (1936)

[c90] W. A. Fowler and C. C. Lauritsen, "Radioactive $α$ -particles from ${Li}^{7}$ + $H^{2}$ ," Phys. Rev. 51, 1103 (1937)

[c91] W. A. Fowler, E. R. Gaerttner, and C. C. Lauritsen, " $γ$ -radiation from B bombarded with protons," Phys. Rev. 53, 628 (1938)

[c92] J. A. Froemke, C. R. Bloomquist, and E. X. Anderson, "Formation of drops in methyl alcohol water vapor mixture," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 166, 305 (1933)

[c93] D. K. Froman and J. C. Stearns, "Cosmic-ray showers and bursts," Rev. Mod. Phys. 10, 133 (1938)

[c94] L. Fussel, "Exhaust valve for pneumatic cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 10, 321 (1939)

[c95] E. R. Gaerttner and L. A. Pardue, " $γ$ -radiations from N bombarded with deuterons," Phys. Rev. 57, 386 (1940)

[c96] T. N. Gautier and A. E. Ruark, "Composition of mixed vapor in cloud chamber," Phys. Rev. 57, 1040 (1940)

[c97] I. A. Getting, "A cloud-chamber control circuit," Rev. Sci. Inst. 10, 332 (1939)

[c98] L. Grosev, N. Dobrotin, and J. Frank, "Stereocomparator for work with cloud chamber," Comptes rendus, U.S.S.R. 3-6, 289 (1936)

[c99] O. Hahn and F. Strassman, "Fission tracks in Wilson chamber," Naturwiss. 27, 11 (1939)

[c100] J. Halpern and H. R. Crane, "The internal conversion coefficient in the $F^{19}$ + $H^{1}$ reaction and measurements on the $γ$ -ray spectrum," Phys. Rev. 55, 260 (1939)

[c101] J. Hamilton, W. Heitler, and H. W. Peng, "Cosmic-ray mesons," Phys. Rev. 64, 78 (1943)

[c102] W. D. Harkins, D. M. Gans, and H. W. Newson, "The disintegration of the nuclei of light atoms by nitrogen," Phys. Rev. 47, 52 (1935)

[c103] W. E. Hazen, "Some operating characteristics of the Wilson cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 13, 247 (1942)

[c104] W. E. Hazen, "Electrons in equilibrium with the penetrating component of cosmic rays in lead at 10,000 ft. and at sea level," Phys. Rev. 64, 7 (1943)

[c105] W. E. Hazen, "Cascade showers and nuclear disintegrations," Phys. Rev. 65, 67 (1944)a

[c106] W. E. Hazen, "Average energy loss of mesotrons in air," Phys. Rev. 65, 259 (1944b)

[c107] G. Herzog, "A large cloud chamber," J. Sci. Inst. 12, 153 (1935)

[c108] G. Herzog, "Wilson chamber for projection purpose," Helv. Phys. Acta 10, 68 (1937)

[c109] G. Herzog, "Cloud track of cosmic rays in the substratosphere," Phys. Rev. 59, 117 (1941)

[c110] G. Herzog and W. H. Bostick, "Cloud-chamber picture of cosmic rays at 29,000 ft. altitude," Phys. Rev. 59, 122 (1941)

[c111] Hilsch, "Cloud chamber for lecture experiments," Physik. Zeits. 40, 594 (1939)

[c112] R. Holm, "Cloud-chamber investigation of electric discharges through gases," Zeits. f. Physik 101, 138 (1936)

[c113] D. J. Hughes, "Positive excess and electron component in the cosmic-ray spectrum," Phys. Rev. 57, 592 (1940)

[c114] D. J. Hughes, "Cloud-chamber photographs of slow mesotron pair," Phys. Rev. 60, 414 (1941)

[c115] L. Janossy, "Note on the production of cosmic-ray mesons," Phys. Rev. 64, 345 (1943)

[c116] W. Jenstchke and F. Prankal, "Nuclear disintegration products of U," Physik. Zeits. 40, 706 (1939)

[c117] T. H. Johnson, J. G. Barry, and R. P. Shutt, "Direct evidence of the proton component of cosmic radiation," Phys. Rev. 57, 1047 (1940)

[c118] T. H. Johnson, S. D. Benedetti, and R. P. Shutt, "A hydrostatically supported cloud chamber of new design at high pressures," Rev. Sci. Inst. 14, 265 (1943)

[c119] T. H. Johnson and R. P. Shutt, "Track of a decaying mesotron in cloud chamber," Phys. Rev. 61, 380 (1942)

[c120] F. Jolliot, "Wilson apparatus for variable pressures," J. de phys. et rad. 5, 216 (1934)

[c121] F. Jolliot, "Trajectories of products of uranium fission," Comptes rendus 208, 647 (1939)

[c122] C. C. Jones, "Time delay circuit for Wilson cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 8, 319 (1937)

[c123] C. C. Jones and A. E. Ruark, "Apparatus for viewing and measurements on stereoscopic cloud-chamber photographs," Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 82, 353 (1940)

[c124] H. Jones, "Energy distribution and positive excess of mesotrons," Rev. Mod. Phys. 11, 235 (1939)

[c125] H. Jones and D. J. Hughes, "Magnet and cloud chamber for cosmic-ray studies," Rev. Sci. Inst. 11, 79 (1940)

[c126] Kiessling, Naturwiss. Verein d. Hamburg-Altona 8 (1884)

[c127] P. Kipfer, "A high pressure Wilson cloud chamber," Nature 135, 431 (1935)

[c128] F. Kirchner and H. Neuert, "On the transformation of Be by slow protons," Physik. Zeits. 36, 54 (1935)

[c129] P. Kunze, "Magnetic deflections of the cosmic radiations in the Wilson chamber," Zeits. f. Physik 80, 559 (1933)a

[c130] P. Kunze, "Investigations of cosmic rays in the Wilson chamber," Zeits. f. Physik 83, 18 (1933)b

[c131] P. Kunze, "A portable cloud chamber for demonstration purposes," Physik. Zeits. 42, 405 (1941)

[c132] F. N. D. Kurie, "Use of Wilson chamber for measuring the range of $α$ -particles from weak sources," Rev. Sci. Inst. 3, 655 (1932)

[c133] F. N. D. Kurie, "New mode of disintegrations induced by neutrons," Phys. Rev. 45, 904 (1934)

[c134] T. H. Laby, "The supersaturation and nuclear condensation of certain organic vapors," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 208, 445 (1908)

[c135] W. E. Lamb, "Passage of fission fragments through matter," Phys. Rev. 58, 696 (1940)

[c136] W. E. Lamb, "Range of fission fragments," Phys. Rev. 59, 687 (1941)

[c137] R. M. Langer, "Growth of droplets in Wilson chamber," Phys. Rev. 56, 851 (1938)

[c138] A. Langsdorf, "A continuously sensitive diffusion cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 10, 91 (1939)

[c139] P. Leprince-Ringuet, and J. Crussard, "Study of high energy cosmic particles in the Bellevue electromagnet," J. de Phys. et rad. 8, 207 (1937)

[c140] W. K. Lewis and E. Y. Murphee, "Relation between vapor pressure and vapor composition in binary mixtures of volatile liquids," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 46, 1 (1924)

[c141] W. B. Lewis and C. E. Wynn-Williams, "The range of $α$ -particles from radioactive emanations and A products," Proc. Roy. Soc. 136, 349 (1932)

[c142] M. S. Livingston, "Projection cloud chambers," Am. Phys. Teach. 4, 33 (1936)

[c143] M. S. Livingston and H. Bethe, "Nuclear dynamics," Rev. Mod. Phys. 9, 285 (1937)

[c144] J. J. Livingood and G. T. Seaborg, "A table of induced radioactivities," Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 30 (1940)

[c145] G. L. Locher, "Cloud chamber photographs of cosmic-ray stosse," J. Frank. Inst. 216, 673 (1933a)

[c146] G. L. Locher, "Wilson cloud chamber for portable use," Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 471 (1933b)

[c147] D. H. Loughridge and H. C. Trueblood, "Organic liquids suitable for cloud expansion works," Phys. Rev. 46, 323 (1934)

[c148] A. C. B. Lovell, "Showers produced by penetrating cosmic rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 172, 568 (1939)

[c149] H. Maier-Leibnitz, "Investigations with slow Wilson chambers," Zeits. f. Physik 112, 569 (1939)

[c150] L. Meitner, "Long range $α' s$ from Th C," Zeits. f. Physik 37, 481 (1926)

[c151] L. Meitner and K. Philip, "Further measurements with neutrons," Zeits. f. Physik 87, 484 (1934)

[c152] J. M. W. Miliatz and G. A. W. Rutgers, "Total and specific ionization of Po $α$ -particles," Physica 7, 13 (1940)

[c153] L. Mott-Smith, "A high pressure Wilson chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 5, 346 (1934)

[c154] E. B. M. Murrel and C. L. Smith, "Transmutations of Na by deuterons," Proc. Roy. Soc. 173, 410 (1939)

[c155] U. Nakaya and F. Yamasiki, "Applications of Wilson chamber to the study of spark discharge," Proc. Roy. Soc. 148, 446 (1935)

[c156] S. H. Neddermeyer and C. D. Anderson, "Note on the nature of cosmic rays," Phys. Rev. 51, 884 (1937)

[c157] H. Neurt, "Range measurements of fragments of a light element bombarded by fast protons," Physik. Zeits. 36, 629 (1935)

[c158] H. Neurt, "Simple Wilson chamber," Physik. Zeits. 37, 629 (1936)

[c159] C. E. Nielson and W. M. Powell, "Mesotron mass and heavy tracks on Mt. Evans," Phys. Rev. 63, 384 (1943)

[c160] Y. Nishina, M. Takeuchi, and T. Ichimiya, "On the nature of the cosmic-ray particles," Phys. Rev. 52, 1198 (1937)

[c161] R. Peierls, "The meson," Report Prog. Phys. 6, 78 (1939)

[c162] C. F. Powell, "Condensation phenomenon at different temperatures," Proc. Roy. Soc. 119, 553 (1928)

[c163] W. Powell, "Photon production of mesotrons," Phys. Rev. 58, 474 (1940)

[c164] W. Powell, "Stars and protons at 14,125 ft.," Phys. Rev. 61, 670 (1942)

[c165] H. Raether, "Gas discharge in a cloud chamber," Zeits. f. Physik 94, 567 (1935)

[c166] H. Raether, "Electrical discharge in cloud chamber," Physik. Zeits. 37, 560 (1936)

[c167] H. Raether, "Examination of electron surge in the expansion chamber," Physik. Zeits. 38, 990 (1937)

[c168] H. Raether, "Ionizing radiation accompanying a spark discharge," Zeits. f. Physik 110, 611 (1938)

[c169] G. Rathenau, "Simple Wilson chamber for demonstration purpose," Physica 5, 427 (1938)

[c170] Lord J. W. S. Rayleigh, Collected Scientific Papers 1899-1920 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England), Vol. 1, p. 415

[c171] W. M. Rayton and T. R. Wilkins, "A Wilson cloudchamber investigation of the alpha-particles from uranium," Phys. Rev. 51, 818 (1937)

[c172] J. R. Richardson, "Radiations produced from artificially produced ratio elements," Phys. Rev. 53, 124 (1938)a

[c173] J. R. Richardson, "Valve control circuits for Wilson chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 9, 152 (1938)b

[c174] J. R. Richardson, "Radiations from radioactive substances, ${Au}^{198}$ , ${Eu}^{152}$ , ${Ag}^{106}$ , ${Cu}^{64}$ , $N^{13}$ ," Phys. Rev. 55, 609 (1939)

[c175] J. R. Richardson and L. Emo, "Photo-disintegration of $H^{2}$ by $γ$ -rays from ${Na}^{24}$ ," Phys. Rev. 53, 234 (1938)

[c176] J. R. Richardson and F. N. D. Kurie, "The radiations emitted from artificially produced radioactive substances," Phys. Rev. 50, 999 (1936)

[c177] H. O. W. Richardson and A. Leigh-Smith, " $β$ -rays of Ra D," Proc. Roy. Soc. 162, 391 (1937)

[c178] F. Richarz, "The value of the ratio of specific heats for a mixture of two gases," Ann. d. Physik 19, 639 (1906)

[c179] D. Roaf, "Disintegration of B by $α$ -particles," Proc. Roy. Soc. 153, 568 (1936)

[c180] M. Rohr, The formation of images in optical instruments (Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, H. M. Stationary Office, London, 1920)

[c181] B. Rossi and K. Greisen, "Cosmic-ray theory," Rev. Mod. Phys. 13, 240 (1941)

[c182] B. Rossi, L. Janossy, R. Rochester, and M. Bound, "Production of secondary ionizing particles by non-ionizing agents," Phys. Rev. 58, 762 (1940)

[c183] Lord Rutherford, W. B. Lewis, and B. V. Bowden, "Analysis of long range $α$ -particles from radium C' by the magnetic focusing method," Proc. Roy. Soc. 142, 347 (1933)

[c184] L. Scharrer, "Condensation of supersaturated vapor on ions," Ann. d. Physik 35, 619 (1939)

[c185] G. T. Seaborg, "Table of isotopes," Rev. Mod. Phys. 16, 1 (1944)

[c186] R. L. Sen Gupta, "Specific ionization of cosmic-ray particles," Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. Ind. 9, 295 (1943)

[c187] L. Seren, "Cloud-chamber study of collision electrons in equilibrium with mesons," Phys. Rev. 62, 204 (1942)

[c188] T. Shimizu, "A reciprocating expansion apparatus for detecting ionizing rays," Proc. Roy. Soc. 99, 425 (1921)

[c189] K. Shinohara and M. Hatoyama, "Pair production in the field of electrons," Phys. Rev. 59, 461 (1941)

[c190] R. P. Shutt, S. D. Benedetti, and T. H. Johnson, "Cloud-chamber track of a decaying mesotron," Phys. Rev. 62, 552 (1942)

[c191] G. C. Simpson, "On the formation of cloud and rain," Quat. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 67, 99 (1941)

[c192] M. Sinha, "Cloud chamber study of shower production in lead," Trans. Bose Res. Inst. 15, 191 (1943)

[c193] G. J. Sizoo and F. Barendregt, "Production of positrons by $β$ -particles," Physica 6, 1085 (1939)

[c194] D. Skobelzyn, "Intensity distribution in the spectrum of $γ$ -rays from Ra C," Zeits. f. Physik 43, 354 (1927)

[c195] D. Skobelzyn, "On a new type of fast $β$ -rays," Zeits. f. Physik 54, 686 (1929)

[c196] L. B. Snoddy and C. D. Bradley, "A method for investigating electrical breakdown process," Phys. Rev. 45, 432 (1934)

[c197] J. C. Street and E. C. Stevenson, "Design and operation of counter-controlled Wilson chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 347 (1936)

[c198] J. C. Street and E. C. Stevenson, "New evidence for the existence of a particle of mass intermediate between the proton and electron," Phys. Rev. 52, 1003 (1937)

[c199] J. E. Thomas and W. E. Ramsay, "Small cloud chamber for electron showers," J. Frank. Inst. 227, 789 (1939)

[c200] G. Tohmfor and M. Volmer, "Production of condensation nuclei in the presence of electrical charges," Ann. d. Physik 33, 109 (1938)

[c201] J. J. Thomson, "Charge carried by Röntgen ions," Phil. Mag. 46, 528 (1898)

[c202] F. Trey, "A new radially expanding cloud chamber," Physik Zeits. 39, 343 (1938)

[c203] F. Trey, "Production of clouds in gases saturated with water vapor by removal of heat from the vapor by conduction," Physik. Zeits. 41, 415 (1940)

[c204] B. Trumpy, "Secondary processes of the soft and penetrating components of cosmic rays," Zeits. f. Physik 111, 338 (1939)

[c205] J. J. Turin and H. R. Crane, "The absorption of high energy electrons, Part I," Phys. Rev. 52, 63 (1937)a

[c206] J. J. Turin and H. R. Crane, "The absorption of electrons, Part II," Phys. Rev. 52, 610 (1937)b

[c207] R. E. Vollrath, "Continuously active cloud chamber," Rev. Sci. Inst. 7, 409 (1936)

[c208] M. Volmer and A. Weber, "Number of drops formed per cc per second in supersaturated space," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 119, 277 (1926)

[c209] M. Volmer and H. Flood, "Drop formation in saturated ethyl alcohol water vapor," Zeits. f. physik. Chemie 170, 273 (1934)

[c210] H. Walke, E. J. Williams, and G. R. Evans, " $K$ electron capture, nuclear isomerism and the long period activities of titanium and scandium," Proc. Roy. Soc. 171, 360 (1939)

[c211] C. G. Webb, "On the scattering of light by water drops," Phil. Mag. 19, 927 (1935)

[c212] J. A. Wheeler and R. Ladenburg, "Mass of meson by the method of momentum loss," Phys. Rev. 60, 754 (1941)

[c213] E. J. Williams, "Sensitive time of a Wilson expansion chamber," Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 35, 512 (1939)a

[c214] E. J. Williams, "Some observations on cosmic ray using a large randomly operated cloud chamber," Proc. Roy. Soc. 172, 194 (1939)b

[c215] E. J. Williams and G. R. Evans, "Transformation of mesons into electrons," Nature 145, 818 (1940)

[c216] E. J. Williams and E. Pickup, "Heavy electrons in cosmic rays," Nature 141, 684 (1938)

[c217] E. J. Williams and G. E. Roberts, "Track of a decay electron," Nature 145, 102 (1940)

[c218] E. J. Williams and F. R. Terroux, "Investigations on the passage of fast $β$ -particles through gas, "Proc. Roy. Soc. 126, 289 (1930)

[c219] C. T. R. Wilson, "Condensation of water vapor in the presence of dust free air and other gases," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 189, 265 (1897)

[c220] C. T. R. Wilson, "On the condensation nuclei produced in gases by the action of Röntgen rays, uranium rays, ultraviolet light and other agents," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 192, 403 (1899)a

[c221] C. T. R. Wilson, "On the comparative efficiency as condensation nuclei of positively and negatively charged ions," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 193, 289 (1899b)

[c222] C. T. R. Wilson, "Condensation method of demonstrating the ionization of air," Phil. Mag. 7, 681 (1904)

[c223] C. T. R. Wilson, "Cloud-chamber technique," Proc. Roy Soc. 85, 285 (1911)

[c224] C. T. R. Wilson, "Cloud-chamber technique," Proc. Roy. Soc. 87, 277 (1912)

[c225] C. T. R. Wilson, "Investigation on x-rays and $β$ -rays by the cloud method," Proc. Roy. Soc. 104, 1, 192 (1923)

[c226] C. T. R. Wilson, "New type of expansion cloud chamber," Proc. Roy. Soc. 142, 88 (1933)

[c227] C. T. R. Wilson and J. G. Wilson, "Falling cloud chamber and radially expanding cloud chamber," Proc. Roy. Soc. 148, 523 (1935)

[c228] J. G. Wilson, "Production of secondary electrons by cosmicray particles," Nature 142, 73 (1938)

[c229] J. G. Wilson, "Scattering of mesotrons in metal plates," Proc. Roy. Soc. 174, 73 (1940)

[c230] K. Zuber, "Automatic Wilson cloud chamber," Helv. Phys. Acta 11, 366 (1938)

[c231] K. K. Darrow, Introduction to Contemporary Physics (D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, 1939)

[c232] H. Geiger, Handbuch der Physik (Verlagsbuchhandlung Julius Springer, Berlin, 1927), Vol. 22

[c233] R. Glazebrooke, Dictionary of Applied Physics (Macmillan and Company, London 1927), Vol. 4

[c234] W. Heitler, Quantum Theory of Radiation (The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1935)

[c235] Lord Rutherford, J. Chadwick, and C. D. Ellis, Radiations From Radioactive Substances (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England, 1935)

[c236] M. N. Saha and B. N. Srivastava, A Treatise on Heat (Indian Press, Allahabad, India, 1935)

[c237] M. N. Saha and N. K. Saha, A Treatise on Modern Physics (Indian Press, Allahabad, India, 1934)

[c238] J. J. Thomson, Application of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry (Macmillan and Company, London, 1888)

[c239] J. J. Thomson and G. P. Thomson, Conduction of Electricity through Gases (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1928), Vol. 1

[c240] F. A. B. Ward, Atom Tracks (London, 1937)

Reviews of Modern Physics

Export citation

Export citation

A Report on the Wilson Cloud Chamber and Its Applications in Physics

References (240)

Outline

Information

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation