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Red, White & Blue: Identifying Recombination Loss Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells

Sander Heester1, Lidón Gil-Escrig2, Federico Ventosinos3, Michele Sessolo2, Henk J. Bolink2, and L. Jan Anton Koster1,*

  • *Contact author: l.j.a.koster@rug.nl
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PRX Energy 5, 033006 – Published 14 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/g1cg-fnkn

Abstract

Photovoltaics play a key role in the renewable energy transition, where perovskite solar cells stand out as one of the most promising with high-power conversion efficiencies, desirable characteristics, and great versatility. The efficiency of these cells is mainly limited by nonradiative recombination, whether at one of the interfaces between the perovskite layer and transport layers or within the bulk of the perovskite itself. However, it is difficult to probe which of these dominates the losses during operation, which complicates further improvements. Here we introduce and demonstrate a simple, inexpensive, and easy-to-integrate method for identification of the limiting aspect of perovskite solar cells under operating conditions in terms of recombination losses. We illuminate a device with red, blue, or white light, each absorbed differently depending on the position in the device. We show that, in perovskite solar cells, the diffusion length in the bulk is of secondary importance and rather the interfaces between layers dominate the charge carrier distributions, and thus light of different wavelengths will result in changing performance. Using the fill factor from the device characteristics for each case, we are able to identify whether the front or back interface of the cell limits the performance with nearly 97% accuracy. Finally, we apply this principle experimentally using a co-evaporated perovskite solar cell, where we show a decrease of nearly 5% in fill factor depending on the wavelength of light used.

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Popular Summary

Perovskite solar cells are a promising technology for next-generation photovoltaics because they can be highly efficient, adaptable, and inexpensive to manufacture. However, their performance is limited by recombination of generated charges, which prevents charge extraction and reduces the efficiency. These losses can occur either inside the perovskite material or at the interfaces between different layers, but it remains difficult to determine which part of the device is dominating these losses. In this work, the authors introduce a simple method to identify the main source of recombination losses by illuminating solar cells with different colors of light. Because colors are absorbed differently across the layers of a cell, they selectively probe parts of the device. By looking at the contrast in fill factor, the authors can identify which interface limits the efficiency. This approach provides a practical and robust tool to guide further improvements in perovskite solar cell performance.

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PRX Energy 5, 033006– Published 14 July, 2026
  • Received 16 December 2025
  • Revised 21 April 2026
  • Accepted 16 June 2026
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